فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 48 (بهار 1395)

Sending crops from rural areas to urban markets play a key role in increasing the scale of rural- urban linkages. Dezful, through the provision of marketing facilities and other infrastructure needed to transport product to market, causing connectivity rural areas to local, national and even international markets. The base on the villagers benefiting index of economic, social and political services at the rural area, the results showed that an increasing in revenue from delivering crops to urban markets is not effective not only on spot services, but also in the first and second grade. In a simple word, the average of rural incomes, is not related with benefit atall three levels of service that villager use of and about difference between villages this average do not be an increasing factor on increasing services This parameter of income of transfer the crops from rural area does not affect the positive linkage between village with urban area in the field of benefit of social and welfare services.

This project studies the relationship of rainfall with a thickness of the lower layer of the troposphere. Area between latitude 32.5 and 37 ıN in the Zagros Mountains in the central west of Iran was studied. Study of the long term period of rainfall elucidated seven synoptic stations of the central west of Iran. Two years of High rainfall and low rainfall and pervasive rainfall days of lower (up to 5 mm), medium (5 to 10 mm) and higher (more than 10 mm) for above months were selected from those years. Anomaly investigation on the average thickness of the atmosphere in Iran during this period to the long-term 66-yearold indicated that the annual average thickness has been more about 1.5 meters in the central west region in Iran. So the layer thickness (850-1000), temperature and specific humidity at the lower layer of the troposphere thickness in selected rainfall days in the central west region, it was shown that there was a thickness reduction at the rainfall day in 11 cases, thickness increment in 7 cases and no changes in 2 cases which remains constant. The amount of atmospheric thickness changes in the lower layer of the troposphere has not followed any specific trend and its changes and amount varied in different months. Also, the correlation of rainfall with the atmosphere thickness in the lower layer of troposphere in different seasons has not followed any specific trend and other conditions would be examined.

Some criminals are attracting and involving in violent crimes whose consequences will make a lot of problems not only for themselves and their victims but also for the whole society. Unsafe feeling is one of the main consequences of such situations. The present paper aims to investigate the financial crime in Kermanshah city through a socio-spatial look, by which an interdisciplinary approach comprising sociology and geography is applied.Required data for the present study were obtained from the Research Centre of Police headquarter and Governor of Kermanshah. To review the datamethods of “Correlation Analysis and Spatial statistics analysis” is applied. Two basic methods were also applied for data analysis: for description andexplanation of variables we have applied SPSS software, and to recognize spatial patterns of the studied crime Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is used. To measure the levels of development and fruition of quarters, we have applied the methods of numerical Taxonomy and Morris using Microsoft Excel. Different levels of available facilities and services at different quarters are effective in materialization of social inequalities between them and their residents. Emerging of crime types and their percentages are also different at different spaces. In other words, the nature of space is an effective factor in crime creation. Social inequalities are also impacting the contexts for crimes, although their appearances are different at different quarters of Kermanshah city.

The term “application” refers to the introduction of concepts, methods, andtools from one scientific field within a new discipline, with an operational program that delivers benefits to rural and urban communities. In physical geography, application involves the use of methods and research results for evaluating and finding solutions to challenges facing land use, natural resource management plans and the environment. Physical geography eventually seeks to promote life and enhance the well-being of communities. For more than three decades, physical geography has remained a field shrouded in mystery due to the challenges applying its theoretical concepts present. For instance the advantage of dating eroded bedrock surfaces doesnot seem evident to many in the first place. Despite its early unfavorable reception, natural geography, has become recently the subject of much academic inquiries in all branches of Earth Sciences. The mutual interaction of humans and the environment in the context of global change has provedto be the primary source of threat to our physical environment. (Rougeni, 1991) Recent studies have brought to light the pervasive impact of human intervention on the ecology. Along human’s intervention, a permanent cause of damage is climate variability, particularly during the fourth or quaternary period. (Taylor, 1993) As John Tricart, the renowned geomorphology expert indicates, there is no such thing as applied geomorphology and basic geomorphology (Tricart, 1998), and this alsoapplies to all sciences. By and large, by moving beyond the descriptive tradition, chiefly detached from its natural milieu, geography has adopted a critical role, striving to address disharmony and imbalance trough effective techniques and breakthrough research.

With the increasing rural migration to alternative activity whilesupplementation is essential for agriculture in rural areas to develop sustainable rural villagers benefit comes from sustainable livelihoods thathave qualify of life and people satisfaction. Tourism in rural areas as ruraldevelopment and the ability to revitalize villagers and with analysis in the rural eco-museum of Baloghloo (Nobaran_Saveh) process of environmentally sustainable by the components of the villagers to preserve the environment and prevent from domestic waste water passages , environmental protection and wildlife. This article attempts to the calibration method and SWOT analytical model to study environmentally sustainable Baloghloo Eco-museum villagers. The findings suggest that increasing social awareness, participation and empowerment of rural villagers can restore the Baloghloo eco-museum in environmentally sustainable process to be effective and ultimately sustainable rural development.

Farming system has long been an important and significant role in the agricultural development and always was one of the fundamental issues of Iran agriculture in the use of oil and soil resources. This study aims is to investigate contextual variables (age, family members and literacy status of householder) on how to choose the method of rice cultivation in the city of Rasht.In order to collect the required data, the survey method is used (by questionnaire from 400 rural household) which is selected by cluster method. As well as to analyze the findings and to obtain the final version of research in main hypothesis, Pearson intersection table model (

) and SPSS software is used. The results show that there is a significant relationship between the two independent variables, literacy status and age of householder with how to select the method and that older people and those with lower levels of literacy are less likely to have mechanizedcultivation, and the tendency of most people in the city of Rasht is to use traditional cultivation method. The present research in terms of purpose is applied and its method isdescriptive analytic.in other to collect data from both documentary techniques include reading books, article, theses and also survey included field visits, interview and questionnaires were used. The study population consisted of farmers living in the city of Rasht that by using Morgan table, the sample size of 400 is obtained. To analyze the results and to obtain the final version of research hypothesis, a cross table method
X2
and SPSS software are used.

Risk is defined as the willing or unwilling expose of humans and their belongings to hazard. Analysis of areas located within risk zones is a scientific measure for preparation of appropriate basic information of the level and severity of the risk event. .According to such point of subsidence hazards in the karaj-shahriar is noticeable. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique is a valuable tool in monitoring crustal deformation due to its large extensive- massive spatial coverage and high spatial resolutions. Therefore, by using interferometry of radar waves, the rate and value of the subsidence in the studied area have been extracted. Algorithm used in this study is StaMPS (the Stanford Method for PS) and SBAS method by using 24 descending ENVISAT ASAR images spanning between 2003 and 2010. The maximum rate obtained from this method is 136 mm/year.

Spatial distribution of drought indices and most importantly, its modeling accuracy, are considered an important topic to obtain reliable results in the spatial analysis of these indicators. Management’s approaches against drought are not only requires quantity information about drought but also knowing the likelihood and risk of occurrence of this phenomenon can help in managing the appropriate measures. In this study, the rainfall data of 27 climatic stations in Boushehr province for period of 19 years (1995-2013) were used for calculation the SPI index. According to the initial assessment, the 1999-2000 was known as the most arid year and the spatially variability of SPI index was evaluated only in this year. In this research, several geostatistical methods including Ordinary kriging, Inverse Distance Weighted and PSS were assessed for the derivation of maps of drought indices at 27 climatic stations in the Boushehr province of Iran. The results indicated that IDW method with the power of two is more appropriate for spatial analysis of SPI index and Ordinary Kriging method is more appropriate for spatial analysis of EDI index. Several geostatistical methods including Ordinary kriging, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and TPSS were used to assess the spatial analysis of SPI index, mapping the seasonal and annual drought index. The results indicated that IDW method with the power of two is more appropriate for spatial analysis of SPI index.

Khuzestan province combination of humidity and temperature creates a sultry climate in these areas which requires comprehensive studies on sultry restrictive conditions according to the high concentration of population. Inorder to achieve this goal Khuzestan province was studied and temperature and relative humidity data in 10 synoptic stations in the province during the period 1999-2013 with different spatial locations was collected from the Meteorological Agency and examined, the sultry days index for each station was studied and trend of sultry phenomenon was investigated using Mann Kendall test. After analyzing the sultry days in synoptic stations sultry zoning map was prepared. The zoning was classified to three categories; Low sultry days that includes Dezful and Izeh stations , Moderate sultry days containing Behbahan, Ramhormoz and Shushtar stations and High sultry days including Mahshahr, Abadan, Ahvaz and Bostan stations with the most number of sultry days. The results showed that the distribution of sultry days in Khuzestan province is because of the height, differences in temperature, humidity and proximity to the shoreline and the maximum sultry period happens in the summer.

In this paper Family governance theory and panel data on the effects of social capital on Production -driven generalized trust in the Iran Economy have paid during the period 1375-1386.. In this study, it is examined whether the Trust as spiritual but can enter the production function production function of the economy or not? In this paper, we have tried tointroduce public trust and scientific literature and the findings of our review . The index family also tried to investigate the theory of sovereignty as the key representative of social capital (generalized trust) introduce . In this study, the share of value added in the economy and the institutional structure of the economy was examined by institutional sector. The results of econometric techniques in this study showed confirm the hypothesis of a significant positive relationship between the variables of trust and production.

Public urban space is a dish containing traffic, social movements, daily routine activities and social scenes where collaborative actions like resting, social interactions, and news inquiry and delivery happens and a public life is shaped. Citizens live most of their lives in public urban spaces. Therefore, analysis of the influence of this environment on the various aspects of their lives is of paramount importance. This study is conducted to investigate and evaluate the quality of the health of urban spaces, specifically the sidewalks, based on five main criteria of physical, social, mental, environmental and spiritual health and 22 more sub-critera,utilizing an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology in the selected axes of Zand, Molla Sadra and Jomhouri Eslami streets which are among the important and heavily-travelled roads of the city of Shiraz. Considering the criteria under study, the results revealed that: In Zand street, spiritual health with a weight of 0.779 has obtained the highest score, while physical health with a weight of 0.075, the lowest score. In Jomhouri Eslami street, physical health with a weight of 0.685 has obtained the highest score, while spiritual health with a weight of 0.103 the lowest score. In Molla Sadra street, social health with a weight of 0.66 has obtained the highest score, while environmental health with a weight of 0.115 the lowest score. Taking all the scores into account, Molla Sadra street with a score of 0.445, Jomhouri Eslami street with a score of 0.369, and Zand street with a score of 0.326 are in the first, second and third places respectively.

Oil incomes is one the significant indices for political decision-making of governments to accomplish of political project and planning. Therefore, oil price fluctuation makes an important change in the political economy of oildepended countries. One of the most epochal changes from oil price fluctuation is commutation in physical development of cities and expanded differences in sustainable development indices. In other words, procedure of political government project and planning is affected by the oil price fluctuation. Thereupon, this paper is studied the sustainability of development indices in five metropolitans of Isfahan, Tabriz, Tehran, Shiraz and Mashhad with regarding to the Iran’s oil price fluctuation from 2013 to 2015. By using of VIKOR and Analytical Network Process (ANP) have beencompared the development indices in every five mentioned metropolitans. Results show that sustainability of development indices has stabilized rather in Tehran city from 2014 up to day. After this, Isfahan and Mashhad have experienced a rather sustainability and Shiraz has recognized as the most instable city from the perspective of the sustainability of development indices.

In recent decades, the policy of organizing distressed areas, with regards to utilization of internal capacities in developmental programming, has become a subject of scientific and practical studies while formulation of procedures and selecting the appropriate approach to modernization and reconstruction of destressed areas have been one the key stages in resuscitation of these areas. The city of Islam Shahr, as one of the satellite cities around Tehran metropole, plays an important role in attracting population overload from the capital. Islam Shahr, having various and expansive functions, have always had a prominent place amongst the urban areas of Tehran, has operated as a dominant city, and therefore has encountered with population and activity concentration. Old and distressed areas are one of the problems and perplexities of the city of Islam Shahr (formal area is estimated around 100 hectares whose rate to the whole area of the city is 0.02 percent). An important section of distressed area in the city of Islam Shahr is situated inrural core areas inside its legal borders. These core areas suffer from perplexities such as petty housing, short breath of passageways, old buildings, buildings lack of resistance, abandonments of some buildings, possibility of population and activity migration, replacement of incompatible activities, economic impuissance of residents, and poor services. These factors are accounted as the barriers to achieving the sustainable development and it is of great importance to formulate an appropriate model formodernization and reconstruction of these destressed areas. In this study, for the purpose of formulating a model and adopting a interfering approach to rural distressed areas, after understanding the existing state of affairs in case at hand and analyzing it using SWOT matrix, the position of these areas had been determined in the internal-external matrix. Out results show that the studied case, in a 9-piece matrix, is situated in a competitive state. Afterwards, a series of indicators and criteria has been evaluated using Delphi technic, in which the mass construction model has acquired the highest score.

In today's world due to the increasing importance of economic growth, this area is to strengthen the military might spend a backup to the main arena of competition between countries has become. With the emergence of new economic powers like China and India and the country's fast economic growth, the crisis has been the scarcity of energy resources than ever before. The interdependence and economic integration, followed by economic growth and energy security of the determinants of relations between the countries. China to continue its economic growth required to adopt appropriate policies to reduce vulnerability in the field of energy. Forecasts suggest that China's rapid economic growth of the country's energy resources are insufficient,and this issue concerns China's energy security future is ahead. In this regard, China to diversify its sources of imported energy, relationships with the world's most important center of energy production put on its agenda. In addition to Russia and Africa, relations with oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf area of China's new foreign policy options are considered. Persian Gulf region as an important part of the strategic energy ellipse, one of the main suppliers of energy needs more than ever to ensure economic growth of the world economy is emerging powers. Energy security from the perspective of the consumer market and purchase of oil producing countries, namely the diversification of these countries. Attract new foreign investments in the development of the energy industry, the other from the perspective of the country's energy security. So the topic of energy security can be the intersection of these countries with China as the world's new economic power. The aim of this study was to investigate China's foreign policy priorities in the strategic Persian Gulf in order to reduce the vulnerability of its energy. Also looking for examining the interaction between the economy and foreign policy and the role of trans-regional powers in view of China's relations with the countries of the Persian Gulf.

The rapid growth of urbanization in many developing countries, including Iran's planned urban land use has serious limitations. One of the challenges in this field, properly locating and municipal services such as educational centers. Training centers are one of the most important urban services; Selecting the optimum deployment of schools, require the features and proportions, how to deploy in the environment, how to use space and basic profile. In this study, the descriptive - analytically, localization and establishment of secondary schools in district 2 of Tehran is investigated. For this purpose, using consistent measurements, utility and capacity and utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS), occasion or no occasion at other schools studied in terms of urban land uses were analyzed and complete picture of the situation in schools format compatibility matrices, utility and capacity were presented. Results showed that although the schools based on the capacity and the per capita are almost at the standard level But in terms of coverage of population and in terms of compatibility and suitability criteria are not suitable.

Bojnurd city as many cities in the country from 1340 years to date, experienced comprehensive and unprecedented changes. That recognition of the nature, scope and effects is very important. About the origin, process and implications of these developments in Bojnurd, some of the studies have conducted this city in terms of space - physical exposure had experimented urban sprawl. Classical theories of urban sprawl resulting from the Western-European experience to understand that, but in terms of the conditions and processes of the country in general and in particular cities, reviews and analysis. Due to the nature of the problem and the population (the study area) and total Bojnurd, research has been conducted meta-analysis based on secondary data. The result of this is that the nature of the factors and processes involved in the transformation of Bojnurd requires the expansion of the city between the years in question is not considered urban sprawl, because the frequent increase of Bojnurd made up of 14 villages with Moreover, with regard to the nature and characteristics of the classic city sprawl in the West and Europe experience; what occurred in the spatial development of the legal limits Bojnord, cannot be nature and processes of representative urban sprawl, because nuclear accession in suburban and rural settlements residential building - office phenomenon that is planned and managed in accordance with the government policy to long-term city develop. Thus according to available facts, the situation in the context of the development and evolution can be considered normal and contingency Bojnurd.