مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 35، بهار 1393)

Aim and Early maladaptive schemas are assumed to be a disrupting factor for quality of life. Yet, the mechanism of this vulnerability is not well known. The purpose of this study was to investigate mediating effect of coping strategies on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas in domain of disconnection and rejection and mental quality of life.Methods and Materials: The present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population was consisting of males and females who were 20 to 35 years old and they were residents of Isfahan in year 1390. 245 people were selected as the sample by availability method of sampling. They completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation (CISS) and WHOQOL-BREF Quality of life Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using path analysis with SPSS 18 and LISREL 8.5. The path analysis indicated that emotion-focused strategy is the mediator between emotional deprivation schema and mental quality of life (direct effect = -0.11, indirect effect = -0.07, P< 0.05) and between abandonment schema and mental quality of life (direct effect = -0.09, indirect effect = -0.04, P< 0.05) Coping strategies are mediator in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and mental quality of life. Therefore, modification of coping strategies can improve mental quality of life in people who have early maladaptive schemas.

Aim and The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of Multiple Sclerosis Self-Efficacy Scale (MSSS) in a sample population of Iranian patients.Methods and Materials: This research is a descriptive-correlational study with a population of patients afflicted with MS from North Khorasan and Hamedan provinces. A number of 120 patients, who had referred to the North Khorasan and Hamadan MS Associations at an interval of two months, were chosen as the sample population and completed the Multiple Sclerosis Self-Efficacy Scale (MSSS) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress scale (DASS-21). The data collected was analyzed through factor analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha, Guttmann Split half Quotient and Pearson Correlation, in SPSS17. The analysis of the main factors with a Promax rotation and a variance of 71/11 supported 3 factors of the main four ones. The negative correlation pattern in the Multiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy dimensions with the sub-scales of Depression and Anxiety at DASS Scale was indicative of divergence validity. Finally, the Cronbach’s Alpha with a range of 0.78-0.90 for the Multiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy dimensions and the 0.86 quotient for the entire scale indicated the positive reliability of the scale. TheMultiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy Scale (MSSS) enjoyed an appropriate reliability and validity in Iranian patients.

Aim and Recently, “Third wave” behavioral and cognitive interventions have received extensive attention between researchers.To evaluation of the efficacy of one of these treatments, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), This Study compares this treatment with Cognitive - Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD).Methods and Materials: In this study a quasi- experimental design with pre - posttest was used. Implementation of this study was from February 2011 to October 2012 in the Parse`s center of Psychiatry and Psychology.The experimental groups were Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (n =13) and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (n =13). Both groups received 10 two-hour treatment sessions once a week. In control group 12 patients participated (wait list). In order to assess the severity of OCD, psychological flexibility and depression, Yale Brown Obsessive- compulsive scale (YBOCS), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used. Data were analyzed using Multiple Analysis of Covariance in SPSS. Comparison of the treatment groups suggested that there was significant difference between ACT and wait list groups in all scales and this difference maintains in follow up (P=0.01). In addition, comparison of CBT group with wait list in posttest indicates that there was signifficant difference between two groups, except of psychological flexibility variabele, and these results maintain in follow up too (P=0.01). In post test, two groups show significant difference only in Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (P= 0.05) not in reduction of OCD symptoms and depression. ACT was more effective in increase of psychological flexibility and this superiority maintains in follow up (P= 0.01). Based on the results of this study, both Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, made significant changes in OCD symptoms. So, current study provides an empirical support for Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in treatment of OCD.

Aim and Family and structure family are necessary for family members in order to create and mental health and stability of society. so values and religion are effective in structure family. This study aimed to investigating the relationship between marital values and religion orientation with family structure in married individuals.Methods and Materials: The participants were 403 individuals (female 205, male 198) from Babol city. A correlational method was employed and the following tools were used: delkhamoush marital value scale, Alport religious orientation and the Olson family structure For data analysis, stepwise regression analysis was used Results of statistical analyses showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between scores on the dimensions of marital values and family structure so that subscales of the marital values such as "hierarchy"(P<0.001) "affective autonomy" (P<0.001) and was a significant and positive correlation "egalitarianism"(P<0.001),"embeddedness"(P<0.001), with cohesion structure and there was a significant and positive correlation between " affective autonomy "(P<0.001), "intelctual autonomy"(P<0.001) and was a significant and positive correlation "egalitarianism"(P<0.001), with felexibility structure.accounted for the largest amount of variance in predicting internal religious orientation (P<0.01), external religious orientation (P<0.001) significantly predicted cohesion and flexibility structure. It is concluded that marital value and religion orientation, as two psychological constructs, can play a significant role in creating family structure.

Aim and Primary maladaptive schemas are main pattern of many personality disorders, comparison of primary maladaptive schemas can prepare a strong credit for schematherapy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the dominant schemas and comparison of early maladaptive schemas in avoidant personality disorders patients and normal individuals.Methods and Materials: In this cross sectional study, 90 avoidant personality disorders patients & normal individuals have been chosen (45 in each group). Collecting information tool was the short form of the Young Schema Questionnaire and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. After collecting information, data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance Our findings indicated that there was a significant difference between early maladaptive schemas in avoidant personality disorders patients and normal individuals. Also, The avoidant personality disorders group had significantly higher scores on most maladaptive schemas with the Disconnection and Rejection, Impaired Autonomy, Impaired Limits, Over-Vigilance (P<0.001) and Other- Directedness (P=0.007) as compared to the control group. This study showed that the early maladaptive schemas are inefficient on the avoidant personality disorders patients. With the identification early maladaptive schemas before getting an avoidant personality disorder and Measurement of the schemas, can be done an appropriate intervention strategies to reduce the scheme.

Aim and The Zuckerman – Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire is an instrument measuring personality traits. It is designed according to Zuckerman’s Alternative Five Factor Personality Model (FFM). The present research aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of a version of the Zuckerman – Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire which contains 50 items.Method and Materials: The research design was descriptive correlational. The sample, including 508 individuals (308 females and 200 males), were selected and tested via stratified random sampling from among the students of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University. To analyze the factor structure of the questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis method was used and its principal components were examined. Discriminant and Concurrent validity and Test-Retest reliability, Alpha Cronbach, Split-Half and ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) were also used. Questionnaire’s Test-Retest reliability coefficient proved to be 0.79. Alpha Cronbach, Split-Half coefficient, and ICC proved to be 0.64, 0.68 and 60/0 (p<0.000) respectively. The five following factors were extracted via exploratory factor analysis with Varimax Rotation: Neuroticism – Anxiety, Sensation Seeking, Activity, Sociability and Aggression – Hostility. Concurrent Validity of the Questionnaire has been studied through correlational analysis with EPQ. The Results demonstrated a correlation between ZKPQ-50-CC and EPQ. The result of discriminant validity demonstrated that ZKPQ and its factors (except the Activity factor) could thoroughly distinguish those who obtained high mark from those who obtained low mark in N,E,P factors of Eysenck's questionnaire. The Results indicate that the Zuckerman – Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ-50-CC) enjoys desirable psychometric properties in Iranian society and can be used in psychological researches.

Aim and Conflict theory is one of the most use approaches in the field of marital discords that is widely has been used for the investigating of methods to cope with conflicts in relationships. The purpose of this study was comparing of women applying for divorce and normal women in conflict resolve tactics.Methods and Materials: In an ex post facto study 60 women who referred to the Vanak family court during the first six months in 2012 were selected by convenience sampling method and were compared with 60 normal women. Demographic information questionnaire and conflicts tactics scale were used for data collection. MANOVA test was used to compare differences between two groups. Results showed that the difference between the two groups is statistically significant, except for the subscale of physical attack so that the women applying divorce group obtained higher score in physical attack subscale of aggressor form and psychological violence subscale of both aggressor and victim form. In negotiation subscale (in both aggressor and victim form) normal group obtained higher score. Based on findings of this study successful couple use the peaceful tactics in resolution of their conflicts, whereas the unsuccessful couples resolve their conflicts adopting harsh tactics and psychological and physical violence. The results of this study highlighted the importance of resolve conflict tactics in field of marital conflict and draw the policymaker and expertise to develop interventional strategies for improve this ability in prevent of divorce.

Aim and Evidences show that both negative and positive affects play role in tendency to use substances, giving this issue, the current study was conducted in other to investigate relationships between distress tolerance, negative and positive urgency with severity of dependence and craving in people with substance dependency.Methods and Materials: The method of this research was correlation. The whole people with substance dependency were referring to Ardabil centers of addiction treatment, comprised statistical society of this research. One hundred and thirty people were selected by cluster sampling method from this society. Having conducting clinical interview, they responded to questionnaires of demographic characteristics, distress tolerance, negative and positive urgency, severity of dependence and craving. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS 18 with tests of Pearson correlation and multiple regression via inter method. The results showed that severity of substance dependency related negatively to rate of tolerance (r=-0.33; P≤0.002), absorption(r=-0.26; P≤ 0.01), and total score of distress tolerance (r=-0.25; P≤ 0.02), but positively to negative urgency (r=0.23; P≤ 0.04). Craving also correlated negatively with tolerance(r=-0.35; P≤0.001), appraisal(r=-0.30; P≤0.001), absorption (r=-0.34; P≤0.001), regulation (r=-0.23; P≤0.03), and total score of distress tolerance(r=-0.45; P≤ 0.001), but positively to positive(r=0.26; p≤ 0.03), and negative urgency(r=-0.29; P≤ 0.01). The results of regression analyses also reveled that 31 percent of variance of craving was explained with distress tolerance reversely According to results of this study and importance of craving as a central factor in addiction relapse, training the coping skills with negative affect, especially increasing coping power with distress were suggested for addicted clients along with typical therapies substance abuse and dependency.

Aim and The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of ADHD symptoms and its association with sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) among freshmen of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.Methods and Materials: The statistical population of this descriptive cross-sectional study, was all freshmen (3272 students) of Ferdowsi university of Mashhad by Census method completed the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale (BAARS). The data were analysed using Z scores, chi-square, and Pearson correlation test. The results showed that the prevalence of attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity were 192 (5.9 percent), 281 (8.6 percent), and 189 (5.8 percent), respectively. In other words, according to total scores of BAARS, 217 (6.6 percent) of all university freshmen (100 females and 117 males) suffering from ADHD. In addition, comparing to hyperactivity and impulsivity the results of correlation analysis showed that there was a higher correlation between attention deficit and sluggish cognitive tempo (r=0.73). The high prevalence of ADHD symptoms among students, showed that the necessity of prevention and treatment programs for this disorder.

Aim and The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three different feedback methods to learning of temporal-special coordination hand movement task.Methods and Materials: 30 Children (8-10 ages) according to receiving feedback (100 percent, omitted, self-control) randomly divided to three groups. This study was done in three days. In the first and second days all subjects practice 100 trails movement task. Retention tests were done in second and third days and reacquisition test was done in the third day. For acquisition and retention phases analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used. All participants in the first day improved accuracy across practice trials but in the second day did not improve their accuracy across practice trials. There was no significant difference between retention tests that showed 100 practice trials that have been done in the second day did not improve participants learning. During the retention tests 100 percent feedback group was significantly better than omitted group. One way ANOVA was used to analysis reacquisition test that showed 100 percent feedback group was significantly better than omitted group. Results from this study showed receiving more feedback can improve motor learning in children (in contrast with guidance hypothesis) and motor skill acquisition in children not occur as fast as young people.

Aim and Parenting styles are particular methods that parents use of them in nurturing of their children.The aim of this study was comparing parenting styles of mothers of pre-school children with and without intellectual disabilities. Method and Material: This is a causal-comparative research.The statistical population of this research includes the whole mothers of pre-school children with and without intellectual disabilities in Shiraz city. The sample size was 116 mothers of pre-school children (58 Mothers of Pre-school children with intellectual disabilities and 58 mothers of Pre-school children without intellectual disabilities) that were selected by purposeful sampling. Parenting styles questioner (Robinson et al., 1995) was used for measuring of parenting styles. Analysis of data using multiple analysis of variance test showed that the authoritarian and permissivesParenting styles of mothers of pre-school children with intellectual disabilities significantly are more than the mothers of pre-school children without intellectual disabilities(P<0.001). Moreover multiple analysis of variance showed that authoritativeparenting style of mothers of pre-school children without intellectual disabilitiessignificantly are more than of mothers of pre-school children with intellectual disabilities(P<0.001). According to the finding of this research, designing family training workshops for enhancing knowledge and awareness of parents about Parenting styles and effects of parenting styles on their children is necessary. Also it is suggestedauthoritativeparenting style should be taught for mothers of pre-school children with intellectual disabilities.

Aim and The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factorial structure, reliability and divergent and convergent validity of the Extended Life Orientation Test- Persian Version (ElOT-P).Methods and Materials: First, ElOT was translated to Persian language. Then by using the back-translation procedure, the gaps between the translated version and the original version were corrected. Finally, after the pilot study and modifying the defected items, the final questionnaire accompanied by the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to sample group consisting of 332 students studying in Humanities Sciences in Tabriz Payam Noor University (213 female, 119 male). In this study, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) by using Principal Component methods with Varimax Rotation was conducted on 15 items of ElOT-P. Chattel's Scree plot and Horn’s parallel analysis indicated two factor solutions. Examination of factors loadings revealed that two items have low and equal load on two factors. These items were deleted and the second Principal Component factor analysis was conducted on the remaining 13 items. The results showed clearly two factors. The first factor accounted for 25.68 percent and the second factor about 11.87 percent of the variance in the item set. Like the original questionnaire, these factors were called pessimism and optimism, according to the items contents. The reliability of the ELOT-P was calculated by internal consistency (alpha). Alpha coefficients for pessimism and optimism scales obtained 0.83 and 0.71, respectively. In order to assess divergent and convergent validity, correlation between scores of pessimism and optimism scales with various measures of psychological well-being (life satisfaction and depressive symptoms) was calculated. The Results showed that there is positive and meaningful correlation between pessimism with depression, and optimism with Life Satisfaction. Also the relationship between pessimism with optimism and depression with Life Satisfaction were negative and meaningful. The results of alpha correlations and also correlation coefficients show that reliability and validity of scales are in acceptable level. The Extended Life Orientation Test-Persian Version (ElOT-P) has appropriate psychometric properties for utilizing in psychological research and counseling situations.

Aim and The purpose of the present study was to examination of the religious orientation and burden of family as predictors of treatment permanence of addiction.Methods and Materials: This descriptive, analytic cross sectional study was conducted on one hundred Self-introduced Addicts who reoffered to Isfahan centers of addiction treatment during 2012-2013 were selected using simple sampling. The clinical and demographic characteristics information, George´s religious orientation of addict questionnaire and Zarit Burden questionnaire. All analyses were performed with descriptive and analytic statistical (multiples regression and Pearson coefficients correlation) methods in SPSS for Windows 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Based on study findings there was a statistically significant relationship between the religious orientation and burden of family with treatment permanence of addiction (p<0.001). Hence, burden of family is a negative predictor of permanence of addiction and predicts 10 percent of permanence of addiction variance. Also religious orientation is a positive predictor of permanence of addiction and predicts 20 percent of permanence of addiction variance. Since religious orientation and spirituality being surrounded on all affairs of life, has an important role in inhibition of the tendency of the drug, it’s suggested to focus on religious history and spiritual aspect thought medical cure process.