مجله پژوهش های پنبه ایران
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، پاییز و زمستان 1393)

To investigation existence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with cotton root, determination of root colonization percent and characterization of spore situation, 22 soil and root samples gathered from cotton fields of different areas in north Khorasan province. After root staining and extraction of spores from soil, root colonization and spore population determined, also effect of soil pH on these factors was evaluated. Results showed that all samples have arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. About indices related to colonization, average of mycorrhizal frequency (%F) in different areas was between 95 to 100 percent. Average of mycorrhizal intensity index (%M) in Sankhast and Ashkhaneh areas with 59.8 and 31.9 was maximum and minimum respectively. about spore population density index maximum and minimum was in Esfarayen and Ashkhaneh with 212.9 and 137.2 spores per 35g/dried soil respectively. Correlation of measured indices with pH showed that correlation of spore population density with pH was significant (α = 0.05) and this correlation was positive.

Soil salinity is one of the important factors that reduces growth and production of crops. The salt-affected soils area is very considerable in Iran so that salt tolerant crops individually are cultivable in the most these lands. Like as other plants, the adverse effect of salinity on various cultivars and genotypes of cotton werent similar and despite the fact that cotton is somewhat tolerant to salinity, differences in growth traits and yield occurs. Hence, a field experiment was carried out in Golestan province, Agricultural Research Station, Marked Farm of Anbarolum to evaluate the effect of soil salinity on growth traits and compare the yield of 12 cotton genotypes. Soil salinity was 12.5 dS/m at planting time. The results showed that soil salinity established a significant effect on growth and yield traits including germination percent, plant height, boll weight, yield of first peaking, yield of second peaking, total yield and yield earliness. The greatest germination percent was obtained by Shirpan 539, Çukurova and Q28 genotypes. In mean comparison of the data, Sahel genotype had the highest height and the heaviest boll. Golestan genotype produced the most total yield because of production the considerable more yield in second picking, However 539 Shirpan genotype produced the most yield in first peaking. The earliness of latter genotype had too much preference as compared to other genotypes. Finally, according to the results, extension and expansion of Golestan genotype cultivation was recommended for salt-affected soils in Golestan province.

Within the domain of agricultural enterprises the high potentials of Cotton in Iranian domestic economy, hence, in foreign trades, the effective internal and external marketing system has a vital role in economic growth and sustainability of producer firms. This research is of cross-sectional type, on-field and applied one, which investigates and follows the marketing and exporting of cotton in Golestan province of Iran. Stratified and weighted mutli-staged clustered and random sampling method was applied. Size of sample was identified by applying Cochran formula, where sum 126 farm firms, were selected. Using one-way analyses of variance, calculating regression coefficient, the research hypotheses and questions were tested, answered and analyzed by utilizing SPSS.17 software. The results show, positive significant relation between orchard's income levels and their marketing skill levels. Inverse significant relation between their marketing margin levels and their marketing skills, while the relation between their income levels and marketing margin were not significant at 95% confidence interval.

In order to study the effects of soil and foliar application of Iron and Zinc sulphates on yield and yield components of varamin cultivar cotton an experiment were conducted in kashmer cotton research station, in a Silty loam textured soil with EC=2.2 ds/m and pH=7.9. Experimental design was factorial as randomized complete block design with three replication which four levels of soil application of zinc sulphate including 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha Zinc sulphate, two levels of foliar application of zinc sulphate including 0 and %0.5 and two levels of foliar application of Iron sulphate including 0 and %0.5 were applied to the field plots. Results showed that the effects of soil and foliar application of Iron and Zinc sulphates on cotton yield, boll weight and boll Number were significant. The highest yield (3964 kg per hectare cotton) obtained from the Soil application of 40 kg per hectare zinc sulfate and spraying zinc sulfate (0.5%) treatment, as 26% increased compared to the control. The highest boll weight (2.6 g) and boll Number (4/9 seed) obtained from recent treatment that increased respectively 13% and 19% compared to the control. The treatments did not show any significant effect on plant height and earliness cotton.

In order to determination of variability of pathogenicity of Verticillium dahliae kleb., Ninety five isolates form soil, cotton, eggplant, okra, cucumber, pistachio, sesame, tomato, and wild hemp, and rhizospher of Datura stramonium, Xanthium sp. and Solanum nigrum were compared in respect to microsclerotial morphology,pathogenicity, host range, optimum temperature for growth and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs).The result showed that based on symptom in cotton and okra plants the isolates were divided in two defoliating and no defoliating strains which also differed in microsclerotial morphology on water agar, optimal temperature for growth on potato dexteros agar. The variability among no defoliating isolates were more than defoliating isolates. Although, there was not host specificity among isolates but observed various disease severity in cotton .The defoliating strains were collected from cotton, eggplant, sesame and soil in Estahban, Kord kuy and Varamin regions. From 52 nit mutants (54%) were obtained 95 isolates. Based on the ability to use different nitrogen sources the mutant were grouped into three phenotypic classes nit 1(25%), nit 3(12%) and nit M( 54%).The isolates were separated into different groups. Eight VCGs were recognized among nit mutants. All defoliating isolates were belonged to one VCG and rest of the isolated grouped in 7 VCGS.

This experiment was carried out in split plot by using randomized complete block design with 2factors in 4 replications. The objective of this study was evaluation reaction on yield and yield components and earlymatured cotton crosses as a double crop. Main plots, were include 3winter crop,wheat, canola, and nofallow, and Subplots were 6 cotton crosses including sepid(control), 30-SKT-133, 30-N29-80, 30-TBL-180, 30-SKG-43,and 30-TBL-61. The Results showed that rate of emergence, yield, first harvesting yield, number of bolls and boll weight were decreased by planting of cotton after winter crops. Although the total yield and first harvesting yield of cotton after canola,and wheat were less than treatments nofallow. Seedcotton yield after wheat was more then yield after canola but these treatments didnt have significant differences. Earliness in cotton after wheat was same in nofallow treatment, but this is superior on canola treatments. 30-SKG-43 crosses had the highest cotton yield in nofallow and wheat treatment. This crosses in canola treatments produced almost with the other cross. 30-SKT-133 had the highest yield on first harveting and earliness percentage. In investigation crosses, seedcotton yield was increased and first harvesting had the hieghest impact by increasing number of bolls than boll weight.

The Growing rate of urban waste products has caused a serious problem and threatening the health of our society. Lack of attention can cause irreparable environmental damage. This study was carried out to determine the effects of combined municipal city waste with nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of Vramin cotton cultivar properties. The experiment design was split plot in form of CRB with nine treatments and four replications at agricultural research and natural resources center of Tehran province in Varamin on a fairly loamy soil. The treatments included: Compost at three levels(0,20 and 40 tons/hac) as main plots and nitrogen fertilizer with three levels (0,100 and 200 kg/hac) as sub plots. Results showed that the effects of treatments on growth and yield were significant at 1% level. Highest seed cotton yield(4458 kg) was obtained from use of 40 tons of municipal solid waste compost, also the maximum seed cotton yield (4195 kg) was obtain by application of 200 kg nitrogen. The combination of 40 tons of compost and 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare had the highest seed cotton yield (4787kg). The most amount of biomass (27,930 kg) was achieved, by using 40 tons of municipal solid waste compost. Also the biomase for useing 200 kg of nitrogen fertilizer was 26,393 kg.The most biomas was obtain by combination of 40 tons of compost per hectare and 100 kg nitrogen per hectare (29 922 kg).

This study was carried out to evaluate of various levels of water and super absorbent polymer (SAP) application on Cotton yield and yield component of Golestan Variety at Hashemabad Cotton Research Station, Gorgan/ Iran. In this experiment Three levels of Irrigation water Including: Rainfed (I0), 50% (I50) and 100% (I100) cotton Water Requirements and five levels of super absorbent polymer application 0 (S0), 10 (S10), 20 (S20), 30 (S30), 40 (S40) gr/m3soil at three replications were compared. Analysis of variance showed that the amount of irrigation water had a significant impact on the sympodia branch number, number of bolls, number of nodes on the main stem, and fiber micronaire. But the irrigation regime had no significant effect on monopodia branches, 30 bolls weight, cottonseed yield. Finaly, analysis of variance showed that SAP and interaction between Irrigation regime & SAP had no significant effect on number of sympodia & monopodia branch, number of nodes, 30 bolls weight, number of boll, cotton seed yield, lint percentage. Therefore, the use of super absorbent for cotton fields are recommended only in terms of water scarcity and Hydrologic drought condition.