نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 44، زمستان 1394)

Penal policy implies on the correct regulating people's relationships with each other, maintaining public order, creating security in society and promoting social and political justice. This policy, by approval of appropriate laws can prevent any oppressions and violations to the rights of each other and oblige them to the observance of legal and social standards. Accordingly legislation power, as the competent authority in shaping penal policy makes a significant contribution. However, the penal policy`s studying implementation process and evaluating its effectiveness makes undeniable results, emphasis on crucial role of social politics in its shaping and prosperity. The main question of this article is whether there a relation between social inequality and class range of Delinquency? And so, two minor questions are raised: Do punitive criminal policy and intensifying punishments lead to a reduction in Delinquency in the society? And what is the effectiveness of preventive measures and structural reforms to reduce Delinquency in the society? As claim of this study, surveys on the field of criminal sociology show that the correlation between social inequalities and the spread of Delinquency in both privileged and underprivileged classes. In terms of methodology, this study relies on a meta-analysis of surveys over the past two decades about the relationship between social inequality and the class range of Delinquency in society. In terms of the theoretical framework, this study, by criticizing or retribution model, based on the amendatory- therapeutic model. The results of this study show the insufficiency of impact of punitive criminal policy and intensifying punishments on the reduction of Delinquency in the society and imply on the need for preventive measures and structural reforms.

The Endogenous growth theories, explain long-term growth with focus on technology development and the accumulation of investment in R&D activities. Because of, technology advances and accumulation of investment in R&D activities, led to innovation and technological progress and move agriculture from surface to deep and thus, improve the quality of products, creating food security, promote economic activities at the international trade, increased competitiveness power and ultimately, to accelerate the growth of value added. The aim of this study is investigate the impact of innovation through of accumulated domestic and R&D spillovers foreign (through imports of goods) activities (embodied in imports goods) on the growth value added of Iran's agriculture sector economy, during the period 1971-2011. Based on research results In the study period, despite of that we are viewer the continuous and constant growth value-added of agricultural sector, but the growth value added mainly due to increasing the area under crops (surface agricultural), but, like the developed countries, arent viewer to Improve performance in hector (deep Agriculture), demand-based of R&D activities and high ratio of research and development costs into value added of agricultural sector. Also, despite of existence the potential capabilities and relative advantages who is naturally abundant in agricultural sector, always less than five percent of the accumulation of physical investment in Iran's economy has been allocated to this sector. Therefore, improving the quality of agricultural products, increase competitiveness power and food security, is depended on attention to demand-based of R&D activities, the accumulation of physical investments and attracting R&D activities of business partners.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is an expanded framework for studying human's motivation and personality which includes five mini theories and defines different types of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and investigates their potential effects on each other. In addition, in this theory three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness are proposed and studied. According to this theory, to the extent that these basic needs are supported or thwarted by social contexts, it leads to individual's well-being and growth or their growth are degraded and may face with psychological disorders. This theory has an organismic and dialectic approach. On one hand, it is supposed that people are active organisms who natural tendencies towards development and growth and seek integrating their new experiences with themselves. On the other hand, this natural tendency is not automatically operationalized by itself and needs continuous supporting by environmental and social context. Therefore, there is a dialectic relation between active organisms and their social contexts that used as a foundation for predicting individual's behavior, experience and well-being. Another critical point is that the autonomy in this theory is different from independence. These different subjects and concepts of SDT that are based on a great number of studies and experimental researches, give it a unique position in organization and management studies. So, having more knowledge of this theory can help organizations and managers use human resources more effectively to reach to organizational growth and employee's well-being.

The recent global financial crisis is resulted from short run finance by irresponsible manners and loss necessary supervision and survey on execute phases of ethical principles. Indubitable the ethic, as following of principles, has important role in financial and economic relations. According to the roots and motives of financial crisis and the role of banking system in them, evidently ethical banking can prevent the roots. Programming by defined principles and rules, carful survey and credit scoring, realism and deciding as for possible capacities, correlation between nominal and real sectors in economic, regarding to rights of consumers and stockholders, transparency of necessary information for consumers and stockholders, choosing as for capability, deposit management joint by honesty, committing to contracts, fund flow and restriction of illegal speculation and avoidance of Riba and Gharar activities in banking system are the best solutions for saving the system in front of financial crisis.

The conservation of wealthy natural resources along the Tehran- Shomal freeway route has been a serious challenge for environment fans and policymakers. Accordingly, after about twenty years of the project start, the route has not been still completed. The lack of transparency of the monetary value for natural resources along the route is one of mentioned lag. First, It has been studied the natural resources using GIS in the current study. Then it has been estimated non-use values of natural resources along the route with CVM via WTP. Contingent valuation method is the just method can be used in protective values which have not any market price. The map of natural resources illustrated the most land use in 1 km buffer was belong to rangelands and forests. According to the current results, 85% of respondents stated the pay attention to natural resources along Tehran- Shomal route is important, although there is a deep sadness about travel safety. Finally, the survey results demonstrated that the majority of respondents are willing to pay money for protection of natural resources along the freeway route which is about 0.4 percent of their monthly income.

The six-dimensional strategic thinking, that is king-key of constantly increasing victory in the competition, how is influenced by biographical characteristics (education, age, years of service and number of family members)? The purpose of this research is to explain the answer. This study is descriptive-explanatory based on objective, survey and applied, method and result. The target community of the survey is 384 municipal employees of Qazvin city. Data collection tools included researcher-made questionnaire and its reliability and validity has proven. Data has been analyzed through SPSS software, using variance and Student t test. The geometry of people thinking has been commpared based on Spider Web Model that measures the balance between dimentions of thinking, was conducted. Results showed that there is significant relationship between biographical characteristics and Strategic thinking Model of people. With changing Marital Status, a significant change occurs in the model of strategic thinking. Therefore, organizations can be described as a set of thinking models that are constantly changing and the actions and decisions of them to continually shape and success is dynamic depending on the diagnosis and guiding the models of thinking.

Turkey is located in southwest of Asia and it covers an area of over 78 million hectares. In 2012, this country had 34434 villages and about 20 percent of the population was living in rural areas. In this country, rural areas face problems of ineffective institutional structure, insufficient development of physical, social and cultural infrastructure, low income level and relatively low quality of life for rural population and migration. The paper aim is to study rural development planning system in this country, so in this regard, the author had examined organizations, plans and programs related to subject. Rural development has been considered as an important policy instrument besides agricultural development policy devices since 1970’s in Turkey. In each of the five-year development plan have been considered unique goals and has been emphasized on the special policies for agriculture and rural development. In relation to rural development in this country, the most important organization is ministry of agriculture and rural affairs and the most important plan is the National Rural Development Strategy. All the development plans aimed at finding and adopting of new technologies which would get higher production in agriculture and in rural development process is neglected social and human factors. Therefore, the contribution of rural sector and agriculture as a whole to the Turkish economy have not reached to the desired level and so it has not providing sufficient reward and welfare to the rural people. In this field, a comparison between Turkey and Iran showed many similar aspects and the most difference was the nation rural development strategy and the organizational structure for rural affairs.