نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 46، تابستان 1395)

One of the most fundamental questions in the scientific and public circles of Iran is why this country has failed to achieve industrial development? Although several studies have been conducted in explaining the obstacles to the development of Iran, but industrialization as a development axis has been less studied. The main purpose of this research is to study the barriers of the industrial development in Iran, focusing on the history of the formation of the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the eighteenth century onwards to answer the following questions: First, is Iran's industrial underdevelopment rooted in external barriers? Second, is Iran's industrial underdevelopment due to internal obstacles? Third, Is Iran's industrial underdevelopment due to the policies of the Qajar government or the later governments contributed to it? Based on the research findings which was conducted using the historical method, colonial powers in the nineteenth century had an important role in Iran's industrial underdevelopment by limiting the activities of Iranian capitalists from major industrial areas, bankrupt domestic industry, pushing the Iranian economy to the production of raw materials and excluding Iran from receiving a substantial portion of oil revenues over a long period. But Iran's industrial underdevelopment puzzle is completed by internal barriers particularly inappropriate policies of governments such as lack of program to help the growth of the bourgeoisie, reliance on raw materials particularly oil revenues, uncontrolled imports of consumer and intermediate goods, insisting on import substitution policy, inability to attract foreign investment and high military spending. The research finding also show that; although the Qajar government had a key role in Iran's industrial underdevelopment but the later governments also have contributed to this underdevelopment.

All forms of education an essential prerequisite for development programs and play undeniable role to facilitate the development programs. In the analysis of economic growth, economists are looking for the point that why some countries have experienced higher economic growth. In this regard, researchers are interested in determining the causes of economic boom and identify and restrain the economic decline. One of the biggest economists dilemma that they faced in 1950s, was the inability of classical growth factors (such as labor and capital) to determine economic development in different countries, which as a result, the concept of "education" is taken into consideration. And it was agreed that education can be used as an independent factor in explaining the economic development in different countries. Since the aim of Islamic economic system is “reaching social justice” and exploitation of others is caused by non-compliance with Islamic ethics in economic field. Education is the context for achieving economic learning according to religious principles of the Islamic Revolution. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of education in economic development. In this descriptive-analytical study with regard to research literature, economic importance and benefits of education and the relationship between the economy and education were determined, and by analyzing the results of studies in this field, managerial implications with regard to the needs of the country are provided.

Current research does a comparative study on undeveloped status from the viewpoint of Jalal Al-e-Ahmad and Andre Gunder Frank. This article utilizes library and documentary methods, descriptive and analytical research methods, and also comparative approach to compare the viewpoints of Al-e-Ahmad and Frank and to study the two experts’ strategy on an undeveloped society. As a result of this study, though Al-e-Ahmad is influenced by dependency doctrines, especially from Frank’s ideas, Al-e-Ahmad’s viewpoint are more comprehensive than Frank’s standpoint; because Al-e-Ahmad paid attention to the whole dimensions that involve in development (political, economic, social and cultural), while Frank paid more attention to the economic dimension, because he forms his ideas against modernization school (a doctrine which emphasizes internal obstacles of development in a society). On the other hand, strategies presented by Al-e-Ahmad are relatively idealistic, which seem much unrealistic comparing to Frank’s proposed strategies for exiting undeveloped status.

Nowadays, Emigrants play an important role in the development of their origins. Some rural emigrants with formation of migrant organizations in large cities such as hometown associations use them to improve the wellbeing, viability and development of their hometown. So their activities and efforts to enhance the viability of rural areas and that makes it belong to the community, participation and stability of rural areas be promoted. The aim of this research is looking for how and through what mechanisms and implications the emigrants impact in promotion of rural wellbeing and rural development. Methodology of this article is based on qualitative research methods. In this qualitative study, data has been collected through techniques of interview, group discussion and oral histories in the hometown associations in Tehran, especially Shabestaries hometown associations (Daryan and Benis), Center of Kurds living/ residing in Tehran, foundation of Khouzestanies living/ residing in Tehran, Association of Mahdi-Sharies/ Sangsaries living/ residing in Tehran; the data has been analyzed by thematic analysis, And the findings have been presented in general. Immigrants and their organizations with strategies such as: “remittances”, “investment in hometown”, “regular travel to hometown”, “transfer of innovations, ideas and capital”, "living as a second home in the village", "rural development measures/ development efforts ", “sending gifts”, “entrepreneurship in hometown”, “trading with hometown” and cases such as such as that mentioned changes the structure and functions of the rural community and thereby lead to rural development. These changes in various areas such as "enhancing various facilities and services in the village", "improving business and employment in rural areas", "local agricultural and economic development", "social vitality of the village", "helping young stability and population increase", "improving living conditions in the village", "rural constructions improvement" and " feeling of peace and tranquility in the village", affected on the development of studied villages. So government agencies can support the establishment of immigrant permanent institutions and hometown associations also they can even encourage immigrants to form these institutions, to be able to use the potentials and forces these institutions and structures to use them for local development and rural well-being.

In the years after the revolution so far, based approach to constitution, many efforts done for social justice and eradication of poverty through the actions of government programs and advocacy institutions and indexes also suggest that the alleviation of abject poverty in urban and rural areas. But after three decades, assessments show that these efforts, despite considerable financial and human resources, have not been the expected effectiveness in reducing poverty and exclusion. this paper reviews the main provisions of each development plans after the Islamic revolution, the eradication of poverty shows that the main weakness of government support and support institutions, lack of mechanisms enabling use of capabilitiesbased approach, has been poor to support groups. As well as support for the government and institutions supporting, Short-term welfarebased approach to compensate for the deprivations of poverty and vulnerable groups, through transfer payments and cash, is executed. In fact, plans to approach protectionist policies during the development plans, Lack of purpose in order to increase its ability to cross the poverty and structural reforms have been appropriate.

Economical development of different areas of a country is one the most important topics in recent decades. Ignoring capabilities, abilities and advantages of each zone in economical activities, will result in poor investing, by regarding the potential capacities of that zone and despite of several plans, lack of development will continue. So, if we detect effective factors on economical development, and we understand hardships of the subject, we can provide the background for improving the perception of economists, local authorities and governors. The goal of preparing this paper is to determining the basic agriculture activities of all provinces by using place coefficient technique (LQ). The sample is consisted of 30 provinces. The data are extracted from 1387 national statistics and are divided to 9 categories. Results have shown that: Gylan by LQ of (2. 75) and (2. 89), Tehran by (9. 23), Gylan by (2. 91), Kurdistan (3. 56), Gylan by (2. 47), Systan va Baluchistan by (2. 40) and Gylan by (14. 59) have the highest LQ in agriculture, gardening, flower house, growing birds, keeping bees, growing big animals, growing small animals and producing silk worm respectively. So these activities are counted as the base activities and the expert of these goods has become possible.

Second-home tourism has been formed with different motivations and is one of the types of tourism which has been mostly flourished in the rural spaces. The aim of current study is to analyze the sociocultural dimensions of the development of this type of tourism in the rural district of Dohezar, Tonekabon Township. Methodology of the research is descriptive-analytic with an emphasis on field survey. Required data for the research are objective and subjective which have been collected using questionnaires and after being coded have been processed using SPSS software. Findings of the research have been categorized in two parts, descriptive and analytic. In descriptive findings, the distribution test and in analytic findings based on the nature, aim ad type of the variables, correlation test, analytical regression have been used, and to understand the difference between the two situations before and after the development of tourism, difference tests have been used. Results show that second-home tourism in the studied area has had positive influence on participation and responsibility components, on the contrary it has resulted in the decrease of social trust and an increase in the social abnormalities and there is a significant difference between the socio-cultural indexes before and after the development of second-home tourism. But it can finally be stated that second-home tourism has resulted in socio-cultural development.

Including a fair share of set patterns of labor force participation of workers in the firm's profits (share economy), a historical review and analysis of share economy, can be of great importance in the production and promotion of employment and labor have. In this study, the data collected by the library and documents analyzed using content analysis are historical. For a historical analysis of share economy development, employment and wage developments will be briefly reviewed first, to be recognized properly share economy .The main hypothesis of the study is that the history of capitalism, labor market labor rent system is based on a fixed contract. And only occasionally in on workers or employers based on the objective of maximizing profits. Economy has a tendency to have a partnership.

In today's world that trend toward globalization has intensified; economic transparency is a very important issue. One of the basic conditions for a competitive economy is transparency in the supply and demand of goods, services, labor, capital and the number of owners and availability of facilities to reach them. Economic transparency has a positive impact on investment, economic growth and tax revenues and increase the quality of economic infrastructures and public services. Transparency facilitates the monitoring of economic activities and the performance of government organizations. This paper by using of meta-analysis clarified the concept of tax culture and then examined the role of economic transparency in promoting tax culture. The results show that the effects and consequences of economic transparency in the tax culture reflected as behavior strengthen of tax payers.

Banking system is one of the main pillars of any economic system that is the source of a need of money persons and their correct performance of and principles can boom over growth and economic system. Undoubtedly, creation of Nonperformance Loans are looking for financing activities in banks and financial institutions so a heavy non-performing portfolio and default on part of the clients is a serious problem confronting the financial institutions all over the world including. Hence, this paper with quantitative analytical methods tries to have comparative comparison NPLs in Iranian banking system with other countries and resolve defaults or late payments in some Islamic countries. The comparative study result shows that situation of Iranian Banking system, despite using Ribafree banking, in comparison with other countries of the world is not appropriate and need to find immediate solution. At the end, paper offered proposed strategies in two sections of legal solutions and experience of Islamic countries.