فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 49 (تابستان 1395)

One of the main challenges of recent decades (1380-1390), in rural areas of Iran is land use change as a result of tourism activities, so that become a national challenge and has extensive consequences. Environmental effects of mentioned challenge are considered as one of the most important items. Accordingly, this article seeks to identify and analyze the environmental Effects of land use changes resulting from tourism activities in rural areas of the central district of Tonekabon. The research method is descriptive-analytic and used both objective and subjective data based on questionnaires completed by the inhabitants of the villages. Data collected by questionnaires have been processed using SPSS statistical software, and based on research objective and nature of the data; one sample t-tests and Pearson were used. The results approved the relationship between “development of tourism” and “environmental effects” of land use change in the study area, but this relationship is the reverse. Thus, tourism development led to negative environmental effects more than positive ones. As well as other results showed no significant difference between the eleven surveyed villages in relation to environmental effects.

Nowadays tourism activities are merely translated into spending time in the nature and practically no rules or targeted plans are defined for the purpose of being able to form a special type of tourism based on the available capacities in different rural areas. This flaw in planning can result in irreparable damage in sensitive and fragile environments and make the rural areas face a challenge. That being said, the aim of this paper is to study the available capacities in villages and planning for tourism, especially in agriculture sector which includes the main occupation of the local community, and correct usage of these resources will result in environmental sustainability. In this paper, the case study is, rural areas around Tirom rood (Shirood Lake) located in Tonekabon county that has various capacities related to agriculture sector and had been a center of attention of many tourists both daily and second-home. Methodology is applied in terms of goas and in terms of nature, is descriptive-analytic of elevated type. The statistical population of this study is compromised of farmers of 7 selected villages in the area of Tirom Rood central sector of Tonekabon County. The criterion for selection of the villages used an estimated method based on the knowledge of the researcher and also for selection of the research's sample population (the farmers) Cochran's method was used. Required data has beenprepared using questionnaires and results show that attachment and farmers participation components have a favorable condition and on the contrary management and planning components have an unfavorable condition.

Villages and cities are increasingly keen to share their culture and nature with visitors by the promotion of festivals. Income can be generated by such festivals. This paper considers the contribution of event tourism to sustainable local economic development. Cultural events cause ethnic solidarity and strengthening the intercultural communications. By examining Golghaltan Festival in Amirie city of Damghan, shows that more than half of the visitors satisfy, eager to revisit and recommend it to their friends. On the other hand, tourism can improve local economy. In this case, the cash flow generated by the half of the tourists and day visitors are more than the average cost of per Iranian household’s domestic travels. So, for the first step to keep loyal customers and to use event tourism as a tool for diversifying the urban economy,the event motivational factors should identify to detail marketing programs and to develop tourism facilities tailored to the needs of target market. As results of factor analysis of 37 motivational items on 287 visitors as a sample, 6 factors include Golghaltan& family, cultural exploration, socialization, local, novelty and escape were determined.

The study aimed analysis of motivation of community resident’s participation for sustainable tourism development in Dez Protected Area in Khuzestan province. The total Statistical population of the study has been the local residents of the seventeen village of protected area Dez with a population of 6764 that 352 of simple selected according to the table of Morgan and Tackman by random sampling. Data was gathered via the use of a research- made questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by theexpert and reliability was determined by Corenbach alpha between 0.80 to 0.87. Results of study showed that the most important motivation of community residents’ participation in sustainable tourism development, were An allocation of concessions to participants in environmental protection by the government, increasing leisure opportunities in the village, more government attention to the region, a sense of pride and belonging to the region, interest in sustainable tourism activities and conservation of natural resources in the region. Also, three variables of satisfaction of tourism environmental, social and economic impacts, predict a variation 44% of motivation for participation in sustainable tourism development.

Due to the different practical nature of villages compared to urban areas, they have been the point of attention of urbanites. During primary levels of rural tourism growth tourists were mostly attracted to natural attractions but in their loyalty, factors such as destination image, trust, commitment, motivation, attachment to place, perceived destination quality, and being satisfied about destination's operation, are influential. Village areas of Goleijan rural district in central areas of Tonekabon County that have special rural forms such as seaside, plain, flatland, forest and mountainous villages and also having variation in farms and gardens, pleasant weather, intact sceneries, have been tourists center of attention. Main aim of this current research is analyzing the factors influencing tourist's satisfaction and loyalty. Methodology of the research is descriptive-analytic and is applied in terms of goals. Research's required data is collected using library resources and tourists questionnaires. Statistical population of the study is compromised of the tourists who have visited the rural areas of the case study in the year 1394. Collected data is processed using SPSS software. Results show that satisfaction has the most influence on tourist's loyalty (0.613). Results also show that attachment to place with a Beta of (0.578) is the second most influential factor on tourist's level of loyalty.

Community-based tourism is one of the species Post-Fordism tourism that it is the result of attention to the stability and development of native communities in the process of attracting of tourism which has purposed in rural destinations. This kind of tourism has considered the cultural sustainability% social and environmental that is managed by the native community that one of goal is usefulness of tourism for native Communityand also to enable the visitors to increase their knowledge about life by explaining their methods. So due to these reasons the community-based tourism in the development of native communities with tourism potential% can be efficient in rural areas. And cause of these features% community-based tourism can be useful in the development and improvement of tourism in Golestan province. Because the dominant form of tourism in Golestan province is based on spatial pattern of rural tourism. Therefore% by using the strategic assessment% capabilities of the formation of community-based tourism in Golestan province was investigated in this article. The statistical population was about 80 experts and tourism professionals that a questionnaire was prepared for them and Delphi techniques were questioned. The results represent a conservative strategy (stability) in relation to the formation of community-based tourism that the factor analysis of indicators show the economic indicators priorities and after that public participation in the formation and development of community-based tourism in Golestan province.

Concern many rural research is now focused on the understanding of this issue That's essentially how rural society structures in general and tourism in particular is associated with that ruling. What is evident in some of the traditional economic concerns (inefficiency) rural community and other current quality of some villages with an idealistic view on the identity of the nation (natural and cultural museum) and want to maintain the stability of its aspects are considered. However, in recognition of the strength of the economy (tourism), and preserved rural developers participants should suffice, but it is necessary discussion led to the discourse: Namely to portray the role of discourse in dealing with rurality and tourism activities associated with it. This article is how to develop tourism in rural settlements related to the discourse of "modernization" knows and, following the example of its follow-break / link policy development authorities and local residents (government relations and public) will be at the level of the rural economy. This underlines the importance of continuing to arrive at the village in the country through a discourse of "alternative" means of modernization found and in dealing with local and regional demand is provided autonomy policies. Eventually, the forces shaping the country in a position of unilateral and unrealistic to expect the results of this rural community (economic growthand higher yields) that the current situation of the local communities (facilities and infrastructure) and outside upon approach to rural tourism are looking for an ambitious plan that has the least participation of local demand (break the loop of decision-making and local residents).

The present descriptive-analytical study which has a practical purpose attempts to explore the of cultural heritage tourism development capacity in the ancient village of Meimand in Kerman. In this study we emphasized some potential such asheritage, sociocultural, Infrastructure and institutionl. Data were collected using library and field methods. Field research includes designing questionnaire based onrelated literature and having opinion of experts in tourism and traditional architechture. Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by universitycolleagures and Chronbach’s alpha (.864) also shows a high reliability for the questionnaire. To process data SPSS software was employed and for analysis of collected data, we employed one-sample t-test, Freedman’s test, and regression, based on the nature of the data and purpose of the study. Results show that cultural heritage capacity has the most important role in tourism development in this area. Other variables such as traditional architecture and identity, attitude of the local people and infrastructures are also important variable. In addition, different variables have different contribution in tourism development in such a way that cultural heritage and infrastructures have the most and the least important parts, respectively. In this regard, it is to be stated that cultural heritage basically forms tourism in this area and other aspects as mentioned before in order, indicate degree of development and the status of this kind of tourism in the area.

Over the past few decades, tourism has become one of the most promising industries in the world and also a key driver for socio-economic development. With tourism gaining importance, it’s economic, political, environmental and socio-cultural impacts also came under the spotlight. Despite the many potential positive impacts, if not rationally planned and managed, tourism can be a significant contributor to environmental, economic and socio-cultural problems. To reduce potential negative impacts of tourism, concept of sustainable tourism has been raised. The fact is, this concept despite being widely accepted by many governments and international bodies, have yielded few examples which show them being put into practice effectively and in the context of sustainable tourism development, there is a wide gap between theory and practice. In related scientific literature, there is a mention of many factors hindering achievement of sustainable tourism development. The article argues all thementioned barriers are resulted from two main basics, first, commitment to principles of sustainability is not institutionalized in moral values of the modern society, second, ineffectiveness of traditional system of policymaking in tourism. Society's movement toward sustainability, requires culture building through formal and informal educational channelsand reorientation of contemporary educational system. On the other hand, Good Governance is being suggested as a concept which an effective policy making system could be based upon and also a practical approach for successful planning and implementation of sustainable tourism development policies.

This research aims to investigate impacts of tourism on local economy and its results in natural resource conservation by local community. The case study area includes protected area of Miankaleh and its vicinity villages. The survey analysis was employed using questioners of residents both inside and outside of the area. In order to analyze variables it used statistical method includs one sample t-test and independen sample t-test and correlation with SPSS software. The results show that tourism has entailed meaningful economic impacts to the protected area. The other result shows there is significant relationship between perceived tourism economic benefits by the local community and their advocating to protect their natural resource. Inside residents show higher dependency to tourism activities than outside communities. Additional finding shows that while there is no significant difference between the two groups of resident’s support to the protected area, but inside community shows more and higher enthusiasm to protect the area. This reaction from inside community to protect the area can be explained by higher dependency to or more positive attitude to economic impacts of tourism in the case study area.

Community-based tourism, has different positive and negative effects on local communities that host tourist. These effects include a wide range of economic, social and environmental Due to the extent that they need to be considered in tourism studies. The present study investigates the perception of village residents ChmASman (Lenjan city, Isfahan) the effects of community-based tourism. To answer these questions, and to collect views residents of the local community, questionnaire include Likert range was used. After collecting data using SPSS software, phi, Kramer and Pearson tests, was used to analyze data. The results show that resident's perceptions of tourism impacts on local communities in order to raise awareness of local residents, increase revenue, enhance quality of life, and increased cultural interaction among residents and tourists, higher than average. And resident's perceptions of tourism impacts on local communities receive the same benefit, it is undesirable.

Today tourism regarded more than an industry as a global and social phenomenon has its own complexities. Climate as environmental phenomena has an important role in tourism industry planning. On the other hand, local communities can have a significant role in recognizing climate potential of a place by using local information. In order to determine climate potentials and assess the ASHARE index, the CIT model and questionnaire field work were employed, respectively. In the study, the thermal, aesthetic, and physical climate variables were also used.Analysis of data showed that during the years 2000 to 2013 in Babolsar city the spring and autumn are shorter than summer and winter and extreme heat and cold stresses are not seen in Babolsar.Based on tourism climate index the most favorite daily condition for coastal tourism in Babolsar city is from the 14th of May to the 4th of June and from the 27th of September to the 16th of October for which the 6.5 (a slight heat stress) degree has been recorded. From the viewpoint of the local community the most favorable condition for coastal tourism to use the coast and the sea is the warm or nearly warm climate condition and the clear sky or a sky with scattered clouds.

Tourism in rural and remote areas is particularly important and is a Means for the well-being of local communities. This type of tourism if were in order to general sustainability of villages, could develop this regions. The purpose of this paper is study of Factors affecting the development of rural tourism with regarding of the general sustainability of regions and the development of local communities. The research method was descriptive - survey and interms of purpose is practical. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire. In order to analyze data in each of these villages, two types of questionnaires were distributed among locals and tourists. To obtain sample of locals and tourists, Cochran table was used. For locals, Random Sampling method and for tourists Available Sampling method was used. Validity and reliability assessment questionnaire was obtained by using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling called path analysis, One - sample T test, Pearson correlation. Results show that tourist attractions, the way of local behaving, sustainability status and tourism infrastructure have highest impact factor in the development of rural tourism in the region of Qalat. The average level of environmental sustainability and tourism infrastructure are lower than mean but the average level of attractions, the way of local behaving, economic and social sustainability are higher than the mean. There is significant inverse relationship between environmental sustainability and the rural tourism development in the region of Qalat.

Today, tourism industry is an important source of incomes and one of the Factors affecting of cultural exchanges between the countries. In this regard, the first step in the development of tourism in each region to determine available Tourist Attractions. In Iran, villages with natural resources are faced with numerous economic problems. These issues bring up the importance of attention to economic complementary strategies such as rural tourism and entrepreneurship of rural tourism. This study is formed by based on strategic planning process and offering techniques, with the main porpuse of identifying and Prioritizing of appropriate strategies of entrepreneurship of rural tourism in Jannat Rudbar’s rural district of Ramsar. For this purpose, data were collected through a survey and field studies and all strategies were developed by using the SWOT matrix. Finding showed that According to internal factors evaluation matrix (IFE=3.57) and external factors evaluation matrix (EFE=3.42), Jannat Rudbar’s Rural district of Ramsar fall in aggressiveness and rapid development’s strategic location and it should be under growth and construction strategies based on taking advantage of the strengths and opportunities. The results of the study imply that aggressivedevelopment strategy is the most appropriate of entrepreneurship of rural tourism in Jannat Rudbar’s rural district of Ramsar, and also, Were presented aggressive- development strategy in the form of Conclusions and practical suggestions by the use of a quantitative matrix of strategic planning (QSPM), that can be improve aggressive position of the entrepreneurship of rural tourism in Jannat Rudbar’s rural district of Ramsar.

Today, culinary tourism is a type of tourism that is prospering in the world. Various global experiences show that this industry plays a very important role in the welfare and promotion of life quality of host communities. Due to having various cultural potentials, different regions of Iran, possess special position in this subject. Sarvelat village in Gilan province is one of these destinations that can be cited. Therefore, this study measures the situation of culinary tourism in Sarvelat village from the perspective of stakeholders, with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of future actions. The statistical population consists of three groups including experts, tourists and residents and the researcher-made questionnaire has been used as data collection tool in this research. It is a descriptive-analytic research and Regression analysis, Entropy and ACSI model has been used for data analysis. Research findings indicate that according to the opinions of experts and residents, culinary tourism have the greatest influence on social, economic and cultural development of this village and its effects on "infrastructural", "environmental" and "governmental" aspects were minimal. The index of tourist's satisfaction from culinary tourism activities in Sarvelat was calculated as 67.16, on a scale from zero to one hundred, which most of all indicates the lack of infrastructure and services in this destination.

Based on the current importance of tourism industry in the sustainable development process and its significant effect on income distribution of countries, the impact of international tourism on inequality in OIC countries was analyzed in this study. Dynamic panel model and general method of moment estimator were applied in order to investigate the relationship between international tourism and inequality in OIC countries in the period of 2009-2013.The results confirmed the positive relationship between international tourism and income inequality improvement (Gini coefficient) and indicate that development in tourism industry leads to the reduction of income inequality in OIC countries during the period under review.

Geomorpho-tourism emphasizes on keep all the geographical character of a place and geomorpho-sites serve as earth heritage can be considered as the factor of Formation of sustainable tourism in the region via Combined with cultural, historical and ecological heritages. In this research, various branches of tourism in the Garmsar were ranked via Topsis model and road Geomorpho-tourism capabilities of Garmsar were evaluated in terms of ecological, aesthetic, cultural, economic and scientific values by prolong and finally, hypotheses were tested by using the T test and Pearson's correlation. In the first phase, via using TOPSIS, it was determined that road Geomorpho-tourism has had the highest score (0.5742) among different species of tourist in the Garmsar and in the next step, the Results of Prolong techniques, showed that geomorpho-sites can be classified in three main clusters that The first cluster (more than 6/0) contains two geomorpho-sites of salt mines and salt welt and The second cluster (0.4-0.6) contains geomorpho-sites of Desert National Park, Mount Dragon, salt plug, salt wall and salt tongue, Bone mountain and Degh Kashkouli cave and The third cluster (less than 4/0) is Jen sand desert. Also Geomorpho-sites divided in terms of value of the amount of efficiency , In terms of value of efficiency quality and In terms of the average value of efficiency.

Tourism industry as a dynamic industry, an important part of economic activities and the country's production is allocated. In the meantime, Destination branding is one of the most important issues in the field of location marketing and tourism marketing is converted. Tourism destination brand equity is the sum of assets (or liabilities) brand name and symbol tourism destination in relation to the changes in the value of the services and experiences that are provided, is determined. Given the importance of this issue, in this study to assess and prioritize tourism destinations by tourists in the province of Guilan looked at from the perspective of brand equity. The research method is descriptive - research. The study population included all tourists Guilan province using random sampling of 380 people in total and selected province through questionnaire variables such as image data, awareness, perceived quality and brand loyalty, ultimately, the destination was collected. To analyze the obtained data of all the items are weighted using the hierarchical model Fuller triangle, In the next stage Oreste ranking model based on the brand equity of of Guilan province was a tourists. The results indicate higher value tourism brand of Bandar Anzali, Fooman, Rasht and Astara and unsuitable conditions in Amlash, Rezvanshahr and Some Sara.

According to the problems of machine life in modern era and organized human needs, planning of leisure spaces has been one of the important issues for residents of metropolitans. A lot of spaces with different functions are provided for leisure time of citizens, too. The parks, Entertainment and game centers, sports centers cultural spaces like cinema, are designed especially for the purpose of leisure. In addition to these spaces, there are some spaces that have functions for leisure among the other functions. These spaces include new commercial complexes, shopping malls, and markets. Markets can fulfill the needs of residents by using of leisure dimension as well as economic dimension .therefore, this research tries to point the necessity of existence of leisure dimension in self- employment markets and assess the success of the Laleh park market by using of the views of users in these place..Research method is the based on documentary and library method in studies related to the research literature and used the field method for evaluation the views of citizens by questionnaires.Then, Kendall correlation statistic is used to analyze the results. Significant relationships has been observed between demographic factors and variables such as the ability of the self- employment market for inter-urban tourism, Satisfaction of market facilities and desire to spend time . Also, the goals and motivations of people for referring to the Laleh park market has determined .The result of research indicates that the experience of self- employment market is a successful pattern in leisure spaces planning and it can be used as a suitable alternative for the other cities by elimination of weaknesses.Therefore, this market is renowned because of its art- based nature and its traditional products that can be used as a model to be imitated in other areas. Creating these spaces requires the effort of the municipal authorities in identifying suitable locations and supporting people working in these spaces. Obviously, these Proceedings can be economic for jobseekers, women employed or self-employed person of households and young people interested in the field beside of leisure profits for people in this market.

This article examine the factors affecting on economic growth with an emphasis on Iran 's non-oil industries such as Tourism industry using the variables economic growth in the previous period, international tourism income and real exchange rate in the period of 1380-1392 . The result show that: a)The above variables (economic growth in the previous period, international tourism income and real exchange rate) has the greatest impact on the economic growth. And higher economic growth leads to higher economic growth in later periods. b)High coefficient of international tourism income show that tourism has the progressive impact on economic growth from the direct effect on GDP and indirect effect from the impact on other sectors.

Cities attract plenty of tourists because they have many attractions and historical places. So strengthening and recognition of attractions and sources in first place and then analysis and prioritize in the other step and then introducing the places are necessary. There are many attractions and places in Sari that can improve this city. So the purpose of this study is tourist attraction of old places in Sari. Method of this study in the first part is descriptive –analytic and study on the basis of nature and subject and purpose that is anticipated is practical research. In analysis of information, we use AHP to Design old sari tourism orientation. in this model after forming this group and determination of purposes and identification of criterion and choices cause hierarchy of structures and with respect to statistic and data and study field and opinion of group decision making score to criterion and choices . They use expert choice software and analysis and hierarchy of tourist attraction of Sari. In continuing of ranking obtained: 4 group attractions with the title of 10 first attractions and second 10 attractions and third ten attractions are formed. Expert of cultural heritage and hall city of Sari and manager of agency and citizenry are axis that each group design them in the way that design axis pass all the attraction of this group. In this stage for selecting the best choice axis in each group again we use analytic ranking method. Different axis of with respect to attraction of length of way and cost of performance and isolated tourist and city and time and features of comparison and ranking and at the end for each group the best axis is selected.

Identify current areas of development indicators and comparing them to each other, the first step in regional planning and balance between regions and social justice is.The purpose of writing this article, the degree of development in city of Ardabil and analysis of regional disparities in the province. The research method is descriptive - analytic. . In this study, using the model of Morris and the use of development indicators in the fields of health, education, socio-cultural, economic, industrial, physical and infrastructuralTo determine and analyze the levels of infrastructure development of the city of Ardabil province to the results of this study be used in other studies. The findings show that the city of Ardabil province was not balanced and the city there is a big gap in terms of development indicators (coefficient comprise at least 27 to a maximum of 54). It also has city status on 4 levels, relatively deprived, deprived, much indicates that in the meantime the city of Nir, Kosar and Sareyn privileged, Ardabil, Namin, Moshkin and khalkhal the city's relatively high and low level Asin and underdeveloped.

Famine, flood, earthquake, devastating wars, epidemics … , Among the people In history are The most important issues in the context of social history or the people writing that can be contemplated. In this article historically referred to the distribution and effects of this earthquake left it in the Iranian plateau. Documents relating to pre-Islamic Iran earthquakes are rare. But in the Islamic period (due to the spread tradition of historical writing) researchers are looking for natural disasters recorded in past. Distribution map of earthquakes in Iran, during the first ten centuries AD show that the main focus of the earthquake in the first century of Islam, have been Sistan and Khorasan. Third and fourth century can be the century of the earthquake in Iran. Fifth century is approximately century earthquake in Khorasan and Azerbaijan. The sixth century is the century of peace of land in Khorasan and Azerbaijan. But the seventh and eighth centuries, is centuries of devastating earthquake in Tabriz and Khorasan. Ninth century is century of earthquakes on the southern coast and northern Iran and in the tenth century, with the exception of Tabriz and Qaen, Shiraz important cities shaken. In the eleventh century Tabriz, Khorasan and Lar are prone to earthquakes. In general the Seljuks, the rest of the government in Iranian history, were more prone to earthquakes. Also important earthquakeprone cities are Tabriz, Ray and Nishapur, Isfahan was the safest city.