فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 1 (زمستان 1381)

The present article in the light of theoretical considerations on correlational associations between substance use and some socio –psychiatric disorders as well as findings of population – based epidemiologic studies on comorbidity of substance use disorders with some disorders such as depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, trauma and PTSD, psychosis, and other psychiatric disorders (Kidorf,1996, Clark and Heyendus, 1997, Glantz and Hartel, 2002, kessler, 1995), attempts to present and discuss the results and findings of a population–based comorbidity survey of treatment seeking drug abusers in Tehran.SCL90–R Scale for depressive and a structured interview for measuring APS (Addiction Potential Scale) were administered to 153 treatment seeking drug abusers which was drawn through a disproportionately stratified sampling before main treatment stage and at intoxication time and at the end of treatment preiod. The data utilized in the research were collected by a 8 page questionnaire composed of 13 items. The research findings based upon statistical analysis showed a significant correlational association between depressive disorders as measured by SCL90-R Scale and substance use as measured by APS (r = 0.46/ p= 0.0012 /R2 = 0.81).The research results also demonstrate that addictive behaviore has been under influence of such variables as the length of addiction, socio – economic status (SES), previous treatment seeking experiences and the type of drug used.

Any attempt in the area of substance abuse treatment without paying especial attention to client motivation has often been regarded as failure. It is now widely acknowledged that Motivation is a crucial component of behavior change, especially so in the area of addictive behavior. It is commonly believed that addicts show specific internal and enduring personality charasteristics such as lack of motivation to change, and the use of defense mechanisms such as denial, projection and rationalization wich is often believed to prevent addicts from recognizing their Problem. Miller and Rollnick (1991)by reffering to this as “ambivalence about change “, argue that (MI) is an approach to help chlients resolve this ambivalence. (MI) views motivation as a fluctuating state of readiness to consider changing a behavior. They define (MI) as a directive, client – contered couselling style for helping addicts explore and resolve the ambivalence about changing addictive behaviour. Prochaska and DiClemente (1984) have offered a comprehensive cognitive – behavioural outpatient counseling approach for substance abusers. This program includes six components: 1-precontemplation, 2-contemplation, 3- preparation, 4- action, 5- maintenance, and 6-relapse.The goals of present article are three – fold: In the first step, it introduces a brief form of motivational Interviewing for addictive behaviors. Its primary basis is the idea that most substance abusers seek medical treatment without being ready to change addictive behaviors. As a result, attempts the addicts to change often lead to their resistance. Therefore, the use of motivational interviewing (MI) in which clients are directed towards realizing their own reasons and arguments for changing their behavior, seems to be most oppropriate to motivate and prepare them for change. In the second step, the article tries to discuss advantages of motivational interviewing approach to often opproaches (e.g, skills training approach, Indirect approach and confrontational – denial approach) and suggests that (MI) is the most appropriate strategy for the substance abusers, according to their degree of readiness for change. Finally in the third step, the article attempts to indicate the current dominant strategies of addiction treatment in Iran and concludes that due to dominance and commonality of medicine – based treatment strategies of addictive behaviors, (MI) could be introduced as an alternative and appropriate treatment strategy for drug addicts in Iran.

The present investingation was designed to explore the extent to which the elements of the Health Belief Model (HBM)predict substance use among male drug addicts in Iran. A self – report research instrument (questionnaire)was developed and administered to obtain data. One hundred and twenty four subjects voluntarily participated in the survey. The contributers had already attended places like Health Organization and other detoxicating centers in order to stop their risky behaviour. There were four distinct predictive components (perceived susceptibilty, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers)in the HBM. These components were internally consistent and together examined the risky behaviour, substance use. This study revealed that the model is reliable, valid, robust and feasible for examining substance use behavioure. The theoretical components of the HBM appeared to have different predictive ability; perceived benefits showed the strongest power. This is consistent with a great number of research findings in this area. In contrary, predictive ability of predictive power of preceived sevirity. declined – all research hypothses were approved except predictive power of percieved sevirity. Rationale for this decline refres to the repetition of relapse after detoxication. In fact, " believing in serverity for the consequences of a risky behaviour pales through repetition of the behavioure ".

High rate of relapse after apparently successful treatment is a common problem facing with most approaches to treatment of drug dependency. This has led to the development of a variety of strategies for relapse prevention. Among these, Marlatt’s cognitive – behavioural model has received a good deal of attention. It is based on two major axes: Identification of warning sings and development of necessary skills for coping with risk situations. In fact, client’s perception relating to their abilities to cope with high - risk situations can lead to lapse. Relapes is a function of client’s reaction to this initial lapes.Since formal training for addiction counsellors typically includes instruction on Marlatt’s relapes taxonomy and intervention strategies have been designed based on his classification systems of high – risk stimuli, it is nececsary for addiction counsellors to become familiar with this system. This paper presents an overview of Marlatts taxonomy of high – risk situations for relapse and his approach to relapse prevention. Special attention is given to definition of relapse, stages of relaps and relapse prevention strategies.

Child abuse is a terrible misfortune for millions of childeren and famillies, for communities and for society.Many specialists as social problems, notice child abuse. Psychologists, pychiatrist, social workers, consoulers, family therapists, general practitioners, lawers and other specialists try to plan strategies for solving and preventing this problem. Many research have been done in this area, especially many of them are interested to explre the relationship between child abuse and parent’s addiction.These studies student cliam that addicted parents abuse theire children emotionally, physically and Sexually more than non – abused parents. Also, aggresion level and maltreatment in addictrd family are higher nirmal families.Individual, familial, scial efforts have made in international, non – govermental and govermental organization to organization to prevent these problems and support abuse chilren from different types of maltrement, because this subject has an enormous effects effects in mental heath services in society.The aim of this study is review the theorical approches of child abuse and its prevalency, ethiology, prevention, assessment and treatment. Also, we try to difine the relationship between child abuse and parents addiction and their side effects in different areas of childs life.

The aim of this article is to describe and analyse some background factors that has some effect on the formation and continuity of addictive behavior among a sample of 1500 addicted persons on the 10 provinces of Iran. The article explores the processes under which the addictive behavior occures. Based on the findings of a survey research on a sample of 1500 drug abusers, it is concluded that factors such as addiction to cigarettes, alcohol, drug type, and methods and situations of approaching and access to drugs are effective in beginning of addiction. At last, the article pays special attention to addiction among women as the drug abusers.