فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 37 (تابستان 1392)

The great theme of our time is global change, covering both climate and environmental changes. Of course, climate is one of the main triggers of environmental changes, but it is not the only or most important one. As the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) conclude, “since the start of the industrial era (about 1750),...the human impact on climate greatly exceeds that due to known changes in natural processes …” It is against this background that the term “Anthropocene” has to be seen. The anthropocene is considered to mark the beginning of a new geological era because of the overwhelming influences of human impacts. So, Down to Earth is a more than appropriate reminder to the international geographical community to (re)consider geography’s potentials, strengths and weaknesses and its tradition as a bridge-builder between nature and society and their mutual interactions and dependencies; It is a challenge, a task and a unique chance to (re)establish geography as a serious and engaged discipline at the crossroads of nature and society.

Geographical Dichotomies give rise to separatism and specialism tending towards detachment from main body of knowledge and science. Thus it leads to the collapse of this field of study; thence, the creation of fragmented geography. So this paper attempts to express and explain the entity and subject matter of geography concerning such a very important category as dıchotic physical geography and human geography, synthetic geography and specialistic geography, systematic geography and regional geography. This is an Explanation that unites all dichotomies within the unifying core of integrated geography while emphasizing the specific stance of each within the extensive scientific discipline of geography. The aforementioned model has the potentiality to represent the branches & specialism contracted within the core of integrated geography and to initiate a bilateral reaction among internal branches of that discipline, meanwhile it has the capability to interact with the aims of extrinsic disciplinary & interdisciplinary linkages.

With population growth and urban expansion, increased responsibilities are assigned to municipal governments to manage goverance more efficiently and provide better services to citizens. Earlier, the "city" was divided into several regions. However, now-a-days, the municipal division lets to dividing the city into smaller units for proper management, the recent cities subdivision is based on such a planning. Three factors have important role in this, they are "city", "citizen" and "urban management" based factors. Urban divisions resulting from the interaction of these triple factors led to sustainable city in this area and the city under the unified management In this regard, the administrative classification of cities are known as an important tool in urban planning, especially in large cities. The purpose of this article explains the role of political divisions - Administrative City in the city of Tehran has been integrated management.

Iranian Islamic Revolution is one of the biggest social upheavals of 20th century. It not only drastically changed the Iranian political and social landscape, but had many repercussions in the region and in the world. It influenced and motivated Muslims and specially Shiites everywhere in the region. Pakistani Shiites, particularly, were hugely impressed, as could be expected due to the fact that the two countries are neighbors and the two Shiite populations are inheritors of the same socio-cultural and religious legacy. Here we have used analytical- descriptive method to gauge this influence and to explain it on the basis of Diffusion theory. Our investigation shows that the influence has been shaped by particulars of the origin (Iran) and of the destination (Pakistan) and by the fact that the two countries are neighbors; and that is why there has been a contagious Diffusion involved. Iranian Islamic Revolution has always been a source of both opportunities and challenges for Pakistani Shiites. Iranian Islamic Revolution revived the socio-political existence of Pakistani Shiites and organized them round a core motif. It gave them a religious identity and strengthened their quest for a better stance within Pakistani society, and it motivated them to establish political parties and express their political demands.

This article utilizes qualitative and context analysis method, to show that urban development projects are prepared in accordance with positivistic methodology. Traditional pattern in preparation of this methodology is comprehensive model. Its model, in this methodology is linear, starting from recognition and ends with plan presentation. In this pathern the physical and functional condition of the land is recommended completely and definitelay in the form of maps. Plans which are prepared by this method are not mostly achieved, therefore, necessary studies should be conducted to identify the damages of this methodology and make the necessary changes to fix these damages in order to reach the the urban development plans. This paper reviews the preparation of urban development project methodology and explain the ways of preporation of these plans in order to increase fulfillment and reduce the problems of citizens as well as City management. Recent approach is the combination of known and offered approaches, which are based on the exact planning of urban streets, certain place of green spaces and ertain educational uses with neighborhood functions, zoning of other applications, specifically with beyond neighborhood uses, and preparation of topical and thematical projects for special contexts, as well as subjects that requires comprehensive look.

Earthquake is a calamity out of mankind’s control and despite uninterrupted struggles no mean has been discovered for predicting temblors so far. However, the human being is able to control the various dimensions of crises caused by earthquakes. The urban system structure in the Iran’s geographical condition along with demographic patterns of establishment as well as the building technical indexes show how susceptible are the social and economic structure against the natural calamities, particularly earthquakes, as 3% of quake casualties of the world belong to Iran where is placed in the 13th rank of the world. This study intends to analyze the efficiency of extension of the earthquake insurance coverage to reconstruction of Tehran after temblors. A descriptive-survey research was used and documentary studies method as well as the author’s questionnaires were used to achieve the necessary data. The results indicate that the main crisis in the earthquake-prone zones of Iran, particularly the susceptible zones like Tehran, either public or private structures are unable to compensate the damages caused by temblors, hence extension of the earthquake insurance coverage would be very helpful in mitigating the financial burden of government and attracting participation of the private sector, decreasing life and material damages and controlling the negative consequences of crises.

Tourism development, especially in less developed countries, is an effective factor in rooting out poverty and it causes income increase for all people, unemployment decrease, economic boom and consequently, improvement of people’s life quality and increase of social welfare. Tourism is considered as the largest creator of employment and wealth all over the world and as an economic motor for developed and underdeveloped nations. With respect to having special potentials for tourism development in many domains including ecotouristic, Historic and cultural ones, Shiraz city could play a significant role in economic, social and cultural fields regarding its geographical location. So, the present article aims at tourism planning of Shiraz City with emphasis on IT. Results of SWOT Analysis suggest that total of 24 strengths and weaknesses as positive points and total of 29 opportunities and threats as negative points are identified and examined in the face of IT development of Shiraz’s tourism. Thus, it could be said that the region under study has many weaknesses and vulnerabilities. For solving these, there is a need for a comprehensive and rational planning based on strengths and opportunities.

Translocal flows of capital play an important role in rural economy. They include the flow of people, agricultural products, capital, and information that exist between rural and urban areas. The severity and extent of these flows vary across geographical areas. In this regard, the environmental capacities of the geographical regions are highly important in attracting and expanding capital flows. According to Takoli (1998), these flows have a prominent role in the transformation of rural economy through stabilization and economic diversification of rural settlements. The translocal flow of capital from urban to rural areas can help expand the industrial and services sectors. Moreover, they can affect other spatial flows. Thus, the efficient utilization of these flows will bring in benefits for rural households. The capital flow is formed based on different mechanisms including: regional economy, market functions, urban services and the urban actors. The case studies of Ehlers reveal that factors such as the property relations and owners’ residence in the city will provoke the one-way flow of capital from rural to urban areas, leading to the transfer of the wealth to the cities and thus the impoverishment of the rural areas. The unbalanced distribution of the rural and urban households will encourage migration to the cities, creating a regional imbalance.

Producing true statistics and real information is the most important mind obsession of the managers and programmers. There are several methods for producing this type of statistics and information, such as the traditional methods like ground survey and advanced ones like remote sensing and air photo technology. In advanced methods the remote sensing technology enjoys special importance due to some reasons, to the extent that with the development of this technology a revolution has been made in producing statistics and spatial data and also a new horizon has been opened to managers and programmers. In this paper the capabilities of remote sensing technology and GIS in providing the related statistics and data in Hamadan province has been evaluated. Because of the system of land use, the situation and size of crop land, soil properties, complexity and quality of crops in the province and also due to the characteristics and qualities of remotely sense data, the optimum use of the remote sensing technology in our country and the study area is not clear The results derived from this study show that the remote sensing technology makes good crop mapping but this technology fails to offer favorable result in the amount of yield estimation

Troposphere ozone is a secondary combination and one of the primary components of the cybernetics climate system. This combination also have regular changes of daily, monthly and yearly to control and prevent entry the ultraviolet radiations (UV-A & UV-B rays) that to reach the troposphere. However, Climate control the troposphere ozone cycle through positive and negative feedback cleverly. Troposphere ozone cycle mutually help to maintain Dynamic continuity in climate. The cognitive research is done relying on statistical analysis of long-term data of tropospheric ozone in the Tehran. Results show that people with increasing of the required elements for tropospheric ozone has caused be out of order the natural cycle this useful material. Thus, during a positive synergy increased ozone concentrations greatly. In such Condition, troposphere ozone is called the pollutant. Increasing of Tropospheric ozone in recent years has created a protective layer on the surface of Tehran. During this process, UV index declined. Reduce incoming solar ultraviolet radiation Against Increasing of tropospheric ozone, climate control mechanism is to return behavior of the ozone to normal condition. The result of this negative feedback has been the downward trend in the frequency of peak ozone and bad ozone, as well annual average decline during 2008 to.

Troposphere ozone is a secondary combination and one of the primary components of the cybernetics climate system. This combination also have regular changes of daily, monthly and yearly to control and prevent entry the ultraviolet radiations (UV-A & UV-B rays) that to reach the troposphere. However, Climate control the troposphere ozone cycle through positive and negative feedback cleverly. Troposphere ozone cycle mutually help to maintain Dynamic continuity in climate. The cognitive research is done relying on statistical analysis of long-term data of tropospheric ozone in the Tehran. Results show that people with increasing of the required elements for tropospheric ozone has caused be out of order the natural cycle this useful material. Thus, during a positive synergy increased ozone concentrations greatly. In such Condition, troposphere ozone is called the pollutant. Increasing of Tropospheric ozone in recent years has created a protective layer on the surface of Tehran. During this process, UV index declined. Reduce incoming solar ultraviolet radiation Against Increasing of tropospheric ozone, climate control mechanism is to return behavior of the ozone to normal condition. The result of this negative feedback has been the downward trend in the frequency of peak ozone and bad ozone, as well annual average decline during 2008 to. Keywords: Troposphere Ozone Cycle, Cybernetic Climate System, Dynamic Continuity, Radiation, Ultraviolet Radiation. Analyzing The Role Of People In The Process Of Skeletal Reconstruction Due To Natural Disasters (Case Study: Bam City)A. Hajinejad, A. Asgary, S. Mohammadi and M. RamezanzadehEarthquake is one of the most common types of natural hazards. From past to now, it has entered the most hurt on human population. January 2004 earthquake in Bam, Kerman province, was the very damaging earthquake which had a lot of damages in terms of human casualties and physical damage severity. Due to the importance of damaged people, one of the most points in the reconstruction of damaged area was this point: how much the reconstruction process has matched with the people of compliance and the participation of people as an effective component has been used in the reconstruction process and its results in better productivity. The main point of this research is the analysis of people participation in reconstruction process and the relationship between people participation in this process with the uses of improvement skeletal choices such as: settlement, pedestrian crossing, public services and the rebuilding of Bam city. The research method is descriptive – analysis and data process collection is included (observation, interview and questionnaire). In order to analysis the variables, SPSS software and correlation test and parametric T test has been used.

The Earth (ارض) in the view of the great mystic philosopher Ibn- Arabi carries a potentiality of Ganzheit, a German term introduced by Ritter adopted both in a small region as well in a whole continent. Ibn Arabi establishes his metaphysical theory of Earth as adherent with Ganzheit to which the Earth is taken as an ontological path to a variety of transcendental Names of God. The aim of this article is to enclose another possibility of the concept: the theoretical foundation about the Earth. The globalization processes, lead to unprecedented discourses on the future of the Earth, in which new subject realms of physical and metaphysical sciences, including geography, and even theological endeavors become further disclosed gradually becoming more adjacent.

Iraq is the country formed by various tribal-religious groups among which are Kurds and Shiites that have deep-seated cultural, tribal, religious, and historic similarities with Iran. Now the question is how the tribal-religious gaps in Iraq might influence the national security of Islamic Republic of Iran? What are the opportunities and threats of Iran in Iraq’s tribal-religious geopolitics extent? According to the research, the heterogeneous society combination-existence of various population groups which are potentially crisis-rising- as the factor of geopolitical transitive has the most influence on political, security, military, and economic dimensions of Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, Iran, by close observation of the international mutation and political, security, economic, social and cultural changes of Iraq and its relations with America and neighboring countries, should tighten its relations with Iraq’s Shiites and minority Kurds which can help to gain more convergence in Iran-Iraq cooperation and create the grounds for convergent economic, political and military cooperation between two countries that seems to be expanding through true realization of the current geopolitical realities. At the end, there has been proposed some suggestions to reduce the pellicle dangers and threats of Iraq’s tribal-religious problems affecting Iran’s interests and national security.

The purpose of this study examines changes in temperature and precipitation trends in the annual scale and placed in northwestern Iran. How to use this process, the presence or absence of climate change to be determined. Therefore two methods of parametric regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients and nonparametric methods I used Kendall and Spearman coefficients. Using Arc GIS software to examine changes had occurred in the paid, and Minitab software using time series method changes the process by 2020 we predict.

Urban furniture as the most ingredients urban environment contribution at citizens of utilitiy space. Standardization urban furniture these elements lead to increased efficiency,user satisfaction is to promote greater stability and urban furniture.Non – standard visual chaos of the urban furniture creating discontent among the users. In this paper using GIS, SPSS navigation and field datd collection through guestionnaires distributed among users furniture the guality and guantity of these elements have been. According to studies many weaknesses in planning of these elements are found in alimited are including: non – exponential fit properly elements urban furnitureexcessive accumulation of furniture environmental perturbation caused by the un balanced distribution of ingredients and…. The results show that based on field studies in the form of a series of resident satisfaction questionnaire can be said about the low level rang furniture.