نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، بهار 1389)

Economy at the beginning of its formation and being recognized as a scientific course by Adam smith was submerged in philosophy and was supported by the ethic and for long time was named as political economy. At that time because of supremacy of macro economy on it and its relation to policy and policy making dealt with norms and values. Mixing more with mathematics, this undutiful child adopted increasingly the natural sciences’ method and positivistic attitude and finally completely separated from ethic by excessiveness in individualism. The product of such an economy in different areas caused some problems, including that affected the confidence and solidarity, and in the development process, caused the destruction of environment and extension of inequality and injustice and social cleavages. In reaction to this process in twenty century critical attitudes appeared either in economy by intellectuals like Lionel Rabines, and then resulted in raising and development the concept and discussion of social capital; and either in development was raised by prominent authorities of development like Denis Goulet and David Alen Grocker, and consequently the topics like ethic and economy, ethic and development were introduced in economics literature that gradually approved its importance in the scientific circle. This article which has been compiled by descriptive-analytic method according to library data is a review of above mentioned issues and discuses the main challenges of development particularly from the viewpoints of one of the most prominent scientists of the economy and ethics of development, Denis Goulet. The most important challenges are affecting the environment, justice and social solidarity. Then Islamic instructions about these three topics will discuss- which in new era have been neglected and caused many problems. Finally some suggestions would be mentioned.

Management is the result of creativity and Intellectual discipline of human and on the other hand it creates creativity in human relations and interaction sphere and its main function is gaining more from human attempts individually and collectively. Accordingly in Islamic teachings which have instructions in social and practical aspects, it is necessary to explain it. Because of importance of management role in Islam and Islamic thought in macro level –Islamic Ummah- and in micro level- institutions- it is necessary that the Muslim thinkers by resorting to Islamic culture and values, Quran, Sunnah and Etrah and through inexhaustible efforts try to reach to the comprehensive model of Islamic management and start a systematic method to accomplish that mission. This article is studied the intellectual basis of compiling principals of Islamic management. Apart from the diversity feature of the text on the compiled principals of Islamic management, there is some harmony and balance in the principals of Islamic management which the man basis of them is the faithful principals. According to a comparative study, the western management principals originated from materialistic scientific ontology whereas the principals of Islamic management are according to Islamic ontology- religious- which it shows the authenticity of the principals. On the other hand, most of the western principals lost their importance and the new one replaced them.

In recent years the economic societies of the world has been studying the behavior of their agents to shape suitable manner toward them. One of the main important factors is the religious attitudes of the agents which can establish the ethic and the future behavior of them. In this article the religious attitudes has introduced as a new capital; called religious capital and explained the way of producing the religious capital from ethical attitudes of the member of society. Then the conceptual framework of religious capital has been mentioned and the way of effecting of religious capital to economic development indexes has been discussed. The result of the theoretical studies of this research proved that ethical attitudes in the framework of religious capital have great effects on the variables like: economic growth, income distribution, justice, consumption, reducing the crime rates, increasing the level of welfare etc.

Nowadays, adherents of normative Economics believe that detachment normative affaires from positive affaires results in economic problems. There are similarities and dissimilarities between Western Economics and Buddhist Economics. They have some in common, such as identifying three stages of economic process means that, satisfying needs throughout creating, keeping and utilizing wealth. Man can create wealth without any ethical limitations that brings about economic exploitation in Western Economics. Economic normative is related to quality of life in Buddhism. From the viewpoint of Buddhism, the materialistic values and relief is not the whole value of life but mental health and salvation of negative desires is the main goals of Buddhism. Buddhist Economics is a set of rules partly inspired by Buddhist believes. Therefore, moral and social training of Buddhism is the foundation of Buddhist Economics and recognizing the whole economic strategies of Buddhism is impossible without realizing the moral training because of the certain combination of moralities and economic rules. This paper tries to state some of economic rules of Buddhism using the available references.

The aim of this article is to introduce and recognize the International labor organization's strategies on entrepreneurship. Researches show that this organization is pursuing the suitable occupations and in its suggestions about making jobs insists on the suitable condition of the jobs. International labor organization to making jobs adopted several complementary strategies. The main strategy is occupation-based investment which through that policy, in construction projects the labor intensive technologies is used. According to empirical studies:1. The total costs in labor intensive approaches is 10 to 30 percent lower of materiel intensive methods.2. It decreases the need to exchange rate 50 to 60 percent.3. With similar investment, makes 2 to 4 times more jobs.4. Specially in the recent approach, the unprofessional and semi professional labor forces can find a job which is important factor in decreasing the poverty. In addition the qualification of the labor intensive projects can compete the material intensive projects. The complementary plans of this strategy are the participation of private and public sectors and the promoting and expansion of small contractors. These programs contribute to use internal labor forces without capital and help to create fewer needs to external labor forces and foreign investments. But the necessary requirement of realization of these projects is that the government in its internal organization creates the necessary capabilities to manage lots of small contractors and can educate them.

In the eyes of high international academic societies it is very important to study global financial crisis and its very influential aspects. From a general point of view lack of due attention to international relationship and misunderstanding of rule makers in regard with market system have negatively affected global economy and have caused serious problems. Therefore, fact-finding and root study of dominating factors, which caused financial crisis, are very crucial and by doing so we can prevent such crisis from happening again and will know how to manage them while happen in the future.As a result current text, which aims at finding causes of financial crisis, tries to pinpoint actual process of shaping the crisis. It is also important to highlight effects of lack of equilibrium and cut in bank assets and treasure as main items, which end in bankruptcy of the banks, which must be studied well.This research is done through analysis of several nominated banks activities together with a few more elements such as delayed accumulated credit and its costs on banking system. At the end of this study we offer some useful suggestions to tackle the crisis.

The financial and credit crisis that industrial and most of the developing countries face it, have very extensive dimensions. International Monitory Fund has assessed the losses of this crisis- which is considered as the most important economic crisis since the 1929 crisis- at April 2008 about one billion dollar, but this figure is much more that the first forecasts. Some Asian countries such as Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, China, Singapore, Japan etc which are among stock holders of bankrupted credit institutions in US and Europe also have faced a lot of hams and lose of the crisis. Given the intense and strong dependence of Iran's economy to oil incomes and given the decreasing of the energy prices in world market and as a result decreasing the foreign exchange income of the country, certainly the world crisis can also have dramatic effects on our economy. In this article, the opportunities and threats of financial crisis to Iran and world economy is studied on according to library and documentary studies practical suggestion to decrease the negative consequences of the crisis on our economy has been mentioned.

This article discusses the effects of government's expenditure on preoccupation of main economic sectors during 1357-1385. It this research the government's expenditure has been considered separately-economic, social, defense and public affairs. To estimate the models, the Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) has been applied and to determine the effects of shocks the impulse response function has been used. Furthermore to compare the shocks effects of taxes with expenditures, the direct and indirect tax variables has considered in the models. The results of the research shows that the effects of government's expenditure shocks have positive consequence in mid and long terms but it has negative effects in short term on preoccupation of main economic sectors. The preoccupation of industrial sector has positive relation with the government's expenditure in defense and economic sectors. The preoccupation of agricultural sector has positive relation with the government's expenditure in social sector and has negative relation to expenditure in economic sector. The preoccupation of services sector has positive relation with the government's expenditure in economic sector and has negative relation to expenditure in social sector.

Regarding to the population growth and necessity of food security, pressure on the natural resources has been increased particularly in developing countries in recent decades. However this pressure has addressed the challenge of food security in short-term but it has induced major environmental footprint. Thus, developing countries face with substantial dilemma in sustainable food crops production. For addressing this dilemma, these countries have focused on the policies of sustainable agriculture needed to assessment of agricultural systems sustainability in three dimensions including economic, social and environmental dimensions, which is important for designing scope of sustainable agricultural development and its practical solutions. In this study, initially two frameworks of environmental assessment of agricultural systems sustainability has explained and then, two frameworks of comprehensive assessment of agricultural systems sustainability has investigated and finally, one practical methodology has presented for environmental assessment of agricultural systems sustainability.

Historically, there are two origins for democracy in history; one is the democracy which appeared its manifestation in Medina and has continued in the process of Islamic development history through the Islamic revolution in Iran; that is called by the title f religious democracy. The other one is the democracy developed in western societies which can be called “secular democracy” although this is not the common name for that in western counties and it refers by the concept of democracy normally. Religious democracy and western one has several basic differences which the main important of them is that the democracy originated from humanistic roots but the religious democracy can be introduced through divine ontology. These differences have been discussed in this article.

In this article by applying historical- analytic approaches we discuss the root causes of Ghajar elite's failure in development trend of Iran. Iranian elites in the contemporary history i.e. Ghajar elites are divided into three groups: 1. some of ruling elites that basically did not want country’s development.2. Some of ruling elites that sought to reform and modernization.3. Intellectual elite. The first group which was the anti-development elites has served as the main obstacle of development and as neutralizing factor of the power of reformist. The second group, likewise, failed to guide the country to balanced overall development because of two reasons: 1. their characteristics and their malfunction.2.the unsuitable political-economic structure and the obstructionism of anti-development elites. Intellectuals, too, because of despotic political structure and a single dimension view to development couldnt serve their function in desirable way. This article seeks to answer this question that which factors have paved the way for the failure of elites of Ghajar era in Iran's development process? The hypothesis of the article is that the following factors caused the Ghajar elites’ Failure in development process of Iranian society: despotic political structure, undeveloped culture, and foreigners’ interfere in internal affairs, the weakness of kings and rulers, the destructive role of world economic system and the function of elites in modernization in western methods.

Modernization in European experience was based on modernity and with the help of bourgeois, absolute national and modern government, and through radical social changes resulted in creating modern and developed societies. But in Iran despite of Reza Shah's attempts semi modernization did not result in modern and developed society. Of the main important reasons in failure of semi modernization are: ideological and unidirectional view from modernity and modernization, lack of cohesion and comprehensive theoretical framework suitable for Iranian situation- specially regarding to secular aspects of this semi modernization- lack of consensus among the political and philosophical elites and as the result weakness of state and political instability, lack of authority and legitimacy, lack and weakness of national and authentic bourgeois and the relations between state and groups and social classes, failure in implementation of basic and structural changes as a result of opposition of ruling groups and foreign interference. Explaining and analyzing these elements this article is to present the solutions of these challenges of undevelopment.