فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 33 (تابستان 1391)

Though policy makers and researchers are increasingly acknowledging the potential role of rural-urban relations and linkages play in alleviating inequality between rural and urban environments, still research and policy discussion surrounding the matter have been unfortunately hampered by oversimplification of these issues. The both terms “relations” and “linkages” are used frequently in the literature and in policy discussions, yet definitions are largely situational and case specific and provide little basis for a unified understanding of what constitutes these relations and linkages. The rural-urban linkages are characterized by a series of flows, like people, technology, goods, capital, natural resources, and information. In fact, the notion is that activities or interventions in one area have consequences in the other. On the other hand, creative policies can turn liabilities into resources and bridge the rural-urban divide. Yet, because of continuation of traditional relationships between urban centers and countryside, the formation of positive and reciprocal rural-urban linkages are hampered. This article tries to discover the main causes affecting this process.

Diversity of dimensions and complexity of the tourism industry, according to geographical areas, has created special areas for tourism planning and management. In areas with potential for tourism development, one must seek factors causing high tourism flows, although the development of tourism in different regions is not the overall solution to resolve all issues, but it will provide the planners with a new strategy for sustainable development and reducing privation. Necessity of dealing with the issue of urban tourism is due to urbanization and the needs facing the citizens; including: apartment living, crowded cities, urban environmental uniformity, the use of leisure time, expansion of second houses, preparation of areas around towns and villages, etc. This study is done through descriptive – analytical methodology. Data is gathered from documents and library studies, field studies. The goal is to identify potentials, capabilities, limitations, and shortcomings of urban tourism in the city of Kermanshah. SWOT strategic model is used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that despite having high capacities of tourism in the historical, cultural, and natural sections, this city suffers from the lack of infrastructure and welfare facilities, poor advertising, multiple decision makers and management problems. On the other hand, Kermanshah has the tourism potentials of employment, local investment and currency income. It should be noted that reformation of administrative institutions, promotion of advertising, greater interaction between officials and organizations associated with tourism and the people are among the important strategies for sustainable development of tourism in Kermanshah city.

ICZM with its rich background and high level of experiences has a remarkable status to solve problems and face challenges related to negative aspects of human life. Third and fourth Iranian national development plan considered ICZM as a mean to manage sustainable development for its Coastal zone. Different Iranian Coastal Zone (two in south and one in north) can not be managed and developed without paying attention to political, military and security aspects of these zones and ICZM also can play an effective role to achieve any sort of success.

Alluvial Fans are forms affected by tectonic and climatic conditions. These landforms are very sensitive to tectonic activities and usually show the effect of changes. Haji Arab Fans as a case study located in southern of Qazvin plain. The aim of this research is study effect of tectonic activities on sediment and morphometric characteristics of this fan. To achieve to this object, initially of IRS satellite images (2008), and aerial photos in scales of 1:55000 (1995), 1:20000(1967), 1:40000(2000), are used. In addition, digital topographic maps and geological maps in scale of 1:100000 are used as main tools. Also, through field works, the impact of these activities on the morphometric characteristics of alluvial fan, such as shape, size and location of the deposited sediments, as well as changes in the transverse and longitudinal sections were examined. In addition, the longitudinal and width profiles take for distinguish of the role of tectonic activities in the terraces and sections and was used as a part of the alluvial fans. The result show that the major tectonic activities in the region originate from Eipak and southern Eshtehard faults that located on the upper part of Haji Arab alluvial fan. Finally the main part of morphometric and sedimentology characteristic of fan is effected by tectonic movement of Eipak fault.

Landslide always as one of the environmental hazards to human activities is considered. Hence the study and understanding of the causative factors, and control any practical purpose is considered. Landslide zoning is one of the ways it can help identify critical areas and zoning maps obtained can be used in planning. In this study, target, investigate the causes of landslide events and evaluate the occurrence of this phenomenon through mathematical models and a road lie to the emamzadeh Hashem until larijan. Because of the large landslides occur in this area, the lands, residential areas and communication routes, such losses can be entered. Therefore, the aim of identifying the causative factors and landslide zoning resonator and finally through a model has been. To achieve this goal, first and most important factors affecting the slip phenomena such as slope, aspect, lithology, fault distance from the road, and inherited land. Have been studied and have been in digital ILWIS software. Then, using aerial photos and field visits, and GPS all existing landslides in the basin have been identified on the map. The landslide area and percentage in different classes and determine the model parameters obtained LNRF as little weight factors of maps has been prepared based on weighted values. Finally, the weight of the maps made in the model based on the weight of cumulative chart data breakpoints, the final zoning map landslide is obtained.

Today obtaining a sustainable agricultural system is one of important policies of agriculture of countries. Therefore, the objective of current study is evaluation agricultural Sustainability in village regions of Azna township and identification of effective factors on them. The study method in this study is survey which is obtained by collecting statistics and information through field methods. The statistical society of this research is the rural family parents of all the Azna township villages. 264 individuals were selected using sampling Cochran formula and the required information was collected using valid questionnaires as the main data collecting device. Also the pioneering test was carried out to obtain validity coefficient of questionnaire that the assurance coefficient of Cronbach alpha was obtained higher that 0.89. The obtaining results from statistical analysis in SPSS software shows that there is meaningful difference between four villages of Azna township. Also in obtained results from multiple Regression by stepwise method, the four factors of education level, information skills, development inspiration and income from product describes about 40 percent of variable changes of stability in agriculture that in this regard the national programs of educating, enforcing educational programs in quantity and quality terms, constancy of low interest and short term loan paying and insured price setting relative to production costs in order to stabilize agricultural activities in the region, constitute the comments that are provided based on research results.

This research conducted in order to providing appropriate context for Regional development planning in regard with assessing agricultural mechanization level in Kermanshah province's townships in Iran. To this end we employed 12 indicators for measuring mechanization level, 7 agricultural infrastructure and 8 institutional indicators in correlation with mechanization. After releasing indicators from various scales and weighting to them on the basis of factor analysis method the final mixed indicator was determined. The results clarify that coefficient of variation for fertilizer distributor users to all farmers (0.973) indicate high disparity between the townships. Vice versa, this coefficient for tractor users to all farmers (0.309) indicates low disparity between the townships. According to mixed indicator of mechanization, Kermanshah and Sarpole- Zahab townships placed first and second in the ranking and Pave and Salas & Babajani townships acquired twelve and eleventh position in respect of mechanization development. Furthermore Pearson correlation approved positive and significant relation between agricultural infrastructure and institutional indicators with mechanization development.

Between Thalesh mountain knick and Caspian sea and also, elevation limit – 28/8 – 60 meters in accordance with Kargunrud river estuary there is narrow coastal strip, whose formation and evolution is in direct connection with movement of Astara fault and attenuation of south Caspian depression on the one hand and the accumulation of alluviums of Kargunrud river on the other during the late Quaternary namely Holocene. Kargunrud Delta is the largest and most comprehensive existing delta in the scope between the city of Astara and Asalem.The Extent of this delta and its progress in Caspian sea represents the vastness of the basin providing many of the deposits as well as its high volume of material eroded and transported by the Kargunrud river during the late quaternary. Evolution of this delta as one of subsystems Coastal geomorphic of the Caspian sea has been in relation with tectonic and climatic change. Thus in the interglacial period which had coincided with the regression of Caspian sea the delta of the river Flow was the dominant type of process and has quickly spread, but during glacial periods which has been followed by changing trends and significant increases in sea levels change geomorphologically as delta with dominant performance of the waves.

The goal of this survey is to study the possible deviance of temperature from its normal condition in Azerbaijan gharbi. Therefore at firs mean temporal series of minimum temperature of selected synoptic meteorology stations of the area during (1961–2005) were collected and adjusted. Statistical defects of some series were resolved by doubled mass method. In order to examination and recognition of series temporal changes, the T statistic of Kendal test and statistical-graphical method of man-kendall were used and time and type of data changes was determined. According to examination of graphical diagrams, changes in U and U' components of average minimum temperature and precipitation of the area in recent half century have undergone some changes. These changes are the kind of short term climatic fluctuations and trend that is apparently evident in most of the temporal series, particularly from 1990s particularly during 2000-2005.

Geographical values and factors are quantified opportunities and characteristics that are desirable to political actors. These political actors can be individuals or groups or nations, located either in teams or in games. In the context of nations, the overall values and geographical factors that are of geopolitical interest depend on, locations and geographic space characters, spatial patterns, people, governing systems, culture. Their contributions to the political utility attract attention to the actors. Iraq and Iran in the Middle East have geostrategic position and due to certain conditions have been considered important by the world powers. Geographic factors and values of these two countries are important but not identical. In Iran there is a lot better than Iraq in this field. This paper studies situations and geopolitical factors and values of the two countries, Iran and Iraq in this field. The study was descriptive and analytical methods to reach the conclusion that these conditions are very favorable towards Iran than Iraq.

One of the important considerations for urban planners is recognizing the quality of life thorough the scale of urban neighborhoods. Today, disparities in living standards, including housing quality, the situation of access to the daily needs, environmental pollution, safety and security etcetera make planners and social peacemaker on it that provide a choice. Following these issues brought the new concepts in urban planning literature as sustainable development and quality of life.The aim of this paper is study the quality of life indicators from the perspective of subjective quality of life in the city of Babolsar. These studies will help planners to turn balanced the spatial distribution of living standards in urban areas. Method of This paper is descriptive-analysis and its main axis is based on qualitative research. To measure quality of life in neighborhoods of Babolsar city is used questionnaire method. Data obtained in the form of a questionnaire distributed has been analyzed with use of SPSS software. To achieve the degree of difference in quality of life in Babolsar city neighborhoods was used ANOVA, Tukey HSD and T-test.The results suggest that disparities between various neighborhoods levels of quality of life in the city of Babolsar is very high. This inequality is in access variables, urban facilities, daily needs, participation, leisure, housing, communications and security. But the greatest difference is in the index of accessibility. Yet in terms of security indicator, except two Hema-abad and Shahrak-e-daneshga neighborhoods, other areas are in the same conditions and with equal security. On the other hand the Shahrak-e-saheli, Shahrak-e-daneshga, Hemat-Abad, Yurmahale, Ghazi mahale and Kati-ben neighborhoods has better situation in terms of the studied indicators in comparison with Javadiyeh, Kazem Abad, Bibi-Sar-rozeh and Sadat-mahale neighborhoods.