نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، زمستان 1391)

One of the most central concepts of mind scholars at the beginning of the formation of political thought has the concept of justice. They have seek been a way to eliminate inequality and justice. Meanwhile, political justice provides free and equal conditions for all to participate and share in social and political affairs and security. Motahhari in Islamic thought, and Western thought of John Rawls, have discussed about it. Despite differences in perspectives there are the common principles such as liberty and equality for all. This article examines the characteristics of political justice with an emphasis on these two thoughtful comments and looks at the three major characteristics of political justice: equal political participation, political selection and political security for.

One way to achieve success in the competitive arena of international trade is competitive advantage in the form of lower costs or offer different products and generate more cheap in the country. To maintain this advantage, countries need to think long-term competitive advantages complex that it might be achieved through the supply of new goods and services or the production of goods and services with higher efficiency. Both fields require new innovations is essential. Economists refere to several factors for considering on how to deliver innovation in communities and demographic factors are also one of the important factors to be considered in the review of innovations. But since now a comprehensive study on the role of demographic factors on innovation indicators has not been done. Therefore, the present study sought to depict position of the demographic factors such as population and active population ratio to total population on innovation indicators in selected countries white over populated and sparsely populated during 1986-2009 time period. The overall results show that demographic factors rather have a positive effect on innovation indicators. Despite this, Iran's population is low compared with other countries discussed, population is higher component of the population - have not known much impact on the innovation index.

The need for leadership and management in all fields of social activities is a significant and vital. Leadership and organizational changes to adapt to survive and thrive in turbulent environments, managers are generally required to achieve certain features that are faced with problems.The present age, Order to understand the power of communication abilities as part of the total land mass in relation to the immediate plans for future goals, the enjoyment of power, Retrospect depth and analysis of comments, the discovery of fundamental principles and assumptions in any position, high flexibility, A view to avoiding future problems and comments and the comments of others, is regardless of its source to guide organizations and individuals to achieve the objectives of general interest And the behavior of the individual, community and organizational performance is effective. Logical or philosophical thinking mentality of the managers on their leadership decisions and behavior affect the mentality of people with a different philosophy, different expected behavior or leadership style. Philosophical mind is a tool to assist managers in thinking. Therefore, managers need to organize and direct resources to the different situations in terms of thinking that a comprehensive, deep and flexible as well.

One of the most important ways to enhance Cultural Intelligence (CQ) is developing CQ Knowledge. CQ Knowledge is one of the dimensions of Cultural Intelligence, that refers to the level of understanding about culture and the ways cultures differ. The Lack of awareness of how culture shapes the way people think and behave can be expensive for organizations. Many researches consistently demonstrate a high level of failure in big and medium size businesses around the world, when they expand into international markets without an awareness of how people from other cultures think and behave. Today, leaders without some insight into how culture shapes the thoughts and behaviors of the people touched by their leadership cannot be considered as an effective leader. In this article after definitions of culture and its dimensions, CQ Knowledge has been described. Then learning some core cultural values as one of the most ways to develop CQ Knowledge has been discussed and finally some more ways to develop CQ Knowledge are provided.

This paper survey how urban households decide on their allocation pattern, subject to budget constraints. In this paper Four-equation system of differential demand ((Rotterdam, differential AIDS, CBS and NBR) are estimated with FIML method. Also, in the estimated models imposed homogeneity and Slutsky symmetry restriction. Statistical indicators and econometric results suggest that the CBS is the best model. The results of CBS model, indicating that the expenditure elasticity of “Furniture and upholstery” and “Transportation and communication” groups are greater than one, and expenditure elasticity of “Housing group”; “Hygiene and medical care” and “Clothing and Footwear” lesser than one. Also the lowest compensated own-price elasticity and the lowest uncompensated own-price elasticity are found for Food and for “Clothing and Footwear”, respectively. From the compensated cross-price elasticities view point, some groups are Allen-Hicks complements, although the values of elasticities are small. (For example Hygiene and medical care and Food)

Nowadays, competition has been an undetachable part of business in the world. Most corporations in different industries try to surpass rivals & consolidate & promote their position in market. One of the most important means of a very distant past, whether in the realm of the individual, the community and the business of the pre-eminent among others, has a good reputation. Individuals and companies that can achieve this intangible asset gain benefit from & use it.This article in a library research method, has tried to survey reputation research background & beside explainaining reputation as the newest paradigm of business, states benefits & profits of reputation on every part of organization by investigating different schools of thought and its relationship with other elements of organizational concepts.

Investment in economic matters is a special place. The main concern of policy makers to invest in Iran's economy construction. The results show that during the fourth development of agriculture, industry, mining, construction, water, electricity and gas, health and social work, hotels and restaurants, financial intermediation, real estate, rental and business services in increased baseline activity in the country has had a significant positive trend. The highest increase in relation to the building. Fishing economic sectors, wholesale, retail and repair of vehicles and goods, transportation, storage and communications, public affairs, defense and social security, education and other public services, social and family in the province during the program.