فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 37 (بهار 1395)

This study aimed to investigate the role of student's adherence to Islamic lifestyle in predicting addictability rate.
A descriptive-correlation research method was used for this study. All male and female students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in the academic year 2015-2016 constituted the statistical population of this study. From among this population, the number of 377 participants was selected by cluster random sampling method and filled out Islamic Lifestyle Questionnaire, Student's Addiction Potential Questionnaire, and Attitude Assessment toward Substances. The obtained data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis.
The results revealed Islamic lifestyle was negatively correlated with student's tendency to substance use and components of addiction potential (P These results have implications in terms of attention to Islamic lifestyle in students and the conduct of the required measures for its promotion and improvement in order to prevent student's tendency toward social ills, especially substance use.

The present study was an attempt to assess a model of important antecedents of attitude towards drug addiction in order to gain a more complete understanding of this construct. This model examines the role of family cohesion, personality traits, peer attachment, altruism, and social support in attitudes towards drug addiction.
The study sample included 570 people from Tehran University students selected through convenient sampling. The research instruments included NEO-Personality Inventory (Short Form), Social Support Scale, Family Scale, New Friendship Scale, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment. The proposed model was evaluated by using Structural equation modeling.
Based on the results, the indexes enjoyed acceptable goodness of fits. Family cohesion and personality traits had direct and indirect effects on attitudes towards drug addiction while peer attachment, altruism, and social support had a significant direct effect on attitudes towards drug addiction.
These findings were consonant with those of the previous research and could explain attitudes towards drug addiction.

The present study aimed to compare the effect of constructivist career counseling on career adaptability of female students in families with and without addicts in Isfahan City.
For this purpose, a quasi-experimental research design along with pretest-posttest type with two experimental groups and two control groups was used for the conduct of this study. Thus, 60 participants were voluntarily selected and were then randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 participants with addicted parents and 15 ones without addicted parents) and two control groups (15 participants with addicted parents and 15 ones without addicted parents). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale was the main instrument in this study. The experimental groups participated in seven 90-minute sessions of constructivist career counseling and the control group did not received any intervention. At the end of the sessions, the posttest was administered to them.
The results indicated that constructivist career counseling had different effects on the career adaptability of female students in families with and without addicted parents (P .05), but it had a different effect on the two groups in terms of trust dimension (P Considering the effect of constructivist career counseling on career adaptability of adolescents in families with addicted and without addicted parents, it is recommended that education officials, teachers, and academic advisors use this method to make appropriate choices and strengthen motivation in students.

The current study was conducted to predict the dimensions of positive attitudes towards drugs in senior high school students based on individual and family characteristics.
All the senior high school students of Tehran city constituted the statistical population of this study, among whom the number of 400 participants was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. These participants responded to Attitude to Drugs and Stimulants Scale, Scale of Secure-Insecure Levels of Family, Parenting Styles Scale, and Index of Brother and Sister Relations. This study was a correlational one wherein the obtained were analyzed using multivariate linear regression and multiple linear regression.
The results show that age, family relationships, and parenting styles can predict the triple dimensional attitudes to drugs. In return, student's general attitude to drugs will be predictable from age, father’s education, family relationships, emotional atmosphere of families.
Precise information about the individual and family characteristics that can predict positive attitudes to drugs is accessible when the three dimensions of attitudes to drugs are analyzed separately.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of management of primary addiction prevention on male high school second graders.
A descriptive-survey design was employed for the conduct of this study and risky and protective factors in drug use were identified in the target population. Then, the number of 850 high-school students at the second grade in municipal districts 5 and 15 of Tehran in 2015 was selected via random clustering sampling method and completed the desired questionnaire.
The results showed that primary prevention management, personal factors, social factors, individual factors, and environmental factors were effective in students in relation to the use of narcotics and psychotropic substances; however, the interpersonal factors were not effective.
The obtained mean value was above the estimated average, which indicates the significant effect of primary prevention management on preventing drug abuse and use of psychotropic substances among students.

The main goal of this study is to determine the effectiveness of communication skill training on the mental health in mothers with addictive sons.
The method used in this study is semi-experimental whit pre-test and post-test and control group. The statistical society consists of all the mothers with addictive sons whom their children were treating whit methadone in addiction renunciation clinic of Afarinesh (N=198).40people were selected purposefully from among those eligible. Then they were randomly placed in two groups consisting of 20 subjects (experiment group and control group). The experiment group had participated in 8 sessions (Tow sessions per week in 120 min) of communication skill training while the control group had not received any interventions. Assessment instrument was general health questionnaire (GHQ) that was applied on all of subjects in pre-test and post-test.
the Mancova analysis indicates that communication skill training significantly (P communication skill training is an useful method to increasing mental health in mothers whit addictive sons.

This study aimed to investigate the role of parenting styles, perfectionism, and quality of friendship in predicting the drug craving in addicted people.
This study was a descriptive research with a correlation research design. All the addicted individuals referring to therapeutic centers at Ardebil city in 2013 constituted the statistical population of the study. From among this population, the number of 100 addicts was selected via convenience sampling method. Short Form of Drug Craving Questionnaire, Baumrind's Parenting Styles Questionnaire, Terry-Short's Perfectionism Questionnaire, and Friendship Quality Questionnaire were used for data collection purposes.
The results showed that arbitrary parenting style (r = .188), negative perfectionism (r = .130), authoritative parenting (r = -.176) and confidence (r = -.90) were negatively correlated with drug craving in addicts. (P It can be concluded that parenting styles, perfectionism, and quality of friendship play a major role in predicting drug craving in addicted people.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group reality therapy based on choice theory in anxiety and hopefulness in drug abusers during abstention.
The current study was a quasi-experimental research and the research design was a pre-test and post-test one along with control group. The statistical population of this study included all the addicted individuals residing in the rehabilitation camps of Maragheh city. From among this population, the number of 30 participants was randomly selected and were randomly assigned to two control (15 people) and experimental (15 people) groups. Zhong's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Miller Hope Scale were used for data collection. Then, the experimental group took part in eight 90-minute sessions of group reality therapy.
The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that group reality therapy based on choice theory reduced anxiety and increased hope.
Due to the importance of anxiety and hopefulness levels in abstention period, addiction treatment centers can help sufferers improve their hopefulness and decrease their anxiety by the provision of choice theory after treatment.

This study aimed at determining personality traits, cognitive strategies of emotion regulation, attachment styles, and brain-behavioral systems as predictors of impulsiveness, active and non-active addiction potential among university students.
All the male students of Azad University of Ahwaz in the academic year 2013-2014 constituted the statistical population of this study. The number of 360 students was selected from this population as the sample of the study via simple random sampling method. The participants filled out Addiction Potential Scale, Barrett Impulsiveness Scale, NEO-Five Factor Inventory, Hazan & Shaver's Attachment Scale, Behavioural Inhibition System and Behavioural Activation System (BIS/BAS) scale, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Pearson and Canonical correlation coefficients were used for data analysis.
The results of canonical correlation analysis indicated that the strongest relationship with the first Canonical dimension existed between impulsiveness from the first set of variables (dependent) and Behavioral Activation System from the second set of variables (independent).
People with a higher Behavioral Activation System have also a higher level of impulsivity. This is of vital importance in the treatment and prevention cases.

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of group metacognitive therapy on the modification of dysfunctional attitudes in male addicts under methadone treatment.
The number of 30 participants was selected from among the clients referring to New Tarighat methadone treatment center in Tehran in 2014 by purposive sampling and they were then randomly divided into two groups, i.e. experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) ones. The participants responded to Weissman & Beck's Dysfunctional Attitude Scale before and after receiving Metacognitive intervention.
The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in dysfunctional attitudes in such a way that the experimental group received a lower mean score in dysfunctional attitudes.
It seems that this training can be effective in preventing drug use slips and mistakes in addicts given to concepts such as acceptance, awareness-raising, presence at the moment, observation without judgment, confrontation, and release.

At present, substance use disorders and its unpleasant consequences are among the major public health problems around the world. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of treatments based on Levinson and Matrix's models in the psychological well-being of drug dependent people.
A quasi-experimental research design was employed for the conduct of this study. The sample size consisted of 45 male substance abusers who were selected via convenience sampling and were then randomly assigned three groups, i.e. experimental group one (n = 15), experimental group two (n = 15), and control group (n = 15). For data collection purposes, Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being (short-form) was used in pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages.
The results proved the effectiveness of both methods in promoting the psychological well-being scores (P According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that Levinson's Intervention Program has been more effective than Matrixs. Thus, it is recommended that psychologists and counselors working in substance abuse treatment centers use Levinson's Intervention Program rather than Matrix's treatment method in addition to using medication for the improvement of physical symptoms to psychological well-being.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of therapy based on trans-theoretical model (TTM) in coping strategies among male substance dependent patients under methadone maintenance therapy in Najaf Abad city.
To this end, a quasi-experimental research design along with control group was employed the relevant evaluation was performed in pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the male patients under methadone maintenance therapy in Addiction Treatment Centers of Najaf Abad City within the summer of 2013. From among this population, the number of 30 participants was selected as the study sample via multi-stage random sampling method and these participants were then randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control(n=15) groups. The experimental group received 10 sessions of therapy based on trans-theoretical model within 2 months in addition to receiving methadone, whereas the control group only remained under methadone maintenance therapy. Coping Inventory of Stressful Situations was used in this study for data collection purposes.
The results obtained from covariance analysis showed that the therapy based on trans-theoretical model was effective in the improvement of coping strategies in the posttest (P According to these results, it can be concluded that therapy based on trans-theoretical model can be used as an appropriate intervention in addiction treatment.

The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness of well-being-therapy in mental health, psychopathology, and happiness in male substance-dependent addicts (Methamphetamine).
For this purpose, a quasi-experimental research design along with pre-test, post-test and control group was used for the conduct of the present study. The research sample consisted of six men with similar educational background, age, social class, duration and dose of methamphetamine use who were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then, the treatment was individually conducted on each member of the experimental group. Each of the participants of the experimental group received twelve weekly 50-minute sessions of well-being-therapy. Then, they were evaluated in pre-test and post-test using Mental Health Continuum-Long Form (MHC-LF), Lambert Outcome Questionnaire, and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire.
The results showed that well-being-therapy has had a significant effect on the improvement of mental health, psychopathology, and happiness.
The results of the present study can be beneficial in the evaluation, treatment planning interventions, and directions for future studies among methamphetamine consumers.

The present study was an attempt to examine the effect of repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the reduction of Behavioral Activation System's activity in right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex among methamphetamine abusers.
In the present study, single subject and multiple baseline research designs were used and repeated measurements observations were also performed. The number of eight methamphetamine users was selected via convenience sampling method from an addiction treatment center and were put in four situations. Two participants received dorsolateral right prefrontal cortex stimulation with frequency of 10 Hz, two of them received dorsolateral left prefrontal cortex stimulation with frequency of 10 Hz, two participants received placebo, and the other two ones were in the control state; all of them were evaluated at the end of the fifteenth session. Then, the research data were analyzed using graphical charts, percentage reduction, and effect size.
Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) led to the significant reduction of Behavioral Activation System's activity in both right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex among methamphetamine abusers.
High frequency rTMS is effective in reducing the activity of BAS in methamphetamine users.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of brain-behavioral systems, personality traits (novelty-seeking, reward dependency) and pathological worry in tendency to addiction in university students.
The method used in this study was descriptive and of correlation type. All the students of Shahid Madani University of Azarbayjan in the academic year 2014-2015 constituted the statistical population of this study. From this population, the number of 150 students was selected as the participants by multistage random sampling method. For data collection purposes, Carver and White's BIS/BAS Questionnaire, Pennsylvania State Questionnaire, Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory of Personality, and Addiction Potential Scale were used.
The results showed that pathological worry and behavioral inhibition system were negatively correlated with addiction tendency whereas behavioral activating system and novelty-seeking characteristic of personality were positively correlated with addiction tendency.
According to the obtained results, one can devise some proper solutions to prevent tendency to addiction by detecting the people with high behavioral activating system (BAS) and high novelty-seeking characteristics.