فهرست مطالب

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران - سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 44، زمستان 1395)

نشریه پژوهشهای زراعی ایران
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 44، زمستان 1395)

  • بهای روی جلد: 50,000ريال
  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/12/25
  • تعداد عناوین: 18
|
  • علیرضا کوچکی، مهدی نصیری محلاتی، هادی زرقانی، علی نوروزیان صفحه 539
    به منظور ارزیابی کارایی مصرف نور، عملکرد و ماده خشک در کشت مخلوط تاخیری گندم زمستانه و چغندرقند، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 91-1390 درمزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار به اجرا در آمد. تیمارهای آزمایش عبارت بودند از چهار تیمار کشت مخلوط با نسبت های3:1، 3:2، 4:2، 6:2 (چغندرقند :گندم) همرا با کشت خالص گونه ها. نتایج نشان داد در طی دوره رشد شاخص سطح برگ، میزان تشعشع عبور کرده از کانوپی، کارایی مصرف نور، میزان تولید ماده خشک و در نهایت عملکرد در واحد سطح تحت تاثیر کشت مخلوط تاخیری قرار گرفتند و بیش ترین عملکرد گندم و چغندرقند به ترتیب (1942 و 2063 گرم در متر مربع) در کشت 4:2 و کشت خالص چغندر قند مشاهده گردید و کارایی مصرف نور برای گندم و چغندرقند در کشت مخلوط 4:2 که بیش ترین مقدار بود به ترتیب (65/1 و 38/2) به دست آمد. بر اساس یافته های این تحقیق به نظر می رسد که استفاده از مخلوط های تاخیری راهکار مناسبی برای استفاده بهتر از منابع و افزایش عملکرد در مقایسه با کشت متوالی گونه های پاییزه و بهاره باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: جذب تشعشع، کارآیی مصرف نور، عملکرد
  • سعید خانی نژاد، حمیدرضا خزاعی، جعفر نباتی، محمد کافی صفحه 558

    در سال های اخیر کمبود بارندگی یکی از مشکلات درحال افزایش در بسیاری از کشورهای جهان بوده که تولید محصولات کشاورزی را محدود ساخته است. یکی از راهکارهای مناسب در کشاورزی برای مقابله با تنش خشکی، برقراری رابطه هم زیستی در برخی گیاهان با قارچ های میکوریزی می باشد. دراین راستا مطالعه ای به منظور بررسی تاثیر سه گونه قارچ میکوریزایی (Glomus mosseae،Glomus intraradices و Glomus fasciculatum) بر دو رقم سیب زمینی (آگریا و فونتانه) در شرایط تنش خشکی و بدون تنش (شاهد) در سال 1391 و در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که تنش خشکی سبب کاهش معنی دار عملکرد غده، سطح برگ و وزن خشک اندام هوایی شد. رقم فونتانه نسبت به آگریا عملکرد و تعداد غده بالاتری داشت. کاربرد قارچ های میکوریز سبب افزایش بیوماس، سطح برگ و عملکرد تک بوته در شرایط تنش و غیر تنش شد. قارچ G. fasciculatum نسبت به سایر گونه ها تاثیر مثبت بیش تری بر صفات مورد مطالعه ارقام سیب زمینی داشت. در رقم فونتانه و اگریا قارچ G. fasciculatum به ترتیب با با 177 و 138 گرم وزن غده بالاترین عملکرد را به خود اختصاص دادند. تیمار شاهد در شرایط تنش و بدون تنش نسبت به تیمارهای قارچی کم ترین مقدار را دارا بود.

    کلیدواژگان: آگریا، تعداد غده، فلورسانس کلروفیل، فونتانه، وزن غده
  • سمیرا تندیسه بنا، علیرضا آستارایی، حجت امامی صفحه 575
    شوری خاک از مهم ترین عوامل محدود کننده کشاورزی در کشور ایران است. جذب نیتروژن تحت تنش شوری بیش از سایر عناصر غذایی کاهش می یابد. بنابراین، گزینش درست نوع و مقدار کود نیتروژن برای رسیدن به عملکرد بهینه الزامی است. این آزمایش به منظور بررسی دو نوع کود نیتروژن (نیترات کلسیم و سولفات آمونیوم) هر کدام با سه سطح کود نیتروژن (40 ، 80 و 120 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم)، در سه سطح شوری خاک (شاهد=C0 ، 5=C1 و 10=C2 دسی زیمنس بر متر) بر وزن خشک، غلظت و جذب نیتروژن در گیاه خردل زراعی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا گردید. نتایج نشان داد که علی رغم کاهش معنی دار وزن خشک اندام هوایی گیاه با افزایش شوری خاک نسبت به شاهد، وزن خشک و جذب نیتروژن با افزایش کاربرد کود نیتروژن افزایش و غلظت نیتروژن کاهش یافت، اما واکنش گیاه به نوع و مقدار کود نیتروژن مصرفی در سطوح مختلف شوری خاک متفاوت بود. به طور کلی در شرایط شوری خاک، سولفات آمونیوم در همه ی سطوح مصرفی در افزایش وزن خشک و جذب نیتروژن کارآیی به مراتب بهتری نسبت به نیترات کلسیم داشت، اما با توجه به ایجاد شوری بیش تر در خاک نسبت به نیترات کلسیم، مقدار مصرف آن تا حدی محدود کننده بود.
    کلیدواژگان: شوری خاک، کود سولفات آمونیوم، کود نیترات کلسیم، گیاه
  • سید جواد عظیم زاده، مهدی نصیری محلاتی، علیرضا کوچکی صفحه 587
    به منظور بررسی اثر کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کلزا، آزمایشی در مزرعه ی دانشکده کشاورزی مشهد در سال 1391 اجرا شد. تیمارهای این آزمایش شامل کود های آلی و آبیاری بود. تیمارهای کودی شامل، کمپوست زباله شهری، ورمی کمپوست، کود دامی کاملا پوسیده و کود شیمیایی نیتروژنه بود. آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت پلات و در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی و در سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آبیاری در کرت اصلی و تیمارهای کودی در کرت های فرعی قرار گرفتند. در طول فصل زراعی از صفات مورد نظر یادداشت برداری به عمل آمد. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که عملکرد دانه، تعداد غلاف در بوته و وزن هزار دانه در تیمار آبیاری در مقایسه با کم آبیاریبه ترتیب 21 ، 5/9و 17درصدبیشتر بود. تیمار استفاده از 50 تن در هکتار کود دامی در مقایسه با بقیه تیمارها در شرایط کم آبیاری بیشرین عملکرد دانه را تولید نمود (875 کیلوگرم در هکتار).بعد از تیمار 50 تن در هکتار کود دامی، تیمار کود شیمیایی و تیمار 11 تن در هکتار ورمی کمپوست با عملکردی معادل، 820 و 814 کیلو گرم در هکتار در مرحله بعدی قرار داشتند. در شرایط آبیاری کامل اختلاف تیمارهای کودهای آلی با کود شیمیایی بیش تر شد و تیمار کود شیمیایی با عملکرد دانه ای معادل 1284 کیلو گرم در هکتار تفاوت زیادی با بقیه تیمارها نشان داد. بنا براین به نظر می رسد که گیاه کلزا در شرایط کمبود رطوبت عکس العمل بهتری به کودهای دامی و ورمی کمپوست نشان می دهد و در صورتی که از نظر اقتصادی مقرون به صرفه باشد، امکان جاگزینی آن ها در این گونه شرایط با کودهای شیمیایی میسر می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: آبیاری، عملکرد دانه، کمپوست زباله شهری، کود گاوی، ورمی کمپوست
  • حامد نوری زاده، محمدحسین اهتمام، احمد ارزانی، محسن اسماعیل زاده مقدم صفحه 599
    به منظور ارزیابی آثار تنش رطوبتی بر صفات زراعی و مورفولوژیک لاین های اینبرد نوترکیب گندم، مطالعه ای با استفاده از 169 لاین در قالب دو طرح لاتیس جداگانه (تنش رطوبتی و شاهد) اجرا شد. دو رژیم رطوبتی مشتمل بر آبیاری بر اساس 70 و 130 میلی متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A و همین طور درصد رطوبت وزنی خاک استفاده شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که تفاوت بین لاین ها در شرایط عادی رطوبتی برای کلیه صفات به جزء تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن دانه در سنبله، طول سنبله، تعداد روز تا گرده افشانی و تعداد روز تا رسیدگی معنی دار بوده است. در شرایط تنش رطوبتی نیز تفاوت لاین ها برای همه صفات به جزء تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه و طول سنبله معنی دار بود. تنش رطوبتی موجب کاهش تعداد روز تا ظهور سنبله، تعداد روز تا گرده افشانی، تعداد روز تا رسیدگی، تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح، طول سنبله، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد دانه و شاخص برداشت گردید. وراثت پذیری خصوصی شاخص برداشت در شرایط عدم تنش رطوبتی کمتر از شرایط اعمال تنش بود. بیش ترین وراثت پذیری خصوصی در شرایط معمول رطوبتی به تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح (77درصد) و در شرایط تنش رطوبتی به عملکرد دانه (84درصد) اختصاص داشت. نتایج رگرسیون مرحله ای در شرایط تنش رطوبتی نشان داد که تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح اولین متغیر وارد شده به مدل بوده است که به تنهایی 65 درصد از تغییرات عملکرد دانه را تبیین نمود.
    کلیدواژگان: اجزاء عملکرد، تنش خشکی، عملکرد دانه، شاخص تحمل به خشکی، طرح لاتیس
  • سید هاشم موسوی، سید عطاالله سیادت، خلیل عالمی، سعید اسکندر زند، عبدالمهدی بخشنده صفحه 618
    به منظور ارزیابی روابط علی بین صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک موثر بر تحمل ارقام گندم نان بهاره به یولاف وحشی، آزمایشی به صورت بلوک های نواری شامل چهار تراکم یولاف وحشی در کرت های طولی و 10 رقم گندم در کرت های عرضی، بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دو سال زراعی 90-1389 و 91-1390 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان اجرا شد. مدل سازی شاخص توانایی تحمل ارقام گندم با یولاف وحشی نشان داد، صفات مختلفی مانند تعداد سنبله بارور در مترمربع، شاخص برداشت، وزن هزاردانه، تعداد دانه در سنبلچه و تعداد سنبلچه در سنبله موجب افزایش توان شاخص تحمل ارقام گندم در برابر یولاف وحشی می شوند. ولی صفت سنبله نابارور در مترمربع، طول میان گره بالایی و طول میان گره زیرین سنبله توان تقویت شاخص تحمل را نداشتند. عملکرد یولاف وحشی و شاخص برداشت آن، شاخص توانایی تحمل ارقام گندم را کاهش دادند. بنابراین در مناطق گندم خیز آلوده به یولاف وحشی، ارقامی مطلوب ترند که در صورت آلودگی به علف هرز، عملکردشان نیز کاهش زیادی پیدا نکند. چنین ارقامی، علف های هرز را به خوبی تحمل کرده، از رشد و تولید بذر آن ها جلوگیری می کنند. لذا ارقامی مانند مارون که در عین تحمل علف‏هرز با جلوگیری از تولید بذر آن، توانایی کنترل جمعیت علف‏هرز را در سال‏های بعد دارند، با اعمال کنترل اکولوژیکی علف‏هرز می‏توانند در برنامه های کنترل تلفیقی به کار گرفته شوند.
    کلیدواژگان: تجزیه مسیر، تراکم علف هرز، شاخص تحمل، عملکرد دانه، ماده خشک
  • فاطمه خطیب، بنیامین ترابی، اصغر رحیمی صفحه 631
    هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی شاخص های رشد و ارتباط آن ها با عملکرد دانه ارقام مختلف گلرنگ در تاریخ کاشت های متفاوت بود. بدین منظور، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در سال 1391 انجام شد. عامل های آزمایش شامل سه تاریخ کاشت (16 فروردین، 6 و 27 اردیبهشت) و چهار رقم گلرنگ (411، سینا، محلی اصفهان و صفه) بودند. نتایج نشان داد سرعت جذب خالص در همه ارقام و تاریخ کاشت ها (به استثنای ارقام 411 و صفه در تاریخ کاشت دوم) در ابتدای فصل رشد روند افزایشی داشت و پس از 43 تا 51 روز پس از کاشت روند کاهشی داشت. حداکثر نسبت سطح برگ در ابتدای فصل رشد به دست آمد و با شیب cm2g-1d-1 051/0 - 033/0 در بین ارقام و تاریخ کاشت های مختلف درحال کاهش بود. حداکثر سرعت رشد نسبی در بین ارقام و تاریخ کاشت های مختلف بین gg-1d-1 251/0- 087/0 متغیر بود که در تاریخ کاشت سوم بالاترین مقدار آن به دست آمد. دوام سطح برگ در ابتدای فصل رشد روند افزایشی داشت و حدود 50 تا 62 روز پس از کاشت روند کاهشی نشان داد. در تاریخ کاشت های دوم و سوم، ارقام زودتر به حداکثر دوام سطح برگ رسیدند، ولی از میزان آن کاسته شد. عملکرد دانه با دوام سطح برگ همبستگی بالایی (88/0r=) نشان داد و به ازای هر واحد افزایش در دوام سطح برگ، 2/12 گرم در متر مربع بر عملکرد دانه افزوده شد. بالاترین مقدار عملکرد دانه از ارقام 411 و محلی اصفهان در تاریخ کاشت اول به دست آمد.
    کلیدواژگان: دوام سطح برگ، سرعت جذب خالص، سرعت رشد نسبی، نسبت سطح برگ
  • احمد اسماعیلی، سید سجاد سهرابی، سیده زهرا حسینی، رضا نامداریان، داریوش گودرزی صفحه 646
    اصلاح و دست یابی به ارقامی از گیاه کلزا که دارای عملکرد قابل قبول بوده و بتوانند شرایط آب و هوایی خشک و نیمه خشک کشور را تحمل نمایند، حائز اهمیت است. انتخاب بر اساس یک یا چند صفت زراعی بدون توجه به نحوه ارتباط و همبستگی بین صفات گمراه کننده بوده و اطمینان از نتایج مورد انتظار را به شدت تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد؛ لذا شناخت ارتباطات ویژگی های ژنتیکی ارقام به ویژه در شرایط تنش های محیطی بسیار حائز اهمیت می باشد. از این رو به منظور بررسی ارتباطات و همبستگی ژنتیکی صفات و تعیین صفات موثر بر عملکرد دانه و روغن در ارقام مختلف کلزا، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شرایط تنش کم آبیاری انتهای فصل رشد و شرایط بدون تنش اجرا گردید. نتایج نشان داد که ژنوتیپ ها از نظر تمامی صفات اختلاف معنی داری دارند و هم چنین تنش خشکی باعث کاهش تظاهر در تمامی صفات گردید. ضرایب همبستگی ژنوتیپی و فنوتیپی بین تمامی صفات محاسبه شد و با استفاده از رگرسیون گام به گام مناسب ترین مدل در هر دو محیط ارائه شد. تجزیه مسیر روی همبستگی ژنتیکی بین عملکرد دانه و سایر صفات مرتبط نشان داد که در شرایط بدون تنش، صفات تعداد خورجین در هر بوته و طول خورجین اثر مستقیم و بالایی روی عملکرد دانه داشته در حالی که در شرایط تنش خشکی، طول خورجین و ارتفاع بوته بیش ترین اثر مستقیم را نشان دادند. هم چنین نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد دانه بیش ترین اثر مستقیم را در هر دو شرایط محیطی بر روی عملکرد روغن دارد؛ بنابراین مهم ترین صفات به عنوان شاخص گزینش برای افزایش عملکرد دانه و عملکرد روغن در شرایط تنش خشکی به ترتیب شامل طول خورجین و عملکرد دانه بود.
    کلیدواژگان: تجزیه مسیر، رگرسیون گام به گام، عملکرد روغن، همبستگی ژنتیکی
  • شیوا اکبری، محمد کافی، شهرام رضوان بیدختی صفحه 665
    تنش خشکی یکی از مهم ترین تنش های غیر زنده می باشد که اثرات نامطلوبی در تولیدات گیاهی دارد. سیر به علت دارا بودن خواص دارویی بی شمار، از گیاهان مهم دارویی به شمار می رود. به منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف تنش خشکی و تراکم بر محتوی نسبی آب برگ، محتوی پرولین، قند های محلول، کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، نسبت کلروفیل a/b، کلروفیل کل، کاروتنوئید و نسبت کاروتنوئید به کلروفیل دو اکوتیپ سیر، آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت-فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شهرستان سمنان انجام شد. در این آزمایش سه سطح تنش خشکی براساس 60 و 80 درصد نیاز آبی سیر در شرایط اقلیمی سمنان و به همراه تیمار شاهد (100 درصد نیاز آبی)، به عنوان عامل اصلی و ترکیب فاکتوریل از تراکم در سه سطح ( 30 - 40 و 50 بوته در متر مربع) و رقم در 2 سطح طرود و طبس به عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. تراکم کاشت، اثر معنی داری بر هیچ یک از صفات نداشت. اعمال تنش خشکی باعث کاهش معنی داری در محتوی نسبی آب برگ شد. اکوتیپ طبس دارای محتوی نسبی آب بالاتری نسبت به اکوتیپ طرود بود. در اثر تنش، محتوی قند های محلول به طور معنی داری افزایش یافت، اما مقدار پرولین تغییر معنی داری نشان نداد. در سطوح مختلف آبیاری، تفاوت معنی داری در مقادیر کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b وکلروفیل کل مشاهده نشد؛ در صورتی که این صفات و مقدار کاروتنوئید به صورت معنی داری در اکوتیپ طبس بالاتر از اکوتیپ طرود بود. با تشدید تنش خشکی به سطح 60 درصد نیاز آبی، مقدار کاروتنوئید به طور معنی داری کاهش یافت.
    کلیدواژگان: آبیاری، پرولین، قند های محلول، کلروفیل، نیاز آبی
  • رضا میرزایی تالارپشتی، مجید رستمی صفحه 675
    به منظور بررسی تاثیر انواع کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر روی خصوصیات رشدی، عملکرد و اجزاء عملکرد گوجه فرنگی، آزمایشی با شش تیمار و سه تکرار و در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل شاهد، کود شیمیایی، کود گاوی، کود مرغی، ورمی کمپوست و کمپوست زباله بودند. بر اساس نتایج اثر تیمارها بر ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، تعداد شاخه فرعی و شاخص سطح برگ معنی دار بود. تیمار ورمی کمپوست و کود شیمیایی بیش ترین(2/6) و تیمار شاهد کم ترین (3/3) شاخص سطح برگ را داشتند. بالاترین وزن خشک اندام های هوایی در واحد سطح در تیمارهای ورمی کمپوست و کود شیمیایی و کمترین مقدار آن در تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد. در همه تیمارهای کودی عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش یافت. تیمار کود شیمیایی و ورمی کمپوست به ترتیب با عملکرد 9/22 و 8/20 تن در هکتار بیش ترین و تیمار شاهد با 5/7 تن در هکتار کم ترین عملکرد میوه را داشتند. اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر تعداد میوه در بوته معنی دار بود ولی تیمارهای مختلف تاثیر معنی داری بر میانگین وزن میوه نداشتند. کاربرد کودهای آلی و شیمیایی موجب افزایش معنی دار تعداد گل در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد شد به صورتی که تعداد گل در بوته در تیمار کود شیمیایی و ورمی کمپوست در مقایسه با تیمار عدم مصرف کود به ترتیب 143 و 129 درصد افزایش یافت. با توجه به اثرات مثبت و معنی دار همه کودهای آلی مورد مطالعه در این آزمایش به نظر می رسد که می توان گوجه فرنگی را به عنوان یک گیاه مهم جهت تولید در نظام‏های کشاورزی ارگانیک و کم‏نهاده مورد توجه قرار داد.
    کلیدواژگان: تغذیه گیاهی، عملکرد اقتصادی، کمپوست، کود دامی
  • جواد حمزه ئی، حمید نجفی، مجید بابایی صفحه 686
    اثر آبیاری و نیتروژن بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد، کیفیت دانه و کارآیی زراعی نیتروژن آفتابگردان، در سال زراعی 91-1390 در دانشگاه بوعلی سینا مطالعه شد. آبیاری (آبیاری تا گلدهی، آبیاری تا دانه بندی و آبیاری در کل دوره رشد) در کرت های اصلی و نیتروژن (صفر، 60، 120 و 180 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کرت های فرعی به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار قرار گرفتند. اثر آبیاری و نیتروژن بر کلیه صفات معنی دار شد. بیش ترین ارتفاع بوته، وزن هزار دانه (26/46 گرم)، درصد روغن (49/42 درصد)، کارآیی زراعی نیتروژن (50/4 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم) از آبیاری در کل دوره رشد به دست آمد. کمترین میزان این ویژگی ها نیز از آبیاری تا گلدهی حاصل شد. مقایسه میانگین سطوح نیتروژن نشان داد که بیش ترین ارتفاع بوته، وزن هزار دانه (93/46 گرم) و درصد پروتئین (70/22 درصد) از نیتروژن 180 کیلوگرم در هکتار و بیش ترین کارآیی زراعی نیتروژن (08/7 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم) از نیتروژن 120 کیلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمد. اثر متقابل تیمارها بر قطر طبق، تعداد دانه در طبق، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد روغن و عملکرد پروتئین معنی دار شد. بیش ترین این صفات از تیمار آبیاری در کل دوره رشد و 180 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به دست آمد، که اختلاف معنی دار با آبیاری در کل دوره رشد و نیتروژن 120 کیلوگرم در هکتار نداشت. کمترین عملکرد دانه با 37/83 درصد کاهش از تیمار آبیاری تا گلدهی و عدم مصرف نیتروژن حاصل شد. بنابراین، به نظر می رسد تیمار آبیاری در کل دوره رشد و مصرف 120 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار برای دست یابی به بیش ترین عملکرد دانه، روغن و کارآیی زراعی نیتروژن در زراعت آفتابگردان مناسب است.
    کلیدواژگان: دانه روغنی، درصد پروتئین، درصد روغن، رشد، کود شیمیایی، مدیریت آب آبیاری
  • رضا کمایی، مهدی پارسا، محسن جهان، حسین رجایی شریف آبادی، عباسعلی ناصریان صفحه 699
    مدیریت کود یک عامل مهم در موفقیت کشت گیاهان زراعی می باشد. کاربرد کودهای زیستی در تولید این گیاهان با هدف حذف یا کاهش قابل ملاحظه مصرف نهاده های شیمیایی و هم چنین افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک و بهبود رشد و کیفیت گیاه، از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. به منظور بررسی واکنش برخی از ویژگی های کیفی علوفه ماشک گل خوشه ایبه استفاده از کودهای زیستی، شیمیایی و آلی، آزمایشی به صورت طرح کامل تصادفی و در سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل سه نوع کود بیولوژیک و تلفیق آن ها با یک دیگر و ورمی کمپوست و کود شیمیایی به شرح زیر بود: 1- قارچ میکوریزا آربسکولار گونه Glomus mosseae + ورمی کمپوست، 2- قارچ میکوریزا + نیتروکسین (حاوی باکتری های Azospirillum sp. و sp. Azotobacter)، 3- قارچ میکوریزا + ریزوبیوم (R. legominuzarum)، 4- قارچ میکوریزا + کود شیمیایی NPK، 5- قارچ میکوریزا Glomus mosseae و 6- شاهد. در این آزمایش، هرچند تیمارها اثر معنی داری بر میزان خاکستر، NDF و ADF نداشتند، اما بر صفات و ویژگی های پروتئین خام، گوارش پذیری ماده خشک و گوارش پذیری ماده آلی دارای اثر معنی داری بود. نتایج نشان داد که بیش ترین درصد پروتئین خام (33/27 درصد)، خاکستر (96/4 درصد)و گوارش پذیری ماده آلی (86/77 درصد) در تیمار تلفیقی میکوریزا و ریزوبیوم و بیش ترین درصد گوارش پذیری ماده خشک (44/73 درصد) از تیمار تلفیقی کود میکوریزا و نیتروکسین حاصل شد. با توجه به نتایج آزمایش، بهترین تیمار کودی برای ماشک گل خوشه ایمخلوط قارچ میکوریزا و کود زیستی ریزوبیوم پیشنهاد می گردد.
    کلیدواژگان: گوارش پذیری ماده خشک، گوارش پذیری ماده آلی، میکوریزا، نیتروکسین، ورمی کمپوست
  • مجتبی میراخوری، بهرام میرشکاری، ابراهیم امیری، فرزاد پاک نژاد، مهرداد یارنیا صفحه 711
    استفاده از روش کم آبیاری از استراتژی های مورد استفاده در سال های اخیر برای کسب حداکثر سود محصولات، به این منظور تحقیقی به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار شامل سه رژیم آبیاری (غرقاب دائم I1=، هر پنج روز یکبار = I2، هر هشت روز یکبار = I3) به عنوان عامل اصلی و مقادیر کود نیتروژن در چهار سطح (صفرN1=، 90= N2، 120= N3 و 150= N4 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار از منبع اوره) به عنوان عامل فرعی در مزرعه آزمایشی موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور (رشت) اجرا گردید . نتایج نشان داد که مدل CropSyst با توجه به ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده هفت و 15 درصد و ضریب تبیین 73/0 و 84/0 در شیبه سازی عملکرد دانه از دقت مناسبی برخوردار است. نتایج ارزیابی جهت شبیه سازی بهره وری آب بر اساس میزان تعرق برای هر دو سال نشان داد که تیمار I3N2وI3N3 دارای بیش ترین مقدار بودند . نتایج ارزیابی مدل CropSyst جهت شبیه سازی بهره وری آب بر اساس میزان آب مصرفی و بارش برای هر دو سال نشان داد که تیمار I3N4وI3N3 دارای بیش ترین مقدار بودند. نتایج بررسی مقدار تبخیر در دوره 2ساله مورد مطالعه نشان داد که در مدیریت های آبیاری غرقاب 39درصد از تبخیر و تعرق صرف تبخیر می شود، در حالی که مقدار آن در مدیریت های آبیاری متناوب پنج و هشت روز یکبار به ترتیب 35درصد و 32درصد بود .در مدیریت های کود نیتروژن شاهد، 90،120،150کیلوگرم درهکتار به ترتیب 39 و 34 و 35 و 32درصد از تبخیر و تعرق صرف تبخیر می شود. این مطالب حاکی از این است که باتوجه به شبیه سازی خوب مدل ها و هم خوانی حداکثری داده ها ،اگر مدیریت با هدف حداکثر کردن بهره وری آب مصرفی باشد، می توانیم از این مدل ها به عنوان ابزاری جهت پشتیبانی و برنامه ریزی استفاده کنیم.
    کلیدواژگان: آبیاری نوبتی، بهره وری آب، شبیه سازی، مدیریت آب و کود
  • زینب زارعی، جهانفر دانشیان، علی خورگامی صفحه 723
    به منظور ارزیابی اثر تنش آب، محلول پاشی روی و مقادیر مختلف اسید سالیسیلیک بر درصد روغن و پروتئین دانه هم چنین ارتباط آن ها با عملکرد روغن و پروتئین سویا، آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در باغ کشاورزی استان لرستان در سال 1392 اجرا شد. عامل های آزمایشی شامل تیمار های آبیاری در دو سطح (60 و120 میلی متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A) به عنوان عامل اصلی و عامل فرعی حاصل از ترکیب محلول پاشی عنصر روی (عدم مصرف، مصرف) و هورمون اسید سالیسیلیک در سه غلظت صفر، 5/0، یک میلی مولار در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد که صفات مورد بررسی، تحت تاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار گرفتند به طوری که تغییرات به وجود آمده در کیفیت و عملکرد دانه در کرت های تنش دیده مشهودتر بود. عملکرد دانه با عملکرد روغن و پروتئین همبستگی معنی دار و قوی داشت. اثرات متقابل سه گانه، تاثیر معنی داری بر میزان روغن و پروتئین دانه داشته است. با افزایش غلظت اسید سالیسیلیک میزان روغن و پروتئین دانه کاهش یافت. افزایش اسید سالیسیلیک و مصرف روی با افزایش میزان تبخیر سبب افزایش عملکرد دانه، روغن و پروتئین شد. محلول پاشی روی و 5/0 میلی مولار اسید سالیسیلیک سبب افزایش درصد روغن و پروتئین دانه گردید. در مجموع، با کاربرد روی و اسید سالیسیلیک کاهش عملکرد در اثر تنش جبران شده و کیفیت دانه را افزایش دادند.
    کلیدواژگان: تنش آب، کیفیت دانه، غلظت
  • بهاره پارسا مطلق، پرویز رضوانی مقدم، رضا قربانی، ذبیح الله اعظمی ساردویی صفحه 735
    به منظور بررسی اثر تاریخ کاشت و تراکم گیاهی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه چای ترش آزمایشی در سال 93-1392 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه جیرفت انجام شد. طرح آماری مورد استفاده کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار بود. فاکتور اصلی شامل پنج تاریخ کاشت در زمآن های 20 اسفند 1392، 10 و 25 فروردین، 15 اردیبهشت و یک خرداد 1393 و سه فاصله بین ردیف بوته 50، 75 و100 سانتی متر به عنوان فاکتور فرعی انتخاب شد. صفات مورد اندازه گیری شامل ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد شاخه فرعی، تعداد غوزه در بوته، وزن غوزه خشک در بوته، وزن کاسبرگ خشک در بوته، وزن دانه در بوته، عملکرد کاسبرگ، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد زیست توده، شاخص برداشت دانه و شاخص برداشت کاسبرگ بودند. نتایج نشان داد تاریخ کاشت و فاصله بین ردیف بوته بر اکثر صفات مورد مطالعه اثر معنی داری داشتند. تاخیر در کاشت سبب کاهش ارتفاع، تعداد شاخه فرعی، تعداد غوزه در بوته، وزن غوزه خشک در بوته، وزن کاسبرگ خشک در بوته، وزن دانه در بوته، عملکرد کاسبرگ، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد زیست توده کل گردید. شاخص برداشت کاسبرگ و شاخص برداشت دانه تحت تاثیر تیمار تاریخ کاشت قرار نگرفتند. با کاهش فاصله بین ردیف ارتفاع، عملکرد کاسبرگ، عملکرد دانه، وزن زیست توده کل افزایش و تعداد شاخه فرعی، تعداد غوزه، وزن خشک غوزه در بوته، وزن کاسبرگ خشک در بوته، وزن دانه در بوته و شاخص برداشت دانه روند کاهشی داشتند. اختلاف معنی داری بین فاصله ردیف بوته بر صفت شاخص برداشت کاسبرگ وجود نداشت. با توجه نتایج به دست آمده تاریخ کاشت گیاه چای ترش در نیمه دوم اسفند تا اواسط اردیبهشت با فاصله بین ردیف بوته 50 سانتی متر با شرایط اقلیمی جیرفت مناسب به نظر می رسد.
    کلیدواژگان: شاخص برداشت، غوزه، فاصله بین ردیف، کاسبرگ
  • محسن جهان، محمد بهزاد امیری، فرانک نوربخش صفحه 746
    امروزه مصرف متعادل و بهینه ی کود و آب از مهم ترین عوامل افزایش تولید و بهره وری کیفیت محصولات کشاورزی محسوب می شوند. به منظور برآورد مقادیر بهینه ی سوپرجاذب رطوبت، اسید هیومیک و آب آبیاری در زراعت ذرت (Zea mays L.) آزمایشی با استفاده از روش سطح پاسخ، در قالب طرح باکس-بنکن طراحی و در سال زراعی 93-1392 در مزرعه ی تحقیقاتی دانشکده ی کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی با توجه به سطوح پایین و بالای سوپرجاذب رطوبت (80 و 160 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، اسید هیومیک (چهار و هشت کیلوگرم در هکتار) و حجم آب آبیاری (100 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی) با استفاده از نرم افزار مشخص شدند که با در نظر گرفتن سه تکرار برای نقطه ی مرکزی، در مجموع 15 ترکیب تیماری حاصل شد. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که عملکرد دانه به طور معنی داری تحت تاثیر اثرات اسید هیومیک و آبیاری از جزء خطی مدل رگرسیونی و اثرات درجه دو سوپرجاذب و آبیاری از جزء درجه دو مدل رگرسیونی قرار گرفت، به طوری که بیش ترین میزان عملکرد دانه (24489 کیلوگرم در هکتار) زمانی حاصل شد که به ترتیب از 120 و هشت کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب رطوبت و اسید هیومیک استفاده شد و در طول فصل رشد 300 مترمکعب در هکتار آب در اختیار گیاه قرار گرفت. بیش ترین تاثیرگذاری اسید هیومیک در بهبود عملکرد ماده ی خشک در سطح میانی این کود (شش کیلوگرم در هکتار) حاصل شد، ضمن این که افزایش دو برابری اسید هیومیک مصرفی از چهار به هشت کیلوگرم در هکتار منجر به افزایش هفت درصدی میزان پروتئین دانه شد. در سناریوی اقتصادی با مصرف به ترتیب 06/126 و 19/7 کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب رطوبت و اسید هیومیک و 47/347 مترمکعب در هکتار آبیاری عملکرد دانه ای معادل 26708 کیلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمد. در سناریوی اقتصادی-زیست محیطی دست یابی به حداکثر عملکرد دانه (26309 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و حداکثر کارآیی مصرف آب (23/5) زمانی محقق شد که از 63/123 کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب، 19/7 کیلوگرم در هکتار اسید هیومیک و 23/323 مترمکعب در هکتار آبیاری استفاده شد و از آنجایی که از دیدگاه اکولوژیک، سناریوی اقتصادی-زیست محیطی نسبت به دو سناریوی دیگر دارای اولویت است، به نظر می رسد با استفاده از مقادیر بهینه ی منابع در این سناریو می توان ضمن دست یابی به تولید پایدار ذرت، آلودگی های زیست محیطی را به حداقل رساند.
    کلیدواژگان: باکس بنکن، تلفات نیتروژن، تنش آبی، تابع درجه دو، سناریوی اقتصادی، زیست محیطی
  • معصومه حاجی پور، علی راحمی کاریزکی، حسین صبوری، حسین علی فلاحی صفحه 765
    به منظور بررسی تغییرات شاخص برداشت، عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دانه در ژنوتیپ های جدید و قدیمی جو در گنبد کاووس آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه گنبد کاووس در سال زراعی 93-1392 انجام شد. تیمارهای مورد بررسی در این آزمایش، 9 رقم جو شامل صحرا، دشت، ترکمن، گرگان 4، نیمروز، ماهور، خرم، ریحان و یوسف بودند. نتایج نشان داد که ارقام از نظر صفات مورد مطالعه با هم اختلاف معنی داری دارند. بیش ترین وزن دانه مربوط به رقم ماهور، 33/37 میلی گرم و کم ترین رقم ترکمن با 66/22 میلی گرم در متر مربع بود، بیش ترین تعداد دانه در سنبله مربوط به رقم ترکمن و کم ترین رقم ماهور بود، رقم ماهور بیش ترین و یوسف کم ترین تعداد سنبله را در متر مربع به خود اختصاص دادند، نتایج نشان داد که در ارقام 2 ردیفه مانند رقم ماهور، طی روند اصلاح تعداد پنجه در بوته افزایش یافته است و در ارقام جدید شش ردیفه تلاشی در این جهت صورت نگرفته است. بیش ترین عملکرد دانه مربوط به رقم یوسف با 33/388 گرم در مترمربع بود و کم ترین عملکرد مربوط به رقم ترکمن با 33/243 گرم در متر مربع بود. بیش ترین شاخص برداشت در رقم صحرا 66/32 درصد و کم ترین آن در رقم ترکمن با 33/20 درصد مشاهده شد. افزایش عملکرد در ارقام جدید دوردیفه مثل ماهور را می توان افزایش وزن دانه و تعداد پنجه در متر مربع نسبت به ارقام قدیم 2 ردیفه دانست و در ارقام شش ردیفه مثل یوسف در مقایسه با ارقام قدیم شش ردیفه مثل ترکمن تنها افزایش وزن دانه باعث افزایش عملکرد گردیده است. هم چنین تجزیه مسیر نشان داد که تعداد دانه در سنبله بیش ترین تاثیر را بر عملکرد دانه داشت. به طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که بیش ترین عملکرد مربوط به ارقام جدید بوده و شاخص برداشت طی زمان افزایش یافته است.
    کلیدواژگان: تجزیه علیت، ژنوتیپ های جو، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد، وزن هزار دانه
  • سمیه خوش پیک، رضا صدرآبادی حقیقی، احمد احمدیان صفحه 775
    استفاده از فناوری نانو در کشاورزی ابعاد جدیدی یافته است. به طوری که می توان از فناوری نانو در تولید کودهای آلی نانو استفاده نمود. این نوع کود شاید بتواند جایگزین کودهای شیمیایی و آلی سنتی گردد. به منظور مقایسه مصرف سطوح مختلف انواع کودهای دامی نانو و شیمیایی، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 93-1392 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی پژوهشکده زعفران دانشگاه تربت حیدریه انجام شد. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا گردید. تیمارها شامل مصرف نانو کود دامی در چهار سطح (صفر، 10، 20 و 30 تن در هکتار) و مصرف کود نیتروژن در چهار سطح (شاهد (عدم مصرف کود)، مقادیر 33، 66 و 100 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده معادل صفر، 25، 50 و 75 کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع اوره) بود. نتایج نشان داد که ارتفاع بوته، تعداد ساقه فرعی، تعداد چتر در بوته، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه، وزن تر و خشک بوته، عملکرد دانه، کاه و بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت و عملکرد اسانس تحت تاثیر مصرف نانو کود آلی قرار گرفتند. کود نیتروژن نیز بر ارتفاع بوته، تعداد دانه در چتر، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن تر و خشک بوته، عملکرد دانه، کاه، بیولوژیک و عملکرد اسانس اثر معنی داری در سطح احتمال یک درصد داشت و بر تعداد ساقه فرعی، تعداد چتر در بوته، وزن هزار دانه و شاخص برداشت تاثیر معنی داری نداشت. مصرف 10 تن نانو کود دامی و 25 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژن هر کدام به تنهایی باعث افزایش عملکرد بیولوژیک، دانه، کاه و اسانس رازیانه گردید. در حالی که مقادیر بالاتر از هر کدام از این تیمارها تاثیری بر عملکرد نداشت. مصرف 25 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژن از طریق افزایش عملکرد بیولوژیک باعث افزایش عملکرد دانه و هم چنین باعث افزایش عملکرد اسانس دانه و پیکره شد. کود آلی نانو با افزایش تعداد چتر در بوته، تعداد دانه در بوته و وزن هزار دانه باعث افزایش عملکرد دانه گردید. با توجه به این که اثر متقابل تیمارها در صفات مورد مطالعه در این آزمایش معنی دار نشد، می توان عدم مصرف توام کودهای نانو دامی با کود شیمیایی نیتروژن را توصیه نمود. هم چنین می توان نتیجه گرفت مصرف 10 تن نانو کود دامی عملکرد کمی و کیفی قابل قبولی در گیاه دارویی رازیانه تولید می نماید.
    کلیدواژگان: تعداد چتر، تعداد دانه در چتر، شاخص برداشت، عملکرد بیولوژیک
|
  • A. Koocheki, M. Nasiri Mahallati, H. Zarghani, A. Norooziyan Page 539
    Introduction
    Intercropping plays an important role in agriculture because of beneficial interactions. Intercropping of legumes and cereals is an old practice in tropical agriculture dating back to ancient civilization. Cereals and other plant intercrops could substantially increase forage quantity and quality and decrease the requirement for protein supplements. Intercropping of cereals and other plants is important for development of sustainable food production systems. This may be due to some of the potential benefits of intercropping systems such as high productivity and profitability, improvement of soil fertility, efficient use of resources, reducing damage caused by pests, diseases and weeds and improvement of forage quality The main advantage of intercropping is more efficient utilization of the available resources and the increased productivity compared to sole crops of the mixture. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics of wheat and Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) under relay intercropping with sugar beet.
    Materials And Methods
    In order to evaluate radiation use efficiency (RUE), yield and dry matter accumulation in winter wheat relay intercropping and sugar beet, a field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2012 growing season, using a completely randomized block with four replications. The experimental treatments included four treatments intercropping ratios of rows: 3: 1, 3: 2, 4: 2, 6: 2 (beet and wheat) with monocropping beet and monocropping wheat (sole crops), comprised the experimental factors.
    Results And Discussion
    The results of this experiment showed that the effects of intercropping were significant for many study traits. Also, the results showed that during the growing season, leaf area index, radiation crossing the canopy, radiation use efficiency, the amount of dry matter production and yield per unit area were affected by intercropping. The highest yield of wheat was observed in the intercropping treatments 4: 2 (1942 g.m-2) and the highest dry matter of beet sugar was obtained in monoculture (2063 g.m-²). Highest radiation use efficiency of wheat and sugar beet) was observed in treatment 4: 2 (65.1 and 38.2), respectively.
    Conclusions
    In general, results showed that maize-peanut intercropping could be profitable due to use of the available resources. It can be concluded that intercropping was more efficient than sole cropping especially this is the way to make better use of resources and increase efficiency compared with sequential planting species.
    Keywords: Radiation absorb, Radiation use efficiency, Relay intercropping, Yield
  • S. Khaninejad, H. R. Khazaie, J. Nabati, M. Kafi Page 558
    Introduction

    In recent years, rainfall deficiency was an increasing problem in most countries; which limited the production of agricultural crops. Among abiotic stresses the plants encountered, drought stress is considered as the most important limiting factor in plants growth and reproduction in natural and agricultural systems through most parts of the world; while drought stress causes 45% increase in the crops among various stress making factors (biotic and abiotic). A suitable procedure for controlling drought stress in agriculture is making the symbiotic relation between plants and mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi decrease the plant ability in absorbing nutrients, ion balance, keeping enzyme activity, increasing chlorophyll density and root-soil connection; they decline the hazards caused by stress and decrease the plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Potato is one of the most valuable sources to provide human food in the developing countries and is one of the most productive crops, while its production is twofold to rice and wheat. Producing more than 5 million tones potato makes this crop as the first utilizable nutrient after wheat, in this country. Potato is sensitive to soil humidity caused by limited and low-deep root system.

    Materials And Methods

    Thus, an investigation was conducted to examine the effect of three of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Glomus fasciculatum) on two potato cultivars (Agria and Fontana) under drought stress and control conditions, in factorial experiment based on complete randomize block with three repetitions in research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University in 2012. In control treatment, irrigating was done when field capacity got 80% and it was conducted to 100% field capacity. Stress treatment was done when the field capacity got 60% and continued to 80% field capacity. Fungus treatment was done with a 100g mixture of inoculum including mycorrhizal root sections of corn, soil and mycorrhizal active parts (spore and hyphae) provided by corn root during a four-month period, in root space.

    Results And Discussion

    The results indicated that Agria cultivar in higher than Fontana. The drought stress decreased bush height, totally fungi resulted in increasing bush height in both cultivars. However, leaf area of Fontana was more than Agria; drought stress decreased leaf area but using Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus mosseae fungi increased the plant height in both cultivars. Among the treatments, the effect of cultivar on chlorophyll fluorescence was significant and there was no significant difference with each other. Only the effect of cultivar on chlorophyll fluorescence was significant among the treatments and there was no significant difference among other treatments. The amount of Spad index in Agria was 10% more than Fontana. This parameter was observed much more in control treatment than fungal treatments; drought stress indicated higher spad. There was a significant difference between Agria and Fontana cultivars for tuber weight. Fontana increased the production to 36% by producing 129g tuber to Agria cultivar. This difference was observed in control treatment and drought stress. Among various cultivars, Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus mosseae were significantly different from other treatments with 120 and 123gr tuber, respectively; and control treatment contained the least one with a 75g tuber. The interaction of fungus and stress indicated that there was no significant difference in Fontana cultivar and in mycorrhizal treatments for single-bush yield; but in control treatment, this rate was the least and had significant difference with other treatments. The most significant difference among stress levels was observed in Glomus intraradices; in this fungus, control treatment indicated 44% yield more than drought stress. Fontana indicated a significant difference to Agria cultivar for four tubers in a bush, averagely. Control treatment indicated a significant difference to drought stress for four tubers in a bush and 20% increase, but there was no significant difference among various mycorrhizal fungi for tuber numbers in a bush. Totally, Glomus fasciculatum affected the studied potato properties more positively than other species.

    Keywords: Agria, Tuber number, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Fontana, Tuber weight
  • S. Tandisseh, A. R. Astaraei, H. Emami Page 575
    Introduction
    Soil salinity is a major limiting factor in agricultural development within Iran. Nitrogen is the most important nutrient that its uptake is limited over other elements under saline conditions due to decrease in the permeability of plant roots, soil microbial activity and mineralization of organic compounds and nitrate uptake by high concentrations of chloride anions in the root zone of the plant. Mustard plant has a good compatibility to weather conditions and since there is an extreme need of vegetable oilseed in our country and also wide extent of saline soils in Iran, this study was conducted to determine the best type and amount of nitrogen fertilizers between calcium nitrate and ammonium sulfate under saline conditions.
    Materials And Methods
    A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (factorial) with three replications in February 2012 in the Research greenhouse of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The treatments were consisted of two types of nitrogen fertilizer (calcium nitrate and ammonium sulfate), each with three levels of N (40, 80 and 120 mg per kg of soil) in three levels of soil salinity (C0= control, C1= 5 and C2= 10dS m-1). Experimental soil (control) collected from agricultural experimental station was leached by salt solutions containing salts of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium sulfate with specified concentrations and ratios during 50 days to reach the similar salt concentrations of leached water consisting the desired levels of salinity. The seeds of mustard were planted at a depth of one centimeter in soil of each pot and were irrigated with tap water to field capacity (by weight). Plants were harvested after 5 months and plant fresh and dry weights and nitrogen concentration and uptake of plant were measured by the Kjeldahl method. Irrigation water and physical and chemical properties of soil before and after harvest were determined. Data obtained were analyzed using statistical software MSTAT-C and the means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at 5 % percent.
    Results And Discussion
    In this study, plant dry weight increased significantly with increasing levels of calcium nitrate fertilizer in all levels of soil salinity, due to increasing plant internal needs under saline soil. While the maximum dry weight was obtained with ammonium sulfate fertilizer in saline conditions and plant positive response to increasing fertilizer consumption increased with soil salinity. Positive or negative effect of ammonium or nitrate salt varied among plant varieties and generally it depended on the types of crop, soil conditions and crop density and rotation. In addition, the nature of the culture medium (soil, sand or liquid culture), salinity and sodium levels (salinity, sodium absorption ratio or percentage of exchangeable sodium and pH), salinity and sodium distribution under field conditions, the nature of the salts used to make salt and Sodium in growth medium (sodium chloride salt or mixture of salts), environmental conditions (temperature, light intensity, etc) and the duration of the experiment (from days to years), all were effective on experiments results and can cause differences in these results with each other. Therefore, in this study, ammonium sulfate fertilizer, resulted in more plant dry weight due to its acidic characteristic because of sulfur and more nitrogen and less leaching than calcium nitrate, despite its higher salinity index in a calcareous soil with less soil primary concentration of nitrogen. In addition, a significant increase in uptake of nitrogen by plant was observed by application of ammonium sulfate fertilizer over calcium nitrate that effectively increased plant resistance to soil salinity.
    Conclusions
    The results showed that plant dry weight and nitrogen uptake increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer despite decreasing nitrogen concentrations in plant and the significant reduction in plant dry weight compared to control also increased due to increasing soil salinity. But the plant's response to the type and amount of nitrogen fertilizer was different at various levels of salinity in soil. In general, dry matter and nitrogen uptake efficiency increased by ammonium sulfate usage in all levels over calcium nitrate under soil salinity conditions, but its amounts were partly limited more than calcium nitrate amount due to increasing levels of salinity in soil.
    Keywords: Ammonium sulfate fertilizer, Brassica rapa L., Calcium Nitrate fertilizer, Soil salinity
  • S. J. Azimzadeh, M. Nassiri Mahallati, A. Koochaki Page 587
    Introduction
    In agricultural ecosystems, organic fertilizers play an important role in producing sustainable agricultural production. Considering this Sajjadi Nik et al (2011) reported that with increasing of vermicompost inoculation with nitroxin biofertilizer, capsule number per sesame plant increased, so that the most of capsule number per plant (124.7) was observed in 10 t/h vermicompost with nitroxin inoculation. Seyyedi and Rezvani Moghaddam (2011) reported that seed number per plant and the thousand kernel weight in treatment of 80 t/h mushroom compost in comparison with control were increased by 2.98 and 1.56 fold. In another experiment, Kato and Yamagishi (2011) reported that seed yield of wheat in application of manures equal to 80 t/h/ year more than 10 years in comparison with application of nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 204 kg/h, showed significant increasing from 725 to 885 gr/m2. In another study, Rezvani Moghaddam et al (2010) reported that the most (74.08) and the least (60.94) seed number per capsule in sesame was obtained in the treatments of cow manure and control treatments respectively. The aim of this experiment was evaluation the effects of municipal waste compost, vermicompost and cow manure fertilizers in comparison with chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of canola under two levels of deficit and full irrigation.
    Materials And Methods
    In order to evaluate the replacement probability of organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizers in canola cultivation, an experiment was conducted at research farm of Mashhad Faculty of Agriculture in year of 2013. Treatments were fertilizer and irrigation. Irrigation treatments included full and deficit irrigation. Fertilizer treatments included municipal waste compost, vermicompost, manure and chemical fertilizer. Chemical fertilizer included Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Experiment was conducted as split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Organic fertilizer was scattered in plots and mixed completely with soil. After that in each plot, six rows with distance of 25 cm were designed and canola seeds were placed into the rows and were covered by 3 cm of soil. Through cultivation season and after harvesting the treatments of plant height, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, thousand kernel weight, seed yield and biological yield were recorded. Data were analyzed by MSTAT-C and mean comparison was performed using Duncan's multiple test range.
    Results And Discussion
    The highest seed yield was obtained in irrigation treatment and application of chemical fertilizer (1284 kg/h). In all of vermicompost treatments in full irrigation compared with deficit irrigation, seed yield was more but the trend of changes in seed yield was the same in both conditions. It means that seed yield increased with increasing vermicompost application from 7 to 11 t/h, but seed yield decreased with increasing vermicompost from 11 to 15 t/h. In treatment of manure application in both conditions of deficit and full irrigation, increasing the manure fertilizer, increased seed yield. Seed yield reaction in treatments of municipal waste compost in both conditions of full and deficit irrigation was the same as vermicompost. It means that increasing the application of municipal waste compost from 7 to 11 t/h, increased seed yield and increasing the application of municipal waste compost from 11 to 15 t/h, decreased seed yield. Biological yield reaction to fertilizer treatments was the same as seed yield. Overlay application of 50 t/h cow manure in deficit irrigation produced the most seed yield compared with all other fertilizer treatments including chemical fertilizer at the rate of 6%. This yield increment was due to higher pod number per plant and higher seed number per pod. In full irrigation, chemical fertilizer produced the most seed yield compared with all other fertilizer treatments.
    Conclusions
    Generally, it is concluded that canola in deficit moisture conditions showed a better reaction to using organic fertilizers and their replacement possibility in same condition with chemical fertilizer is considerable but organic fertilizers in full irrigation condition are not able to produce yield equal with chemical fertilizers in canola cultivation.
    Keywords: Cow manure, Irrigation, Municipal waste compost, Seed yield, Vermicompost
  • H. Nourizadeh, M. H. Ehtemam, A. Arzani, M. Esmailzadeh, Moghadam Page 599
    Introduction
    Drought stress as the most important abiotic stress plays an important role in yield reduction of crops worldwide. Considering the extends and problems caused by the moisture stress, agronomic and breeding strategies in reducing yield loss are essential. In this regard, the identification and selection of effective characteristics of wheat under drought stress in increasing yield, is essential. Determining the most important morphological characteristics affecting wheat yield under stress, in order to achieve the criteria for selection to improve the performance of this plant always has been important in breeding programs. Due to the variation in drought tolerance in wheat genotypes, it is necessary for efficient water usage in each region, cultivars with higher performance and better compatibility under lower irrigation requirement should be determined for efficient water use particularly in regions with scarce water resources. Improvement of a complex trait such as yield possessing low heritability, requires indirect selection using simpler traits viz morph-physiological traits.
    Materials And Methods
    This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of water stress on the agronomic and morphological traits of 169 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), using two separate lattice design (drought and control) at Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology in 2011-2012. Recombinant inbred lines of wheat were obtained from the International Center for Wheat and Maize Improvement (CIMMYT) in Mexico. The recombinant inbred lines used in this study were derived from a cross between two Seri M82 and Babax parents after being selfed for 8 generations (F9). Seeds of each line were planted in a three meter row with a row distance of 30 cm. Irrigation, fertilization and control weeds in the experimental was conducted and to provide plant requirement N, based on soil analysis, urea fertilizer at the rate of 100 kg per hectare in two stages of growth were added to the ground in early spring. Two moisture regimes of 70 and 130 mm evaporation from evaporation pan class A (16% and 20% moisture by weight of soil, respectively) were employed, and soil moisture was measured during two irrigation treatments. In both experiments normal irrigation was conducted till middle of jointing stage, and were irrigated afterward based on class of the evaporation pan.
    Results And Discussion
    Drought stress significantly reduced days to heading, days to pollination, days to maturity, spike length, plant height, the number of spikes per m2, the number of grains per spike, grain weight in the spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. Results of analysis of variance revealed significant differences among lines for all studied traits under normal conditions with the exception of number of grains per spike, grain weight in the spike, spike length, days to pollination and days to maturity. Under moisture stress conditions, the RILs significantly varied between the studied traits with the exception of number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and spike length. The correlation coefficients in the normal conditions showed that all traits had a positively correlated with grain yield with the exception of spike length and days to pollination. Under the moisture stress conditions the grain yield was correlated with all traits positively. The results of the factor analysis in both normal and stress moisture conditions showed that the measured traits have appeared either in a hidden factors which explained 67.09% and 84.26% of the total variation of the yield, respectively. Using three dimensional profiles, lines 4, 27 and 40 as the superior genotypes were introduced in terms of three factors. Based on the Fernandez’s drought tolerance index lines 1 and 69 were identified as the most drought tolerant and the most drought sensitive ones, respectively. The results of stepwise regression on the grain yield under normal and moisture-stress conditions revealed that the number of spikes per m2 and the grain weight in spike contributed 95% of the grain yield variations in both environmental conditions.
    Conclusions
    The results showed significant effects of drought on crop yield, morphological and phenological (days to maturity, days to pollination and days to heading), and only on the number of grains per plant, grain weight and spike were not significant. Therefore, in spite of inheritance variation in the studied lines supported by their effects from the environmental conditions. Also, considering the high heritability of these traits, it was concluded that these traits were less affected by the environment. Under normal compared to water stress conditions, the narrow-sense heritability of harvest index was lower. In normal conditions, the highest narrow-sense heritability belonged to the number of spike per m² (77%), but under water stress conditions, belonged to the grain yield (84%). According to the results, it can be concluded that the number of spikes per m2 and the grain weight in spike have been the two most important components of gain yield under both normal and drought stress conditions. Moreover, the superior drought tolerance lines have the potential to improve the grain yield in both environmental conditions in the breeding programs.
    Keywords: Drought stress, Drought tolerance index, Grain yield, Lattice design, Yield components
  • S. H. Moussavi, S. A. Siadat, Kh Alami, Saeid, E. Zand, A. M. Bakhshandeh Page 618
    Introduction
    Integrated weed management is based on combination of several management methods, while reducing the rate of the use of herbicides, will result in efficient management and sustainable weed control. Ability of crop tolerance and prevent weed growth are two important traits in weed competition. An appropriate and suitable cultivar, has high yield potential in the presence of weed and under weed free conditions. Such cultivar is weed tolerated and prevent the growth of weed. Therefore this study was conducted to determine the relationships between some morphophysiological traits that affecting on tolerance index of bread wheat cultivars with wild oat in tropical regions condition such as the province of Khouzestan.
    Materials And Methods
    In order to investigate the casual relationships between effective morphophysiological traits of tolerant spring bread wheat cultivars to wild oat, an experiment was conducted as strip block includes 4 densities of wild oat (0, 40, 80 and 120 plant per m2) in linear plots and 10 spring bread wheat cultivars (Chamran, Baz, Atrak, Arvand, Maroon, Shoeleh, Chenab, Virinak, Dez and Falat) in horizontal plots based on randomized completely blocks design with three replications in research farm of Khozestan Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing season. Each plot consists of 10 lines of wheat planting in distance of 20 cm. Distance between the plots was 50 cm and the distances between the blocks was two meters and the plots were prepared with hand. The rate of wheat seed for cultivars of Chamran, Baz, Atrak, Maroon, Chenab, Virinak, Falat and Dez was 400, Arvand 300 and Shoeleh 250 plants per square meter and wild Oat seed were planted at regular intervals between the wheat lines (for densities of 40 wild oat plant: 12.5 cm; 80 plant: 6.25 cm and 120 plant: 4.16 cm).
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that with increasing weed density, tolerance index of wheat decreased. So with presence of wild oat, the average of grain yield of cultivars decreased by 0.31 percent. Between wheat cultivars, Maroon cultivar with 86.8 percent, had the highest index of tolerance. This cultivar had the highest grain yield and well prevent dry matter accumulation of wild oat. While Virinak cultivar with 69.3 percent had the least tolerance index. This cultivar had the highest accumulation of dry matter of weed and also had the lowest grain yield. Therefore these cultivars based on tolerance index were classified at three groups: 1) tolerant group (Maroon), 2), medium group (some new cultivars such as Baz, Atrak, Dez and Chamran and old cultivars such as Arvand, Chenab and Shoeleh) and 3) weak group (such as Virinak and Falat). Modeling of wheat cultivars tolerance ability index with wild oat showed that different traits such as fertile spike number, harvest index, thousand grains weight, grain number in spikelet and spikelet number in spike cause to increase of wheat cultivars tolerance index ability against wild oat. But none-fertile spike trait, spike upper and under internode length could not strengthen tolerance index. Yield and harvest index of wild oat decreased wheat cultivars tolerance ability index.
    Conclusions
    Therefore in wheat cultivated areas rich with wild oat, the cultivars are more favorable that to weed infestation, its yield does not decrease too much. Such cultivars, well tolerated to weeds, prevented of its growth and seed production. So these cultivars such as Maroon that is weed tolerant with preventing of its seed production, have ability to control the weed population in subsequent years with actions weed ecological control can be used in integrated control programs.
    Keywords: Dry matter, Grain yield, Path analysis, Tolerance index, Weed density
  • F. Khatib, B. Torabi, A. Rahimi Page 631
    Introduction
    The study of growth parameters such as net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf area duration (LAD) are important for analyzing yield constraints. The growth parameters can be used to understand the crop response to environmental variables during the growing season. The aims of the present study were to 1) consider the growth indices using regression method and 2) identify relationships between growth parameters and grain yield in different safflower cultivars and sowing dates.
    Materials And Methods
    A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replicates was conducted in 2012 in Research Farm of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. The factors were included sowing dates (4 April, 25 April and 16 May) and safflower cultivars (411, Sina, Local Esfahan and Sofeh). Leaf area, leaf dry weight and stem dry weight were measured in 7–14 days intervals during the growth season. Grain yield was determined at the end of the growing season. The trend of variation for NAR, LAR, RGR and LAD during the season growth was determined by the nonlinear regression method using SAS software. Finally, the correlation between grain yield and growth parameters was identified by the PROC CORR procedure.
    Results And Discussion
    In all sowing dates, NAR increased to 43-53 days after sowing and then it showed a declining trend. Results showed that there was no significant difference among cultivars in terms of the time to maximum NAR among all sowing dates and among cultivars. As the growing season progressed, gradual increases in leaf area improved which resulted in increasing solar radiation interception and NAR. The NAR declining trend related to increasing leaves shading. In the first and third sowing dates, there was no significant difference in time to achieve maximum LAI among cultivars.
    The maximum LAR was obtained in early growth season and its value decreased with slope of 0.033 to 0.051 cm2 g-1 d-1 among the cultivars and sowing dates. The rate of decreasing in LAR during growing season was the same among all sowing dates and cultivars. In the early growing season, the value of LAR in the first and second sowing dates was higher than third sowing date. It was probably due to high temperature effect on crop growth duration. As the growing season progressed, LAR started to decrease due to decrease in partitioning of dry matter to leaves. In the early growing season, the allocated dry matter to leaves were great which is resulted the higher ratio of leaf dry matter to total dry matter (LAR). The high LAR in early growing season is due to more interception of solar radiation by crop.
    The trend of RGR during growing season was the same among all sowing dates and cultivars. The estimated maximum RGR varied between 0.149 to 0.169 g g-1 d-1 for the first sowing date, 0.087 to 0.211 g g-1 d-1 for the second sowing date and 0.192 to 0.251 g g-1 d-1 for the third sowing date. For each sowing date, the estimated maximum RGR had no significant difference among cultivars except for the second dates. However, the value of RGR was decreasing with progress towards the end of the growing season. The high RGR in the early growing season was due to the rapid crop growth, the more young tissues in plant and the low initial weight.
    The value of LAD had the increasing trend in the early growth season and its value started to decrease between 50 and 62 days after sowing. In the second and third sowing dates, the maximum value of LAD obtained earlier than the third sowing date however, the value of LAD was lower than the first sowing date. It is probably due to decreasing the leaf area index and increasing the senesce rate in higher temperature in the last sowing date.
    It is resulted that the highest grain yield obtained for the 411 and Local Esfahan cultivars in the first sowing date and the significant and positive correlation between grain yield and LAD (r = 0.88, Pr ≤ 0.01) observed whereas the value of grain yield increased 12.2 g m-2 per unit increase of LAD. Increasing the LAD increase solar radiation interception by crops and consequently the grain yield would increase.
    Generally, it is concluded that the first sowing date with the highest LAD resulted the highest yield.
    Keywords: Leaf area duration, Leaf area ratio, Net assimilation rate, Relative growth rate
  • A. Ismaili, S. S. Sohrabi, S. Z. Hosseini, R. Namdarian, D. Godarzi Page 646
    Introduction
    Obtaining varieties with acceptable yield and tolerant to different arid and semi-arid climate condition of Iran is an important goal in canola breeding programs. Selection of genotypes base on one or more traits without regarding to correlation between them, could biases the expected results. Therefore, identifying of genetic correlation among traits especially in environmental stress condition is very important. The use of genotypic correlation helps evaluating the magnitude and direction of associations between characters facilitating the application of indirect selection, because genetic changes in a given trait may change other traits, leading to faster and larger genetic gains in plant breeding programs. Therefore, the selection for another trait may result in indirect response in the low heritable trait, provided the following conditions are satisfied: the genetic correlation between them is substantial, and the heritability of the secondary trait is greater than that of the primary trait. The purpose of this study was estimating the total genotypic variability, genotypic correlations, and path analysis among some important traits for selection criteria for improving seed and oil yield in canola under water deficit stress condition.
    Materials And Methods
    For evaluation of genetic correlation among traits and identifying important affecting traits on grain yield and oil yield in canola genotypes, an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in two different conditions of water deficit (stress and non-stress). Different traits were measured including seed yield, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, silique length, oil content, days to maturity, protein content, plant height and water use efficiency. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were calculated for ten characters during growing seasons. The genotypic correlation coefficients between seed yield and different characters were subjected to path coefficient analysis separately for partitioning these values into direct and indirect effects. Step-wise regression technique was used to determine the best model, which accounted for variation exist in plant seed and oil yield as dependent variables in separate analysis. Direct and indirect effects of traits entered to regression model were determined by using path coefficient analysis.
    Results And Discussion
    Results of this study showed significant differences among all genotypes performances, and also stress condition caused a significant decrease in performance of all studied traits. The highest seed yield obtained from Geronimo and Dante (with 3668 and 3505 kg.ha-1, respectively) under non stress condition, and the highest seed yield obtained from Zarfam and Dante (with 2948 and 2860 kg ha-1, respectively) under drought stress condition. Genotype Licord produced the highest oil content, which was significantly higher than that produced by other genotypes in either regime. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were estimated between all traits and using stepwise regression, best model was introduced for two conditions. Under Non-stress condition, the average of genetic correlations between grain yield and silique length was high and positive (0.92**), suggesting that the selection of prolific plants resulted in a gain of selection for yield. Under water deficit stress condition, a negative average of genetic correlations (-0.28) was observed for grain yield and days to maturity. Path analysis based on the genotypic correlation under non-stress conditions between grain yield and other traits showed that number of pods per plant and pod length had direct effects on grain yield, while under drought conditions, pod length and plant height had important direct effects. Results of path analysis for oil yield under non-stress and stress conditions showed that grain yield had the most direct effect on oil yield.
    Conclusions
    Finally, the most important traits in order to select index for grain yield and oil yield improvement under stress condition were pod length and grain yield, respectively. Therefore, selection based on these traits would be more effective to improving seed yield of canola in well-watered and water-deficit stress conditions. So, the method of path coefficients proved useful in analyzing correlation coefficients in this system of interrelated variables.
    Keywords: Genotypic correlation, Oil yield, Path analysis, Stepwise regression
  • Sh Akbari, M. Kafi, Sh Rezvan Beidokhti Page 665
    Introduction
    Drought stress is the most important growth limiting factor for crop production. Sugar accumulation under drought stress strengthens and stabilizes cell membranes and maintains the water absorption and turgid property. Under stress conditions, proline will also maintain the turgor pressure and decreased the damages caused to plant membrane. Although proline concentrations may have undesirable effects on plant growth, because of deflecting photosynthetic resources to the processes that are not involved in plant growth. Chloroplasts and its pigments are also affected by drought stress. Density is one of the factors that has a significant impact on plant growth. Garlic is one of the edible plants which has generated considerable interest throughout human history because of its pharmaceutical properties. This study aimed to determine the effects of drought stress and plant density on some biochemical and physiological treats of two garlic ecotypes and determining the more resistant ecotype.
    Materials And Methods
    The study was carried out in 2011-2012 in a farm land at the south east of Semnan city. The experimental layout was a split-plot factorial with a randomized complete block design in three replications. The treatments were comprised of three factors: irrigation regimes (60%, 80% and 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETC)) that were assigned as the main plot and the factorial combination of 3 levels of planting density (30, 40 and 50 plants. m-2) and two ecotypes (Tabas and Toroud) made up the sub-plots. The water requirement was calculated based on FAO-56 crop water requirements instruction. FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation was used to calculate evapotranspiration. To calculate the content of soluble sugar, proline and leaves pigment, the samples were collected in a random way from the youngest fully expended leaves one month before the final harvest. Relative water content was estimated by measuring dry weight, fresh weight and turgor weight. All calculations were performed with the help of the SAS and MSTATC soft wares. The statistical significances of mean values were assessed by analysing of variance and LSD tests at P.
    Keywords: Chlorophyll, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation, Proline, Soluble sugars
  • R. Mirzaei Talarposhti, M. Rostami Page 675
    Introduction
    Although using animal manures and crop residues as a traditional method for increasing soil fertility and crop yield has a long history but Conventional agricultural systems rely on the use of chemical fertilizer due to its immediate availability of nutrients. In many of modern agricultural systems using chemical fertilizers as a fast and easiest way to reduce nutrient deficiency and increasing soil fertility is considered. Intensive and continuous use of chemical fertilizers leads to decreasing the stability and sustainability of agricultural systems and also poses major threat to environment and human health. Organic fertilizers have positive effects on physiochemical and biological attributes of soil and could be classified in three different groups (i.e. Animal manures, green manure and composts).Using animal manure not only increase soil fertility but also could result in increasing infiltration, aeration and water holding capacity of soil. The main role of these fertilizers is related to physical change in soil. Different types of composts such as municipal waste compost and vermicompost also have similar positive effects, but usually the farmers observe the main effect of these organic fertilizers in long term. In order to investigate the effects of different types of organic fertilizers on growth indexes, yield and yield component of tomato (Lycopersicon sculentum L.) current experiment was conducted.
    Materials And Methods
    The experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and six treatments in the research station of Shahid Beheshti University. The experimental treatments were: Control or no fertilizer (NF), chemical fertilizer (CF), cow manure (CM), poultry manure (PM), vermicompost (VC) and municipal waste compost (MC). Considering nitrogen concentration in all of the treatments different amounts of these fertilizers were used based on nitrogen recommendation for the field, so in all of the treatments the total amount of applied nitrogen was equal (ca. 150 kg ha-1). Tomato seedlings were transplanted in experimental plots when the height of seedling reached to 15-20 cm. Total amount of tomato yield calculated at the end of growing season after four harvests. At the end of growing season by using five plants from each plot the dry weight of shoot, plant height, number of lateral branches and the number of fruits measured. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS and mean comparisons done by Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05).
    Results And Discussion
    Based on results effects of experimental treatments on shoot dry matter, plant height, number of lateral branches, number of flowers and fruits per plant and leaf area index (LAI) was significant. Using all type of fertilizers comparing to control treatment resulted in increase shoot dry matter and the highest amount of shoot dry matter observed in VM and CF treatments. Different treatments have significant effect on plant height and highest amount of this trait observed in PM treatment. There was no significant difference between CM and control treatment for plant height and number of lateral branches but the highest number of lateral branches observed in MC treatment. The highest LAI (6.2) observed in VC and CF whereas the lowest LAI (3.3) was in control treatment. Effect of treatments on total yield also was significant and highest amounts of yield observed in CF (22.9 ton ha-1) and VC (20.8 ton ha-1) but the lowest was in control treatment (7.5 ton ha-1). Treatment effect on all of yield component except mean weight of fruit was significant and by using CF and VC the number of flower per plant comparing to control treatment increased 143 and 129 percent respectively.
    Conclusions
    Although in this experiment the highest amount of crop yield obtained in CF treatment, but by replacement of chemical fertilizer with vermicompost tomato yield decreased just about 10%, so it seems that by considering the environmental issues, using vermicompost instead of chemical fertilizer is justified. In all of the organic treatments tomato fruit yield significantly was higher than control treatment so it could be concluded that organic fertilizers directly through nutritional effects and indirectly by amending soil physical and chemical properties could increase the yield of tomato.
    Keywords: Animal manure, Compost, Economical yield, Plant nutrition
  • J. Hamzei, H. Nejafi, M. Babaei Page 686
    Introduction
    Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important oil crops in the world. Iran is climatically regarded as an arid and semi-arid region in the world, where the lack of precipitation and its inappropriate distribution, high temperature and extensive evaporation makes the irrigation the main way for meeting plants water demand. Hence, studying the effect of irrigation on agriculture is more important in arid and semi-arid regions. In addition, nitrogen is one of the major nutrients which enhance the metabolic processes that lead to increases in vegetative, reproductive growth and yield of crops. Due to their importance and multiple functions in plant living processes, water and nitrogen are considered as important environmental factors affecting plants cultivation and production. Therefore, the current study was carried out to evaluate the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components, grain quality and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency of sunflower.
    Materials And Methods
    Experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Bu-Ali Sina University during 2012 growing season. Irrigation (irrigation till flowering, irrigation till seed formation and irrigation at total growth period) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg. ha-1) were assigned in main and sub plots, respectively.
    Results And Discussion
    Results indicated that the effect of irrigation and nitrogen was significant on all traits. The highest plant height, seed weight, oil percentages and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency were obtained at full irrigation treatment. The lowest value of these traits was obtained at irrigation till flowering stage. Moreover, the highest and the lowest protein percentages were revealed at irrigation till flowering stage and irrigation at total growth period, respectively. Mean comparison for nitrogen levels showed that the highest plant height, seed weight and protein percentages were achieved in treatment with180 kg N ha-1 and maximum agronomic nitrogen use efficiency was obtained in the treatment of 120 kg N ha-1. Effect of treatment interactions on anthodium diameter, the number of seeds per anthodium and grain, oil and protein yields were significant. The highest anthodium diameter, the number of seeds per anthodium, grain, oil and protein yields was obtained under irrigation treatment during total growth period and application of 180 kg N ha-1 had no significant difference with irrigation during total growth period and application of 120 kg N ha-1. The lowest values for these traits were revealed under irrigation treatment till flowering stage and non-application of N. Decreasing of plant height and anthodium diameter under water and nitrogen deficiency conditions can be related to the high sensitivity of cell division and growth to drought stress since the decrease in water potential of tissues reduced cell turgor pressure which it was not enough to their enlargement and it led to the decrease in cell enlargement. Since potential flower number is the factor changing seed number per anthodium which is determined particularly by leaf expansion during vegetative growth period. Water deficit stress during growing period decreases plant photosynthesis source and enzymatic activity by the decrease in leaf area and its shedding and then, it decreases anthodium size and flower number per anthodium. It can be said that seed, oil and protein yields decreased under deficit irrigation conditions due to the decrease in plant growing period, seed filling, anthodium diameter, seed number per anthodium and 1000-seeds weight and the increase in empty seeds percentage per anthodium.
    Conclusions
    It can be concluded that full irrigation and consumption of 120 kg N ha-1 is suitable for production the highest grain and oil yields and it improves agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in sunflower cultivation.
    Keywords: Chemical fertilizer, Growth, Oil percent, Oil seed, Protein percent, Irrigation water management
  • R. Kamaei, M. Parsa, M. Jahan, H. Rajari Sharifabadi, A. A. Naserian Page 699
    Introduction
    Fertilizer management plays an important role in successful crop production. The biological fertilizers have been suggested not only to elimination or significant reduction of chemical fertilizer dependency but also increase of soil fertility and improvement of crop yield and quality.
    Materials And Methods
    This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Research Greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The experimental treatments included 1- mycorrhizae arbuscular (Glomus mosseae), 2- mycorrhizae arbuscular (Glomus mosseae) vermicompost (M), 3- mycorrhizae nitroxein (included bacteria Azospirillum sp. and Azotobacter sp.) (M), 4- mycorrhizae arbuscular Rhizobium (R. legominuzarum) (M), 5-mycorrhizae arbuscular NPK Chemical fertilizer (40-40-20) (M㓲) and 6- Control (without fertilizer, C). In bio-fertilizer treatments, seeds were inoculated by mycorrhizae and Rhizobium immediately before planting, according the standard conditions and company recommendations. Chemical fertilizer and vermicompost were applied directly into the soil. The first irrigation was done immediately after planting and an additional irrigation was also done 4 days after planting to improve the seedling emergence. Subsequent irrigations were conducted at 10-days interval. Forage samples were collected at stage of 10% open bud. The samples were oven-dried in 70°C for 48 h and then weighed before being ground to pass through a 1-mm sieve. Both chemical analysis and in vitro digestibility assessments were performed in triplicate. Crud protein (CP), Ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of forages were measured by standard methods. An in vitro gas production method was conducted to determine the dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility. All data were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS 9.1) and means were compared by using LSD-test at 5% probability level.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that in vitro DM digestibility was significantly (P P > 0.5) effect on in vitro organic matter digestibility. The highest and the lowest in vitro OM digestibility values were observed in the Rhizobium mycorrhiza (77.86%) and control (66.48%), respectively. Similarly, the results of previous studies indicated that forage quality significantly improved by inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi fertilizer in comparison with control. There was a significant difference between experimental treatments for percentage of crude protein. All fertilizer treatments increased CP content of forages as compared to that control. The effect of M, M V and M㓲 treatments on CP was similar and the highest CP was associated to M These effects of fertilizer treatments may be related to increasing the nitrogen fixation and absorption capacity of plant. Although a negative correlation has been reported between CP and fiber content of forages, the results of our study showed a low non-significant impact of fertilizer treatments on fiber content of forage expressed as NDA and ADF. Moreover, the percentage of Ash for all fertilizer treatments was similar to control, except for Rhizobium mycorrhiza treatment that showed a higher significant Ash content than control. In this experiment, a significant effect of fertilizer treatments was also observed for dry matter yield of forage. In comparison with control, the combination of mycorrhizal and Rhizobium increased forage dry matter yield by 37.89%. These results are in agreement with.
    Conclusions
    The use of biological and organic fertilizers improves availability of nutrients for plant without negative impact on soil and environment. In the present study, we showed an increase in qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Vicia villosa Roth forage by bio-fertilizers application under greenhouse condition. However, a combination of mycorrhiza and Rhizobium had the highest positive impact on forage yield and quality of Vicia villosa Roth. Further studies may be need to evaluation of the effects of these bio-fertilizers and/or their combinations with other organic and chemical fertilizer on specific crops and conditions.
    Keywords: Dry matter digestibility, Organic matter digestibility, Mycorrhizae arbuscular, Rhizobium, Vermicompost
  • M. Mirakhori, B. Mirshekari, E. Amiri, F. Paknejad, M. Yarnia Page 711
    Introduction
    Water consumption improvement in agriculture is very important compare with other sections. Because of existing complexity in production and exploitation processes and optimized application of irrigation water and nitrogen especially in dry and semi-dry areas facing with water constraint is an important goal in this field. Yield gap analysis can help to identify how much yield increase can be expected without examine the actual nutrient and water limitations. Application of crop growth models is one of those effective methods to reach these goals. CropSyst is a simulation model for a variety of crops such as rice to enable us through calculations of data statistics regarding situation of water, weather, soil, management system, and plant genetic to get the correct results. CropSyst has been developed during the last 15 years into a multi-crop, multi-year simulation model and can connect to GIS software consisting programs of CropSyst cultivation simulator system, reconstruction of meteorological data (ClimGen), GIS connection program (ArcCs), watershed model, and several other useful programs.
    Materials And Methods
    In order to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on growth and yield of rice this study was conducted at the rice research institute of Iran, located in Rasht. To simulate the response function a split plot experiment as a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted with three irrigation treatments (continuous, around 5and 8 days) as the main factor and the amount of nitrogen in four levels (0, 90, 120 and150kg N ha-1 Source of urea) as sub-factor. Version 3 of CropSyst was used in this study.To run the model four sets of data are required as input, including files location, soil, and plant management. Definition, application and all the required parameters of the model and parameter ranges is stated in the model manual.
    Results And Discussion
    The model validations were based on the comparison between simulated and observed data for all treatments other than those used in model calibration. Results of the evaluation showed that CropSyst model with regard to RMSEn 7, 15 percent and R2 0.73, 0. 84 To simulate the yield seed rice and also with regard to RMSEn 9, 10 Percent accuracy of simulations appropriate.The results of the simulation based on the amount of transpiration water productivity for both years showed that I3N2 and I3N3 treatments had the highest amount. The results showed to simulated based on the amount of water and rain water productivity for both years showed that treatmentI3N4 and I3N3 had the highest amount. The amount of evaporation in irrigation water management two-year periodonly39% of evapotranspiration is evaporated, While the amount of intermittent irrigation management 5 and 8days, respectively, 35% and 32% respectively. The nitrogen fertilizer management control, 90, 120, 150kg ha, respectively, 39%and 34%, 35% and 32% of the evapotranspiration just evaporates.
    Conclusions
    In the present study, the CropSyst model was calibrated, validated, and used as a tool to estimate climatically-driven potential yield, yield production and water balance components of rice under a range of N fertilizer and water regimes in a humid region of Iran.
    CropSyst can be applied for simulation the effect of N and water management on growth, yield and water productivity of wheat under Iranian subtropical conditions.
    Keywords: Intermittent irrigation, Management water, nitrogen, Simulation, Rice, Water productivity
  • Z. Zarei, J. Daneshian, A. Khorgamy Page 723
    Introduction
    Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a leguminous annual crop belonging to the Fabaceae family, that because an important source of food containing 20 to 28 grain oil percent and high protein is the most important oilseed of worldwide interest. Recently, cultivation of this plant is considered as a valuable oil plant in crop rotation. Drought, salinity, heat and freezing are environmental conditions that cause adverse effects on the growth of plants. Water deficit more than other stresses limits the growth of crops. Yield of soybean decreased due to drought stress. The consumption of fertilizers increases the quality of crops. According to the findings of Yasari and Vahedi (2012) use of Zn in soil and foliar application has an increasing effect on the percentage and the amount of oil and protein in soybean product. The role of salicylic acid (SA) is reducing the effects of environmental stresses. It appears that water stress impairs plants and zinc alleviates water stress injuries. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of water stress, zinc and salicylic acid foliar application on oil and grain protein percentage and their relation with oil and protein yield of soybean.
    Materials And Methods
    This study was carried out in the agricultural garden of Lorestan-Iran, in 2013. The meteorological data of the region are representing in Table 2. The soil was clay-loam texture (Table 1). The experiment was performed using Split factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In this study, main factor was two levels of irrigation regimes: after 60 (optimum irrigation) and 120 mm (stress) evaporation from evaporation pan class A and subplot were considered combination of zinc foliar application (Zero and 1 L/ha, in two levels) and salicylic acid (0, 0.5 and 1 mM). All statistical analyses were carried out using SAS software and the correlation was done using MSTAT-C program.
    Results And Discussion
    In the experiment, the traits were affected by the treatments. Water stress significantly decreased grain yield, the number of grains per m2 and oil percent and grain yield. Higher number of grain per m2 was at 0.5 mM (2642.2), while stress reduced the number of grains. Other studies reported similar results in agreement with this character (Banks, 2004). There were significant changes between the irrigation treatments in grain yield. Although the application of Zn and SA in all irrigation levels had desirable effects on grain yield, significant changes not observed in their interactions. However, these effects were significant at simple affects, the interaction irrigation in Zn and salicylic acid maximum amounts of grain yield were produced under stress conditions in plots that containing of Zn and 1 mM SA. Increased concentration of salicylic acid and stress has decreased the oil content (2/4 and 4.7%, respectively), while the protein (9.1%) was increased. Foliar application of zinc and 0.5 mM salicylic acid increased grain oil (26.23 percent) and protein (39.99 percent) content. Triple interactions had a significant effect on grain protein and oil content. In the present study, water stress had significant effect on grain oil content and decreased it by 4%. Zahedi et al (2009) reported that oil percent was decreased by drought stress, most likely because of a reduction by photosynthesis and assimilate remobilization. Trials have shown that unfavorable conditions, especially drought, might alter the grain composition and related qualities (Ayad et al., 2010). Plants in complete irrigation gave a significantly higher oil yield (540/3 kg/ha). According to the correlation coefficients, oil yield is directly link with grain yield (r= 0.7**) and oil content (r= 0.75**). Zn and SA spraying had significant increase and positive effects on protein yield trait, as compared to non-application (Table 6). There were no significant interaction effects between irrigation with Zn and SA application. Irrigation did not significantly affect grain protein yield (Table3).
    Conclusions
    The results showed that water stress significantly decreased yield and grain quality. Grain yield, oil and protein yield were increased by using salicylic acid and zinc under stress conditions. The increase of salicylic acid concentration decreased oil and protein content. There was a strong correlation between grain yield and oil and protein yield. In general, the use of zinc and salicylic acid compensated yield reduction due to water stress and it increased grain quality in plant.
    Keywords: Concentration, Drought stress, Grain quality
  • B. Parsa Motlagh, P. Rezvani Moghaddam, R. Ghorbani, Z. Azami Sardooei Page 735
    Introduction
    Details of the mutual effect with the agronomic factors, genetic and climatic conditions should be identified to crop a plant in a new area. The purpose of sowing date determination is to find the desired planting time as environmental factors at the time that is suitable for growing, seedling and plant’s survival and resume of growth and development and the plant does not meet unfavorable conditions. The plant density is the most important influencing factors on the development and production of medicinal plants and is an important factor in achieving optimal performance. This research has been conducted for determination of best sowing date and intra row Roselle cultivation in Jiroft area. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of plant density and sowing date on yield, yield components and some of morphological traits on Rosellee (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and also determine the optimum intra-row spacing and sowing date in order to obtain better yield in Jiroft environment conditions.
    Materials And Methods
    The field experiment was split plot in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in agricultural research field (Long. 57°44´ E., Lat. 28°40´ N., Alt. 650 m) of Jiroft University at 2013-2014 growing season. Main plots were sowing date at five levels of 11th and 30th March, 14th April, 5th and 22th May and intra-rows were spaced of 100, 75 and 50 cm as sub plot. Each plot was 3×6 m. The spacing was 1 m between sub-plots, 2 m between main plots and replications. Traits such as plant height, the number of branches, the number of bolls per plant, boll dry weight of plant, sepal yield, seed yield, biomass yield, seed harvest index, and sepal harvest index were measured.
    Plants were harvested on 1th December, 2014. An area equivalent to 2 × 3 square meters from the center of each plot was harvested by removing the effect of marginal plants from the soil surface to measure the yield of sepal and biomass. After drying the plants were weighed in open air and the shade. In addition, properties of the height, the number of bolls per plant, the number of branches per plant, sepal dry weight per plant and seed weight per plant, randomly were picked and measured by the five plants of adjacent lines of each plot middle rows. Sepal and seed harvest index, was calculated from the sepal and seed yield proportion to total biomass, respectively.
    Results And Discussion
    The results indicated that sowing date and intra- rows of plants had a significant effect on most of the studied traits. Delayed sowing date reduced plant height, the number of branches, the number of bolls per plant, dry boll weight per plant, sepal yield, seed yield and biomass yield. Sepal harvest index and seed harvest index were not affected by sowing date treatment. By reducing the distance between the row increased height, sepal yield, seed yield, biomass yield and the number of branches per plant, the number of bolls per plant, dry boll weight per plant, seed weight per plant and seed harvest index was decreased. The intra-row had not a significant effect on sepal harvest index. Yield of the seed and sepal in 50cm row spacing showed increment than 75 and 100 cm row spacing about 9%, 19% and 16.5%, 50%, respectively. In this study, according to long-term growth of Roselle plant, it seems that in the distance between 50 cm plant row and with doubling plant density than a distance of 100 cm, has been provided less space and food material for plant. Therefore it causes intensifying the Inter- specific competition and the number of bolls per plant, boll weight, seed weight and sepal weight per plant decreased. But increasing the number of plants per area unit led to increased seed and sepal yield.
    Conclusions
    According to the obtained results of this study can be say that the delay in sowing date led to reduce the number of bolls, dry boll and sepal weight, as well as reduction of seed and sepal yield. Reduction the distance between rows of plants from 100 to 50 cm causes to reduce the number of bolls, dry boll weight, dry sepal weight and seed weight per single plant but increased seed and sepal yield per unit area. 11th March sowing date produced the highest seed and sepal yield. However, according to the no significant increase of the sowing date relative to 30th March sowing date in order to reduce production costs, Roselle sowing date in the first half of March to mid of May with plant row spacing of 50 cm, seems to be appropriate by the good climatic conditions of Jiroft.
    Keywords: Boll, Harvest index, Intra, row, Sepal
  • M. Jahan, M. B. Amiri, F. Noorbakhsh Page 746
    Introduction
    Water super absorbents are water absorbing natural or synthetic polymers (they may contain over 99% water). They have been defined as polymeric materials which exhibit the ability of swelling in water and retaining a significant fraction (> 20%) of water within their structure, without dissolving in water content. The applications of hydrogels are grown extensively. These materials do not have any harm to the environment. Development of using super absorbent hydrogels to reduce crises such as soil erosion, frequent droughts or providing food security requires knowledge of their behaviors and performances in the soil.
    Humic substances are a mixture of different organic compounds that extract from various sources such as soil, humus, peat, oxidized lignite and coal. They are different in molecular size and chemical structure. A little amount of humic acid increase soil fertility by improving the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil.
    Increase in agricultural production and productivity depends, to a large extent, on the availability of water. Hence, the importance of irrigation is however, the availability of irrigation facilities which is highly inadequate in Iran. Determining the optimal amount of irrigation water has always been a main goal of researchers. Among the problems of excessive irrigation can be pointed to leach the nutrients especially nitrogen from the soil, the pollution of groundwater and environment and reduce fertilizer use efficiency, especially water-soluble fertilizers.
    To determine the optimal irrigation water and fertilizer, the use of mathematical models is inevitable. One of the most common methods used to optimize these factors is the central composite design. A central composite design is an experimental design, useful in response surface methodology, for building a second order (quadratic) model for the response variable without needing to use a complete three-level factorial experiment.
    Despite of many researches on the effect of water super absorbent, humic acid and irrigation on different crops, information on simultaneous optimization of these factors for many crops is scarce, therefore, in this study optimum levels of water super absorbent, humic acid and irrigation in maize were determine.
    Materials And Methods
    In order to estimate the optimized application rates of water superabsorbent, humic acid and irrigation in cultivation of maize (Zea mays L.), an experiment as Box-Behnken design using Response Surface Methodology, was conducted at Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during 2013-14 growing season. The experimental treatments were designed considering of the high and the low levels of water superabsorbent (80 and 160 kg ha-1), humic acid (4 and 8 kg ha-1) and irrigation (200 and 400 m3 ha-1 in each irrigation) using Minitab 17 statistical software, as the central point in every treatment replicated 3 times, so 15 treatment combinations were provided totally.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that linear effects of humic acid and irrigation and quadratic effects of superabsorbent and irrigation were significant on seed yield, as the highest grain yield obtained in treatments of 120 kg ha-1 super absorbent, 8 kg ha-1 humic acid and 300 m3 ha-1 irrigation. The middle level of humic acid (6 kg ha-1) led to the highest dry matter yield and increase of humic acid from 4 to 8 kg ha-1 improved grain protein by 7%. In economic scenario, using 126.06 kg ha-1 superabsorbent, 7.19 kg ha-1 humic acid and 347.47 m3 ha-1 irrigation, resulted in 26710 kg ha-1 grain yield. In eco-environmental scenario, using 123.63 kg ha-1 superabsorbent, 7.19 kg ha-1 humic acid and 323.23 m3 ha-1 irrigation, resulted in the highest grain yield (26309 kg ha-1) and the highest water use efficiency (5.23).
    It seems that application of 120 kg ha-1 water super absorbent increased grain yield by improving soil physical properties. Jahan et al., (2011) reported that the highest and the lowest grain yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) obtained in treatments of 80 kg ha-1 water super absorbent humic acid and Non-applicaion of water super absorbent and humic acid, respectively. Yazdani et al., (2012) evaluated effect of different amounts of water super absorbent and irrigation on yield and yield components of soybean (Glycine max L.) and reported that with increasing amounts of water super absorbent, grain yield was increased.
    Conclusions
    According to the ecological perspective, eco-environmental scenario is a priority compared two other scenarios, therefore by using the optimized values of resources in this scenario can be achieved to the sustainable production of maize, meanwhile can be minimized environmental pollutions.
    Keywords: Box, Behnken, Eco, E nvironmental Scenario, Nitrogen Losses, Quadratic Equation, Water Stress
  • M. Hajipoor, A. Rahemi Karizaki, H. Sabori, H. A. Fllahi Page 765
    Introduction
    Barely (Hordeum vulgare) is the fourth most important cereal after wheat, corn and rice. Regarding the role of breeding to increase barley grain yield a large number of studies have been done in different countries. However, a few studies have been performed across Golestan Province, in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to know what barley traits have changed with grain yield during recent years. How these traits will further improve the barley grain yield in the future breeding programs?
    Materials And Methods
    In order to study barely grain yield improvement during the last half century across Golestan Province, this expriment carried out at randomized complete block desing with 4 replications in Gonbad kavous university research field in 2013-2014. Treatments were included nine barley cultivars: Sahra, Dasht, Torkaman, Gorgan4, Nimruz, Mahoor, Khoram, Reyhan and Yousef. We analysed the results using ANOVA in the statistical software package SAS. Step by step regression analysis and pathway analysis was done to evaluate the relative proportion of different traits on yield and direct and indirect impacts of yield components on grain yield, respectively.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that the values of the studied parameters were significantly different in different cultivars. Results illustrated that the hieghest and the lowest grain weight were related to Mahoor (37.33 mg) and Torkaman (22.66 mg), respectively. Due to the high number of rows per spike in barely cultivars, grains are closer together and there are less space for growth and phothosynthetic material storage. In addition, total assimilation was not enough to fill the grain of cultivars which have the more grain numbers per spike and it caused low grain weight. Although thousand grain weight is among the main grain yield components with high heritability, it influenced by other components such as the number of spikes and its length. The highest and the lowest grain number per spike were related to Torkaman and Mahoor cultivar, respectively. Mahoor and Yousef had the hieghest and the lowest spike numbers per square meter, respectively. Six-row cultivars had more number of grians per spike compare with two- rows cultivars due to more rows per spike. Yousef cultivar with 1529.7 gr.m-2 had the highest biological yield and Reyhan had the lowest biological yield with 1155.7 gr.m-2. Results indicated that biological yield was increased during released years. If carbon produced during photosynthesis, allocate on economic parts or grains, rising of biological yield would be an effective parameter. In other words, barely cultivars with high biological yield and harvest index, would be likely to have a high grain yield. The highest and the lowest of grain yield with 388.33 gr.m-2 and 243.33 gr.m-2 were obtained at Yousef and Torkaman cultivar, respectively. The results indicated that the potential of grian yield is different among various barely cultivars. Results revealed that new cultivars had high grain yield. The highest and the lowest of harvest index with 32.66% and 20.33% were observed at Sahra and Torkaman, respectively. It seems that new cultivars allocate more phothosysnthetic material to grains. Path way analysis showed that thusand grain weights, the number of grians per spike and the number of spikes per square meters had direct effects on grain yield, respectively. furthemore, among these three factors, the number of grains per spike had the highest direct effect on grain yield. The indirect effect of thousand grian weights on grain yield through number grains per spike was high and negative. moreover, correlation results showed that these two traits had negative effect together.
    Conclusions
    In summary, the results suggested that the highest yields were related to new cultivars and harvest index was increased during released years of cultivars. New cultivars had higher grain yield than the old cultivars. In addition, path analysis results showed that the number of grains per spike had a major effect on grain yield.
    Keywords: Barley cultivars, Path way, 1000 grain weight, Yield, yield components
  • S. Khoshpeyk, R. Sadrabadi Haghighi, A. Ahmadian Page 775
    Introduction
    Since discovery of food, clothing and shelter, human wanted to improve their physical sufferings, and using experience separated toxic plants from non – toxic ones and medicinal herbs from non – medicine. Medicinal herbs are agricultural products which have a very important role in the health of people in society. Among the medicinal herbs, fennel with scientific name (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) traditionally was used for treating problems such as Inflammation and Cramping. Now, one of the main objectives of the modern agriculture is decreasing the consumption of fertilizers and greater the use of organic fertilizers especially livestock fertilizers. The use of organic fertilizers in nano-dimensions can absorb the nutrients needed to plant. Better use of nano- technology for producing organic fertilizers, suitable for recruiting plant can help plants in variable environmental conditions and be effective in the growth, quantity and quality performance (Sumner, 2000). By the considering the same management of organic and chemical fertilizers consumption especially nano–organic fertilizers, is of great importance and necessitate further research and consideration in all kinds of plants, medical and aromatic herbs and plants in particular.
    Materials And Methods
    A factorial experiment, arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications, was conducted in the Saffron Research Institute at Torbat - Heydarieh University in 2014. The geographical location of the experimental station was 35º 20´ N and 59º 13´ E with the altitude of 1450 m. Factors, including utilization of nano-organic fertilizer in four levels (zero, 10, 20 and 30 tons per hectare) and nitrogen fertilizers application in four levels (0, 25 , 50 and 75 kg per hectare). Each experimental plot was 3 m long and 2 m wide and contained 4 rows with 50 cm distance. Seeds were directly sown by hand in late May. First irrigation was done 10 days after seedling emergence. The rest of irrigation was done every 5 days. The spacing between plants were 20 cm that was achieved by thinning plants in 3-4 leaves stage .Weeding was done manually tree times. Fennel harvesting was done in early September at the time of physiological maturity. At the first five plants harvested randomly from each plot for measurement of plant height, the number of lateral branches per plant, the number of umbels per plant, the number of seeds per umbel, the number of seeds per plant, weight of 1000 seed and fresh and dry weight of plant. Then for measurement of biomass, grain yield and harvest index, one m-2 of center of each plot was harvested. Seed and straw essence were measured using distillation method with distilled water by Clevenger apparatus. The data was analyzed using the SAS software. Means comparisons were done with Duncan’s multiple rang test at 5% probability.
    Results And Discussion
    Results showed that height, the number of lateral branches, the number of umbels per plants, the number of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, dry weight, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield, harvest index, and essence yield were affected by nano-organic manure. Nitrogen fertilizers had significant effect on height, the number of seeds per umbrella, the number of seeds per plant, plant fresh and dry weight, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield and essence yields while the number of lateral branches, umbels per plant, seed weight and harvest index was not affected by this factor. The interaction of nano- organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer had not significant effect on the measurement characteristics. While the application of 10 ton ha-1 of nano-organic manure or 25 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer could increase biological, seed, straw and essential oil yield, higher amount utilization values of each treatment had no effect .Consumption of 25 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer increased seed yield by increasing the biological yield, while 10 tons ha-1 nano-organic manure increased yield by increasing the number of umbrellas per plant, number of seeds per plant and seed weight.
    Conclusions
    In general it can be concluded that consumed 10 ton ha-1 of nano-organic manure can be an appropriate alternative for nitrogen fertilizers in fennel and probably has less adverse effects on environment.
    Keywords: Biological yield, Harvest index, Number of seeds per umbel, Number of umbel per plant