فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 52 (بهار 1396)

Spatial Activities and relationships, proportional with the related structures, underlie the dynamics of socio-economic changes. In other words, a set of structures,including environmental and socio-economic ones, realize the main pillars of development. The sustainable physico-spatial development could be achieved, whenthe main targets are based on goal-oriented and in line with sustainable principles. In this connection, efforts have been made by studying the different aspects of structural and functional characteristics of Abhar area, this question to be answered that wether the existing physical-spatial system could be considered as a sufficient platform for dynamics and sustainability of the area, and when not, by which measures and what form this would be achieved.

Today, control and collect runoff within the metropolitan area to transfer it out of town is more important. Region 1&3 in North East of Tehran that have area of 272 km2, when large amounts of rainfall runoff the stream in the streets make also several problems. This study using topographic maps of 1: 25,000 Tehran, geological map 1: 100000 Tehran, user data, and data from satellite aster pixels 30 meters, the rainfall hourly data’s station northern Tehran in the period 2007 to 2014, the feasibility collect and control runoff has done. The potential’s production runoff compute with Justin in regions 1&3. Modarres highway and Saryati Street locate biological systems and atmospheric garden, were selected. Locating action along these two street using LID and to assess and correct it reports flooded after the rain, in the center of Tehran Municipality were 137. Calculation of longitudinal profiles were SWMM software. Compare the results calculated daily runoff, topography and streams, showed that during the rainy, the part of runoff produced, drainage to the streets and highways. The best of locating control and collect runoff systems are green space in the aboatash, melat and gheytariyeh parks.

The process of globalization, the rise has accelerated the world's metropolitan areas and has added new problems to existing problems. The extent and complexity of life and activity centers and areas close to the pulse of the metropolis at one point says, metropolitan management at the level of individual municipalities beyond the institutions separate and necessary. As problems and threats in the metropolitan area, the main challenge metropolises of the many opportunities that exist within them. In this regard, the present study aims to explore factors affecting the implementation of integrated management in metropolitan city of Tehran. This article depth study and applied developmental in nature and is based on descriptive and analytical approach. The study combines survey and gather information and documents and data via questionnaire and population groups and citymanagers, specialists and experts in the city of Tehran. Based on factor analysis, 5 of the 27 indicators studied were all having recognized special value is high and a total of 68.501 of the variance. The results also indicate that legal infrastructure components with a correlation coefficient 0.805, 0.801 urban poor information infrastructure for integrated management, Overlapping corporate functions in different organs of the municipal administration 0.782, Lack of accuracy entry-level position of urban management system with relevant organizations multiplicity of attitudes and political views by a factor of 0.784 and 0.777 the most effective and the most influential factors in the implementation of the integrated management of Tehran metropolitan city managers and experts were identified.

Issues and problems in the issue of air pollution, heavy traffic and wasting time on the streets, increasing the administrative and commercial activities of citizens in cities, increasing population and lack of fitness facilities and services, so that for various reasons has been formed in cities As well as citizens increasingly demand to provide satisfactory service and quality, and the municipal and state slogan and policy managers to focus on sustainable urban development, decision-making and planning based on technology and techniques the world's urban management is not only inevitable but also necessary and enter the world of electronic logical and convenient to the city is needed. One of the most widely used and most central urban needs of electronic services, electronic banking services, which with its activities is an important contribution to sustainable urban development. Therefore, this research was carried Metropolis research. The study was cross-sectional andlibrary studies and field research was conducted using questionnaires. The results of the test the hypotheses using one sample T-test or One sample T test and Spearman correlation was also Shows that electronic banking will have an important role in the realization of sustainable urban development and in this regard citizens as key stakeholders have a direct influence on this issue and the possibility of achieving the desired goals is not possible without the participation of citizens.

With the advent and intensification of global warming, developing efficient strategies to adapt to this phenomenon is imperative. It is necessary, as the first step to understand vulnerability of different regions against climate change and develop appropriate strategies to the regional capacities for adapting to climate change. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of global warming on changes in extreme high temperatures during the next few decades in the territory of Iran. For this purpose, EH5OM database data for the period 2015 to 2050, the series 3 hours (8 times a day) under scenario A1B. Max Planck Physics Center is downloaded and the model weredownscaled to regional REGCM4. The air temperature downscaled to hour data with spatial resolution 0.27 × 0.27 ° arc became the daily average as a result of matrix size 2140 × 13140 respectively. For identification the days of the extreme heat of the index deviation we used normalized temperature(NTD), so that data from the model based on of the Index and scope of the rule of heat (NTD> 0) were sorted In the next step 500 of the first day of the condition (NTD> 2) adaptable to the the order were selected. The results showed the extreme hot prospects for Iran based on self-organizing neural networks (SOM) can be divided into 9 regions. Also in the next decade in the mid-west and extreme heats maximum height strip (mountains and foothills) which will occur as extreme temperature in these areas will be greater than the inner regions and the southern coast of the country. Minimum the occurrence of extreme heat of 1st will be first in desert and 2nd in the South East regions the country.

In recent years the institutions and agencies active in the field of disaster reduction activities in order to achieve a society more resilient to disasters which In the meantime earthquake due to damage large and anomalies wider society to the other events of higher priority to strengthen the resilience of communities against natural disasters .There this study in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of method is descriptive - analytical. In this study, data collection was based on library and documentary methods and for data analysis we used FANP and Vikor model is used. The results showed that 17 indicators physical resiliency can be summed up in four factors; so among other factors, accesses to basic services and physical characteristics have the greatest impact on regional physical resilience in Tehran's 12th district. By substituting the factor loadings derived from factor analysis in the process of network analysis, importance coefficiency obtained and indicators of the role of street network and building Area have most impact on the physical resilience in Tehran's 12th district. Finally, the results of VIKOR to measure the resiliency 12 District of Tehran showed that six areas in terms of the physical resilience at different levels are So that areas with the highest levels of resilience were 6 and 1, and after, respectively areas 2, 4,5 and 3 with the lowest resilience.

Religion in politics and tie with power is discussable and investigable in category of geopolitical studies, in general and cultural geopolitics (geoculture), in particular. In this sense, geopolitics of shia means power and intensity of effectiveness of shia society on regional and international changes and policies. Main hypothesis of the research seeks to respond to this question that what position demonstration of Arbaeen as one of symbolic teachings and elements of sect of shia has in geopolitical weight and power sources of shias? Several factors such as supreme situation of shias in the region, maximum hegemony of shias on energy sources of the middle east, capability of threatening Israeli regime, regional power of Iran, democratic nature of shia governments and in short, events of the region during these four decades (from Iranian revolution) provided field of establishing power of shias in the region. Although power basics of this geopolitics have caused and cause always to image fear of Shia from western – Arabian governments in the region, existing realities state geopolitical power of shier. The present research seeks to redefine geopolitics of Shia. Hypothesis is this, when a true understanding of geopolitics of shia is possible that a true cognition of root and real origin of power of shia is done .here, thoughts and beliefs and in other sense, shia ideology (Ashura, the pond of Khumm, Mahdiism, Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, etc.) are the same infrastructure and real power of shia. In other sense, in fact real power of shia is due to these values and beliefs. One of these values that today, has been converted into dislpay of faith, unity and power of shias in the region and the world, is huge demonstration of Arbaeen.

Rural tourism, including economic and profitable activities that could impact of economic, socio-cultural, environmental and physical - space on the host community, In this study, the effects of tourism on sustainable livelihoods of rural households Oraman the Sarvabad county is studied. The study, in terms of purpose, functional and in terms of data collection, a combination of documentary survey. The population of the study households 4 village of Avram (Oraman Takht, Slin, Belbar and Kamaleh) constitute the highest volume of tourists. The number, equal to 1270 households. A sample using Cochran formula, 250 samples were obtained, Samples, stratified random sampling method based on the population of each village were selected. The data of this study is questionnaire. Reliability using Cronbach's alpha (0.84) respectively. To investigate the impact of tourism on sustainable livelihoods, single-sample t-statistics, analysis of variance, regression analysis and path analysis were used. The findings of this study indicate that the use of statistical tests on one sample t-test, tourism on the human, social, physical, natural and financial Villagers positive impact. Analysis of variance showedthat there were significant differences between the different dimensions of sustainable livelihoods. Regression analysis showed that all dimensions of sustainable livelihoods (the human, social, natural, physical, and financial) have a significant effect on rural sustainable livelihoods. In general, the views of local people, tourism has a positive impact on sustainable livelihoods villagers section Oraman bed. The result of the path analysis showed that all dimensions, direct and indirect impact on rural tourism area.

According to the security of its non-police aspect, it is a new phenomenon and generally a lack of studies in this area is obvious. The roots of some crimes and a feeling of insecure is due to a lack of attention of urban planners and managers. The big issue in terms of security and the prevention of critical events and crime is whether the big cities, have provided such conditions? This study aimed to understand the role of different factors and the physical environment and its impact on security. The research method is a combination of descriptive - analytic. This article attempts to answer these questions:1- Does the combination of environmental and physical factors is effective in security of urban areas? 2. Is the composition and distribution of urban land use surrounding public spaces in the study area is effective to increase urban security? The study area is District 8 of Tehran. Information required is obtained by library and field observation. Analysis of the data is done via SPSS software and Minitabs and GIS. The results indicate that the local security as well as environmental and physical differences in them is different. Also 13 neighborhood of district 8 of Tehran in terms of security and the individual components of research were ranked. Security in those public spaces which have diverse and mix urban land-use, compared to other similar places that have lack of diversity and mix urban land use were different.

One of the main functions of governments, in better managed of their authority, is monitoring social affairs and citizenship behaviors within the law. Management and organization of social life, in the present era, because of the complexity processes of political, security and… in geographical environment, including major cities are extremely onerous and requires effective and efficient design and development methods and tools in this field. There is a question in this regard that how cans us increase the monitoring and control of the government in these areas. In response to the above question, this paper tries to come to investigate the effects of the application of intelligent monitoring and control systems and instruments (closedcircuited televisions) in reducing delinquency and urban crimes, how to increase government efficiency in controlling urban processes, should be investigated. This paper developed in descriptive-analytic methods and based on the field data, so The analysis and conclusions, in addition to the electronic library resources and results of a questionnaire is used. It should be noted that the validity of the questionnaire using factor analysis and reliability of the questionnaire was tested through Cronbach's alpha multiplied. Finally, the data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by examining the population mean (T-test). The results of this study show that the use of intelligent monitoring systems have significant role in reducing crimes in urban environments and social insecurities.

The process of globalization through the creation of cultural assimilation attempts to expand markets for the production of similar goods in the form of scales. In practice, the pressure to eliminate ethnic subcultures past few years has led to resistance that indicates intense desire to create dependency cultures, ethnic identity to avoid elimination. Iran is the most obvious examples of cultural diversity, ethnic, linguistic and religious in the world that, unlike most multi-ethnic countries, local ethnic diversity or cultural mosaic of indigenous and native of the area. Kermanshah city with so much power development, with strong ethnic community can be the background of ethnic tourism markets. Kurdish ethnicity is cross-border continuity that can be regional in scope commodification (tourism, media, etc.). The issue of how ethnic powers to achieve the objectives of social development at the local, regional and national benefit is important. Methods applied research - development and data collecting field and library. Urban population of 40 managers and 340 are tourists. Overall, most respondent's ethnic profiles of influential cultural ethnic tourism development in the city of Kermanshah in poor and middle-assessed. Chi-square test results in the desired quantity survey in evaluating community-based tourism development with an emphasis on local ethnic aspect is significant in Kermanshah. Since the amount of (sig) or smaller than the significance level corresponding to that test is (

Drought is a complex phenomenon that is the definition of it is difficult. Definitions, it is presented in different areas and each of them has different definitions depending on the amount of average rainfall. Since the beginning of the formation of human civilization so far, the drought has always been considered one of the natural disasters and catastrophic impact human activities have on. This paper describes a method of analysis to assess the drought and its relationship with the inhabitants of Sistan and Baluchestan Province migration. To understand the different effects on rainfall, water resources, leading to the return of the SPI to be used to evaluate the drought in Sistan-Baluchistan province. Data monthly precipitation (mm), the years 2005 to 1985 for four stations in Sistan and Baluchestan (Zahedan, Zabol Iranshahr, Chharbhar, Konarak) were studied. Results indicate that water shortages in drought affected areas are the result of increased immigration flora. The occurrence of severe in the region, has left the economic and social adverse effects due to the economy's heavy reliance on agriculture people in Sistan and Baluchestan this crisis has led to the phenomenon of origin and demographic balance, the economic, social and ... unbalanced and lead to regional and underdevelopment of the region.

Tourism is known as clean and dynamic industry that in the case of development it has benefits such as increasing social justice and increasing employment in the society and in the case of urban infrastructures they develop more. City as the highest manifestation of collective life has always been exposed to applying different and sometimes inconsistent creative taste of architecture and urban designers. As Mumford believes that there is many initial relationships that they lead to social innovation and creativity in life. Creative city is a new and noteworthy subject in the domain of urbanism and it has pivotal role in the growth and development of cities. The emergence and spread of the idea of creative city is an evidence of this claim. The intense competition among cities as tourism destinations has forced cities to find solutions to be differentiated from other cities and tourism destinations Therefore; the development of tourism is one of the main and secure ways to achieve creative cities. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of potentials in the development of infrastructures in the formation of the creative city in Kermanshah city. The research method is analyticaldescriptive and the main instrument of gathering data is questionnaire. Statistical population of the study is residents of Kermanshah city. In order to analyzing the result of questionnaire, the structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS software is used and for obtaining the needed map, the GIS software is used. The results showed that tourism potentials are effective in the development of infrastructures and the formation of the creative city in the Kermanshah city.

Historic District Heritage Cities is worthwhile over time in identifying the
paced urban life has played a special role. Therefore, the role and effects of
urban management in historic cities is crucial planning. Therefore, given the importance of this paper is to analyze the development of physical-physical areas of urban management in Yazd will pay. Among the objectives of the present study is applied research. And in terms of the importance of research and study, it is kind. Method library (October, theses, documents, papers, internet, etc.) to collect data in addition to the situation described and discussed issues and problems that are related to the use of quantitative and qualitative data about you is. Shannon entropy model for weighting indices have been investigated and models for ranking Vaspas. . According to the findings of this research suggest that three areas of the city of Yazd historical and worn out tissues because of the weak is the physical parameters. this study to rank and compare all the three regions according to physical parameters and their causes and proposed solutions to be explored. Surveys show that the region has the third ranked first due to historical Frsvh tissue is less, then the next two and a they taken Ratings.

River flow changes over time could be the effects of climate change or lack
of change in the region is clear. Research on the part of the river basins in the southern province of Khuzestan Jarahi done to examine the impact of climate change on river discharges in the region is.Accordingly, in this study to investigate the variability of climate, especially temperature, rainfall and hydrological conditions of the non-parametric Man-Kendall test and yield age is MAKESENS software. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, fluctuations in temperature and precipitation for the period of thirty years (1983-2013) examined and it was found that the temperature fluctuations in the rally and Kendall statistics about 2/21, and the age profile yield 0.3 respectively, both of which were significant at 95%. Precipitation in the region have generally negative trend, indicating a decline in the region is the atmospheric precipitation, however, that these fluctuations are investigated any significant non-parametric Debit fluctuations in all studied stations downside is that these trends to test Mann-Kendall statistics, onaverage, about -2/4 and yield index age of -1/22 And significant at 95 and 99 percent. The results of this research can be said to increased fluctuations in temperature and decrease in rainfall during this period of reduced river flows largely affected.

Vandalism is a conscious, volitional, and self-imposed destruction of properties, general amenities and utilities of the city. Alongside with population increase and expansion, and physical spaces, today's cities face a variety of urban problems and damages, which collectively threatens these communities in terms of environmental health, and security including issues of vandalism behaviors in the city. Given these circumstances, the necessity of considering the fact that the public spaces of the country's cities have encountered this social dilemma is of special significance. Subsequently Ardabil’s public spaces which are exposed to young people commuting are also facing such issues and problems. The main objective of this research is to identify the features of the physical space in the occurrence of vandalism behaviors in the two studied towns of the Ardabil city. This research is of applied type, and the data analysis method is descriptiveanalytic. The first stage includes selection of indices, and physical data collection of two studied towns in development and expansion of vandalism phenomenon including urban land use, population density, the amount of access to the facilities and possible destruction utilities, level of isolation, and openness of urban spaces. The second stage includes analysis of collected data, preparation of maps and overlaying of them via GIS software in order to identifyareas susceptible to cause this special damage. Results from data analysis, and checking the zoning of these two towns in terms of affectedness from vandalism phenomenon indicate that the vulnerability of Kowsar town is higher than Karshenasan town since the amount of open and isolated spaces with the use of urban uncultivated lands, and green spaces are more in Kowsar town. Moreover, the building and population density in Karshenasan town is higher than Kowsar town. Another important factor to be mentioned is the existence of the Shorabil recreational and tourism complex in Kowsar town which has created favorable conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon.

Water is considered a major, developmental substructure in different social and economical sectors of countries. Currently, problems regarding this vital substance are among the most important issues in the world. Water scarcity, caused by population growth and water requirement to produce food, inherent limitation of water resources particularly in arid and semi-arid areas, excessive withdrawal from resources and poor water management has over time inflicted tensions and challenges on the national and international levels, hence threatening peace and security around the globe. It has also made some problemsinevitable, such as evacuation of villages, irregular emigration of villagers to cities, social conflicts among dwellings, and growing political tensions. We can refer , as an instance, to the growing tensions among people from Esfeden City and Affin Village in South Khorasan Province over the past years. Considering the issues above, the main question of the study is, “what contributes to creating and aggravating of conflicts and tensions among these two neighboring regions?” The hypothesis stated is: various factors such as population growth, increasing the land under cultivation, as well as recent droughts have led to development of tensions.
This is, methodologically, a case study within a geographical study framework, and it was primarily conducted with a descriptive-analytic approach. The information and data were gathered from electronic and library sources, and relevant documents, and through interviews with experts, officials and locals. The studied region is located within two counties in the northern part of South Khorasn Province. According to the latest state division map, Esfeden is a city of central Qayenat County, and Affin is a village of Zohan in Zirkouh County.
Data & The Affin River, which supplies part of the irrigating water of the area, originates from Dogerd Heights and Shirkab Heights, 67 km southeast to Birjand, and runs by villages Shirg,Sarjin, Kalat-e-mazar, Baimorgh, Baghestan, Payhan, and Fathabad, down to Affin. The water, which reaches the riverbed south of Affin, runs for 5km before it arrives at a point called division chamber, where it is divided into six equal parts, one part belonging to Affin fields and five other parts belonging to Esfeden fields and plantations. Affin’s share of water goes to Affin fields, while Esfeden’s share of water runs along The Affin River, and at some distance down the village it joins The Shour (salt) River and together they make up the Esfeden Creek. Over the past years, considering water shares and due to the rise of barberry price, the area of cultivated land for annual crops has declined, whereas the allocated land to the barberry rdens has developed. The entire area of aridable land was 227 hectares, which consisted of 138 hectares of gardens and plant nurseries and 89 hectares of fields. Currently, most of the fields have gone under cultivation of barberry trees and the entire land area of gardens has doubled ( up to 260 hectares). About 90 hectares of the gardens is irrigated with water from the river and 170 hectares with water from the qanats. Considering the population growth and increased area of cultivated land in Affin, and in spite of the fact that people of Affin are well attendant of their share of water, however, they assume excess withdrawal of water from the river an unnegotiable right of their own. Particularly in hot seasons and when irrigation is most required, they withdraw water from the river above their allocated share. In addition, because the river bed before the division chamber has been destroyed and subsequently, there is a difference up to about two meters in height, water is not properly directed to the division chamber and, as a result, there is not a proportionate division. This causes less accessable water to reach Esfeden, and inflicts a lot of damage to farmers in Esfeden. According to the experts in the Department of Agriculture, considering the vast area of cultivated land, and high costs of developing gardens, and also the long time prior to the harvest, the estimated damage due to water reduction during flowering seasons, harvest, and at the peak of collecting crops is varied. However, typically, a decline of 5 seconds in 30 liters leads to 1 to 15 percent loss of crops.
Finally, it was concluded that because of increased demand for water due to the development of cultivated gardens in the region, population growth, and dividing the irrigating water in accordance with inheritance law, the share of the limited water available per person has diminished, and disputes and tensions over possession of water in the districts of Affin and Esfeden has risen. Reduced amount of precipitation and the recent droughts has led to aggravation of water crisis, reduced quota of sustainable water per capita in the region, and rising demands for irrigation. Disagreements and disputes over water in years have inflicted financial damage to farmers, contributing to coldness of relations among people, reducing the farmers’ collaboration to clear the conveying ducts, and maintaining conveying ducts especially after floods. All these issues play a significant role in the reduction of accessible water. Implementing the plan of the concrete wall before the division chamber, directing water to division chamber, and conveying it through pipes from the division chamber to the piped route can help reduce some of the local issues and disputes.

Today, the comprehensive crisis management programs and projects Application of Passive Defense before, the intensity of the extent of the losses caused by such risks are significantly reduced. The measures to reduce the risk is to apply the principles of passive defense, as well as to apply these measures can be used to reduce risk to natural hazards and manmade helpful. However, due to our country's geographical and political situation is always at risk of natural hazards and man-made threats (war) has been and heavy human casualties and financial losses incurred. Therefore and considering the importance of research, the aim of this study was to assess the vulnerability of utility with passive defense approach in Gorgan is the purpose of descriptive - analytical and field studies and subsequent zoning and overlay data layers ( IndexOverlay) software is used GIS spatial analysis. In this study, using five criteria of access, population density, dispersion police stations 10, building density and spatial distribution of critical facilities Gorgan and delineate them and finally made use of overlapping layers, It was found that the northwestern city of Gorgan to focus on vital installations such as electricity distribution companies Province, the national broadcast of petroleum products and the District of vulnerability is more in need of measures, planned in the framework of passive defense is .

Each flying site can be utilized according to geographical, climatic, and topographical factors of the area in which it is located. The aim of this study is to determine the standards of recreational flying sites, investigate the factors that affect and are affected by recreational flights, and determine suitable areas for establishing recreational flying sites in Isfahan Province, Iran. Tools and techniques used in this study for locating recreational flying sites in Isfahan Province are Dematel, Boolean logic, and GIS software. The results show that the most important factors are direction of land slope, land slope, and topography, respectively. These physical factors are followed by the prevailing wind speed and wind direction. The prevailing wind speed, the prevailing wind direction, direction of land slope, topography, land slope, and airspace are all among the factors that affect locating recreational flying sites. The map of suitable areas for recreational flying sites in Isfahan Province shows that areas in western Isfahan host a more suitable variation of flying sites.

Considered the most important environmental issues of our time, the water crisis and security challenges arising from it. Water is the source of production, effort and civilization, and life and death and not to be dependent on it. In situations where conflicts over water resources are increasingly caused tension in the relations between states, increasing attention to issues of rivers, the importance of finding increasingly, we are seeing increased emphasis and hydro disputes among nations. Iran, through common border rivers is no exception. The river Harirud common rivers including Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan lie that originates from Afghanistan. This is the most important source of water utility is the North East of Iran. This article is a descriptive study, with an emphasis on geographical and political issues, seeks to answer the question whether hydro-border development and utilization of Salma dam in Afghanistan can be a challenge for security, environmental and national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran is? And in case of challenges, approaches and Proper management what is it?
Findings from the study indicate that according to Salma dam upstream position with respect to the seasonality factor Harirud water, can be the subject of environmental security, and from the perspective of national security, given the prospect of big cities northeastern dependence on water resources and the high risk of water security of the country, can be challenging. The challenges to Proper management, to look at the system, in the form of legal approaches, economic and political, are essential.

In recent decades, tourism has been growing rapidly, in the midst of nature due to concern for the greater human gripped the attention of tourists is located.Geomorphtourism as a branch of ecotourism field with an emphasis on landscape geomorphological to attract any more tourists. Many countries have used the potential for income generation. Taleqan mountainous region with beautiful nature with Seat dam in the Valley steeped in the diverse landforms Beautiful with conditions and capacity in this area has created. This research area has been evaluated by Comanescu landforms, the results of this research show. Ebrahim Abad landforms pass with a score of 17.2 points was accounted for. The next stage of the region geomorphtourismy consistent with both the capability and capacity of the natural and human. The results showed that the average capacity of 6.5 is to show that the conditions for sustainable geomorosite is suitable climates, But on the other hand felt the need to plan everything in the area more.

Iran due to the location and placement of seismic on seismic belt is extremely vulnerable to this phenomenon, Many of the city, located on active faults. And lack of proper planning in this regard, the high population density and improper Population distribution of when Occurrence earthquakes increase human and financial losses. Maps of earthquake zonation vulnerability, an effective tool for managers to reduce risks and losses caused by disasters, particularly earthquakes. Aware of the vulnerability and damage potential areas, specially the settlements can be expected to reduce the damaging effects into account is necessary. Tarom country of Zanjan province is one of the earthquake-prone areas in Iran. There is no doubt parts of the zone of case study active tectonic and dynamic range of the set. The article Purpose is zonation areas with high vulnerability towards hazard management and planning and land use and earthquakes impact mitigation in areas with high vulnerability. In this study, using data field studies and library documents and information needed gather and to earthquake vulnerability zone number of criteria maps, including: maps of the fault distance, the distance from land slide, the geology, slope and land use and construction and analysis of data layers in Arc GIS software was used for evaluation of fuzzy membership functions. fuzzy Layers standardized in the GIS environment with the operator fuzzy gamma modulated and vulnerability zonation area map was produced. The results of this study show that approximately 45 percent area in the northern and eastern zones of the vulnerability is very high and high , and about 40 percent of the area within the zone of vulnerability is very low and low.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between securities, Place attachment with the city's economic components. The statistical population of the research is Qom. The results of path analysis indicate that security has a direct and indirect effect on the urban economy. There is a direct relationship between attachment to the location and the urban economy. There is also a relationship between security and attachment to the place of direct relationship And predicts 25 percent of the variance of attachment strategies to the location. Other findings of the study indicate that among the components analyzed, the most effective component of security, visual qualities (0.98); attachment to place, time (0.80), and economy, transportation and access (0.64)

This paper aims to measure the sustainability level of small local communities (Urban neighborhoods) in the exploitation and use of natural, human and ecological resources so that all members or local communities have appropriate health, life, security and integration between environment, human activities and ecological dynamic. Therefore, two neighborhoods of upper and lower areas in Babol have been selected as a sample to answer the question about the situations of sustainable development indicators and the differences among them. Due to the research nature and its intended nature, the current research is cross-sectional survey which has been carried out after gathering the field data through the research-made questionnaire. The data has been analyzed through one-sample t-test in SPSS software. The results showed that there are significant differences between urban neighborhoods in terms of sustainable development indicators so that Siah-tali neighborhood has unsustainable situation and Tandast neighborhood has been sustainable except in social indicators.

The aim of this study was to assess the social impacts of development Distressed urban neighborhoods of Imamzadeh Yahya in Sari city. This Method is sectional descriptive study and this purpose is practical. In order to evaluate the physical environment as well as the main criteria for measuring quality of life was used in the neighborhood Imamzadeh Yahya field method. Statistical Society in this Research is residents of the imamzade Yahya in Sari that this population is 965 people based on Census 1395. The number of households using a sample of 240 people using by Cochran formula and 30 professionals were selected at random in Sari. In the analysis of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of indicators and items was used single-sample t-test and to determine the correlation between quality of life and public services was used regression test and Spearman correlation coefficient. Findings from this research has shown that improving the texture enhance the quality of life of citizens, ease of access to public services and consent of the citizens of process improvement in Imamzadeh Yahya.

The process of sustainable development, including the quality of economic, social and local capital to local communities in order to achieve targeted production and reproduction of life leads dimensionally stable. Ie in other words, as the smallest unit of urban neighborhoods of the city, play a major role in urban sustainability. For the purpose of this study are primarily descriptive and analytical research methods to be applied. In this study, analysis of Kerman neighborhoods with an emphasis on the dimensions and indicators of the performance of local authorities (social, economic, access to services, security and satisfaction with the performance of officials) are used. The population consisted of 150 residents of six districts, each neighborhood Kerman 25 residents were selected randomly using the Delphi technique. Also in this study, the analysis is based on descriptive and inferential statistics methods. SPSS statistical software was used for this purpose. For statistical analysis of test data, Kolmogorov- Smirnov test and Pearson correlation test As well as the entropy-city neighborhoods for weighting and ranking techniques (VIKOR), have been used. According to Pearson correlation test results show that six neighborhood Kerman In terms of the sustainability of communities with an emphasis on the performance of local authorities, there is a significant relationship between them. Finally, based on the technical rankings, respectively neighborhoods (neighborhoods of the city), neighborhood (Sheikh Ahmad kafi North), Neighborhoods (bedagh abad), Neighborhood (street sarbaz), Neighborhood) shardari Townships) , and the neighborhood (Shehed Rajai Phase 2 Townships) have been ranked. In general it can be said that based on research (social, economic, access to services, security and satisfaction with the performance of officials), neighborhoods (neighborhoods of the city) is more desirable in terms of sustainable neighborhoods.

Today, environmental hazards, including natural disaster not only dust but also can cause a range of effects and the security crises. The major challenges such as the destruction of the environment and desertification, conception of political and social unrest will be considered in the future. On this basis, and given the importance of research in the geo-political and security issues in the country, this study aimed to evaluate the dust and its relation to social security in Ahvaz have taken place. The research method is descriptive-analytic and research to elucidate the relationship between the variables of the model and test and path analysis were used. For thispurpose, a questionnaire was developed, and data collection was obtained in this way. With regard to the findings of the study it can be concluded that the feeling of security in the city of Ahvaz social between citizens is down and most significant relationship between citizens lackof educational situation and the feeling of security in them. As well as the results from Table and diagram Path analysis shows the most effective immigration variable as an independent variable on social security. So is the elite migration of Khozestan province and the city of Ahvaz.

Urban economy and its role in economic growth, Its relationship with other sectors and economic activities, Study of Urban Economics and relationship with economic growth It is made of special importance. this study try The effects of changes in the urban economy, residential and non-residential sectors on economic growth using econometrics techniques and using auto regressive distributed Lag for Iran. Following this , using granger causality analysis, this paper examines the interaction between Residential and non-residential sectors and approach and quarterly data in Iran. Therefore, this research finds significant and positive relationship between growth Residential sector and economic growth in short run and long run in Iran. Result of granger causality approach showed in the long term development of components of the urban economy has positive effects on economic growth in Iran.