نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 43، پاییز 1394)

In different studies, the effect of cultural differences, in national scope, on managerial systems have been explored. The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between national culture and institutional advancement (based on Hofstede model and Global Competitiveness Report). So, first by cluster analysis(k-means technique), the countries have been classified in two type so that in type Ι, the score of "uncertainty avoidance", “power distance" and " masculinity " are higher than those in type ΙΙ and " long-term orientation" and "individualism" are lesser. Then the Hypothesizes tested by Mann-Whitney analytical test. The results indicate that the institutional scores are meaningfully different between two cultural clusters.

Examining the issues related to modernity, due to the diversity of its intellectual, cultural, social, and artistic aspects and foundations, is one of the major concerns of today's societies. Modernity, as a life style and a way of thinking, has conferred methods, only through thorough understanding of which, can the local ties and cultural heritage of nations be preserved. This article is an attempt to focus on religion and modernity and to comprehend the philosophical stances of scholars, in order to prepare the grounds for their emergence in the contemporary art. Therefore, by employing the library research method the paper studies and analyzes the common and at times contradictory relationship between religion and modernity, from the point of view of western philosophers and Islamic thinkers. Further, by comparing their fundamental views about the process of modernity and its components, it will explain their principal foundations.

Requisites of avoiding adverse consequences of tourism and obtaining optimum pattern of tourism development are land planning and assessment of ecological capabilities. Ecotourism is mainly based on those resources and attractions that the natural environment provides for the tourist and utilizing it requires facilities and good circumstances along with protecting natural resources. This could be realized through assessment of capabilities and capacity of natural environment to attract tourists. In addition, specific geographical location and kinds of natural phenomena have made Iran the fifth country in terms of natural diversity. However, planning to exploit these conditions is still in its infancy and no important or great task has been conducted to exploit natural attractions. In addition, ecotourism situation of Iran accompanies many social, economic and environmental issues and these challenges should be recognized first to plan for removing them and prevent later problems by considering opportunities we have in this domain. The present study has attempted to recognize and investigate main challenges in ecotourism industry of Iran using descriptive-analytic method and collecting data through library and documentary method. Results of the study suggest many challenges in ecotourism industry of Iran. Among social challenges in ecotourism industry are lack of social justice, insecurity and lack of participation. Environmental challenges include lack of natural protection and understanding of tourist phenomena in the country that have created problems. Furthermore, in the domain of economic challenges we face issues including lack of proper roads in attractions, lack of accommodations and amenities, poor promotions, and unwillingness of people to invest. Planning to achieve sustainable development could address these challenges in some ways.

Small and medium industries have an important role in the economic development of a country and the various theories have relied on the importance of information technology in small and medium-sized businesses. The purpose of this research is identifying the affecting factors on adoption of technological innovations in Small and Medium Industries with using a combination of the two structures Davi's technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior of Jzn. Research - descriptive correlational study used a questionnaire to collect the data. For this purpose, 38 items were developed to assess the research model and most were Information Technology experts. The Survey contain of all senior managers of small and medium-sized businesses fewer than 50 employees to 117 units is the industrial town of Kerman. Information obtained by using SPSS and Amos and the method of structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was performed. Results showes that all variables in the model except for the relationship between perceived ease of use on attitude toward the use of technological innovations in small and medium industries have positive significant impact.

Due to important of poverty reduction in developing countries, this article examines the effect of financial development on poverty reduction using unbalanced panel data for 29 developing countries with upper middle income between the years 1990 to 2011. For this purpose, the weighted average was calculated of three indicators of financial development that include Ratio of Liquid Liabilities to Gross domestic product, Private Credit by Deposit Money Banks to Gross domestic product and the Ratio of Deposit money Bank Assets to Gross domestic product, the multilateral index of financial development using PCA with SAS software, and the four indicators of financial development on poverty reduction was estimated separately using Eviews software. Stata software was used to select the appropriate model. The results show that all four indicators of financial development have significant and positive effects on poverty reduction in developing countries have been selected. In addition, foreign direct investment and income also showed positive effects. However, the negative effect of openness on reducing poverty appeared in model.

The relationship between industry and university has changed towards the fast development of knowledge market with the expansion of factors such as globalization, daily increase of competition at international level and fast technological changes. In order to increase innovation, efficiency and creation of wealth, universities and industry must have a suitable interaction. Different factors have impacts on cooperation between university and industry and it will be effective when they could establish link through a common language. Universities mainly speak with the language of expansion of knowledge frontiers and industries with the language of gaining profit and reducing costs. This lack of common language reduces the possibility of their effective interaction and cooperation with each other. On the other hands, by using the Johari Window and its application in intra-organizational communications, it is possible with the expansion of public area to increase the rate of awareness of university and industry from each other and they could emerge more effective in interaction with each other. In this process, if only one side of action begins to divulge and the other one does not perform it, no link will be established. So, one of the measures which they should make is to understand and attract the trust of each other.

Justice is a controversial concept. Therefore, different definitions have been presented from it to now. In the former definition, social justice concept has been reduced to compensation and distribution concept while in contemporary definition has been remembered from social justice as a critical discourse that it`s aim is to eliminate and reduce discrimination, poverty, social segregation and domination. For understanding this concept from spatial justice in the city, we need to know the power players, power relations, structures and processes of planning. With these in mind, we need to redefine some of the basic concepts of city such as urban space, participation principle (power distribution), equality principle (no discrimination), difference and liberty principle. The dominant thought paradigm of urban planning system of Iran is rational-comprehensive kind. This paradigm to the whol city has a physical, authoritarian, technocratic, centralized, and elitist and top-bottom view. In this thought paradigm is meaningless some principles such as liberty, equality, difference, and also political and social participation of citizens. In this case, the justice concept reduced to distributive and compensation equity and it away from question of structural and process in city. Therefore to achieve to urban planning of justice oriented we must away from physical and technocratic policy and we move to comprehensive and cooperative policies. Also we must empower the local management and pay more attention to political dimension of the city until city residents protest to discrimination of urban development plan (injustices and obvious inequalities) and those claim their rights from the city.