فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 56 (بهار 1397)

Water and its ancient exploitation methods in Iran, which a large part of its territory is characterized as arid and semi-arid, has continuously played a determinant role in establishment of cultural landscapes and as a whole, in its socio-economic developments.
With the beginning of modernization and turning to new planning methods, with introducing interim development plans (from 1948 onwards), along with the implementation of Land Reform Act (1962), and perhaps most importantly, the change in the state's basic incomes from taxes and duties (shareholdings) to oil, with growth of urbanization and expansion of industrial activities, the country witnessed unprecedented changes in large scale water management, with focusing a completely centralized framework and dominant role of state. . After the Islamic Revolution (1979), the process of increasing the country's capacity to exploit the water resources was expanding unprecedentedly. During the period, regional development programs, with emphasis on water resources, in new land areas, with comparative advantage, gave way to implementation of development plans throughout the country. Thus, the attitude toward water resource management and its governance has received somewhat new features. This article tries to study these processes and approaches to water governance and their role in balanced and sustainable development, and, as well as, their spatial
implications as a case, in the Karkheh irrigation zone(Khuzestan). The study was conducted on the basis of a mixed (quantitative and qualitative) method, using structured questionnaires and interviews, group focused discussion sessions and non-cooperative observation and discussion. Efforts have been made to review the Karkheh Irrigation Development Plan, based on the points of views of all stakeholders at various national, regional and local levels (including managers and experts from different fields, such as university professors, experts in water, agriculture, environment, development planning, local community representatives and common beneficiaries of the project), by using the methods of individual and group interviews.

This study was carried out to investigate the impacts of Karoun water branches transference projects on creation or intensification of Khuzestan dust points. For this purpose, daily climatic parameters (temperature, precipitation, horizontal view, moist and wind) and required water debit for 9 synoptic and hydrometric stations within a 30-year statistical period were collected. Missing data were recovered and sorted by using Matlab,Minitab and Excel software. Also satellite data and images were used to study vegetation, soil moist and dust particles conditions in the specific area. According to the greenhouse gas procedures during 1985 to 2015, the studied period was broken into two periods, one before global warming (1985-1995) and the other after intensification of global warming (1996-2015). Then by using statistical methods and remote sensing the mentioned periods were investigated. The results from investigating long term debit of Karoun river showed that there is 171 m3/s decrease in second statistical period than the first one. During the second period, local dust has increased in comparison with the first period but vegetation index (NVDI) has 13% decrease. Also the vastness and value of soil moist in east of basin have increasing trend and the role of dam construction is evidently influential. This trend has been decreasing around Shadegan wetland in west of basin, as the result, with passing flows over this area, because of adherence reduction, soil particles disserve from the ground and cause most of the dust in Khuzestan and Karoun riverbasin.

South West Asia in recent years has seen extensive development in various fields. These developments in a range of political, security, geopolitics, the social problems of the region in different aspects of world's attention. In the meantime one of the most important events in the region of anomalous environmental phenomena are dust Over the past few years, people living in countries such as Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have been affected. Among the features of this natural phenomenon and it is the nature of the crossborder nature of geopolitics has this feature. Therefore any action in this regard is subject .to multilateral cooperation between the countries have been involved But another problem is that the countries involved in this issue politically, which is influenced by the ideological conflicts, Sometimes tense relations are. This paper seeks
to examine this issue, which is a natural phenomenon of dust as the geopolitical implications for relations between countries in the region will leave And the problems caused by this leads to the formation of some form of cooperation among the countries
of the region will not like Or that it is cold in the shadow of political relations between the countries were discussed and the problems of people And their quality of life will
continue to be.

Extending the life and increasing car traffic in cities and roads in the last half century, In front of the rate of road accidents and incidents have led to today's safety issue in the field of traffic become one of the most basic topics and challenges of road transport sector. The importance of traffic safety in road transport planning issues and Iran's position among the countries with the highest mortality from accidents, was led to study a plan to achieve consistent, accurate and compiled with an emphasis on documentary sources and statistical auto route and road transport organizations during 2011, 2012 and 2013, to Measure provinces of the country's development in the field of road traffic safety. The study was designed to determine the position of each of the provinces of the country in road safety and traffic, applied research is a descriptive-analytic method and utilizing the software’s SPSS, Excel and Fuzzy TOPSIS technique and hierarchical cluster analysis, trying to make the data available for evaluation and analysis. The findings indicate that in terms of development in the field of road safety and traffic, there is a huge gap between provinces of the country,The way that suggests of the provinces country, that only of Tehran with a coefficient of 0/73, has been found to be satisfactory in terms of highly developed and16 provinc in row deprived areas and 4 provinc Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh and BoyerAhmad, Khorasan jonobi and Kerman have been placed in rows deprived areas. The analysis also shows that the provinces of Qom with a coefficient of 0/67, Alborz with a coefficient of 0/64, Mazandaran with a coefficient of 0/61, Lorestan with a coefficient of 0/60 and Zanjan with a coefficient of 0/59 the row developed provinces and provinces of Golestan with a coefficient of 0/53, Markazi with a coefficient of 0/52, Semnan with a coefficient of 0/51, Hamedan with a coefficient of 0/51 and Qazvin with a coefficient of 0/47 have taken place in the category of medium developed areas. It believes that the expenses spent for road safety is not only a cost but an investment in sustainable And so to achieve the desired development and elimination of enormous deprivation in the field of road safety and traffic, Should consider the specific circumstances of natural areas, the situation with regard to the revision and along the way covered by each province, Spatial planning should be to increase the quality and quantity of resources and standardization of indicators.

Spatial metrics are patterns for identifying and measuring spatial-temporal growth in urban planning. In this research, spatial pattern measurement criteria include the magnitude of urban spots, the environment of spots or parts, their proximity and proximity, the distance of spots with the largest spots or major urban spots, the number of spots, the vacancies within spots and the size The main part of the city has been investigated Exploratory-analytical research method. Data and information from satellite imagery has been obtained and the ENVI, ArcGIS and Patch Analyst plug-ins have been used for analysis Findings and results of the research showed that the complexity index of the components is increasing compared to the previous periods The AMWS index ranged from 1. 56 to 1. 84 and the AWMPFD index rose from 1.25 to 1.35. The centrality index was also found to be 2.14 in 1365 and dropped to 1.12 in 1395, with the creation of new parts around the city, the centralization was reduced. In terms of compression index, it has decreased and the number of built-in urban areas has increased and complexity has increased In terms of urban density, the density in 1365 was 333.9 per hectare, which decreased to 55.8 in the last period Therefore, it can be concluded that the pattern of urban growth has been horizontally uneven with the degradation of fertile
agricultural lands and natural resources, and their replacement with the tissue of dispersed
and incomplete urban neighborhoods.

In today's cities, housing has a large part of urban utilities, as well as housing, which
consumes a lot of energy and resources imported to cities. Hence, housing sustainability
is an important step in achieving sustainable urban development. At the present study
with a descriptive-analytic approach with the aim of evaluating the indicators of physical
sustainability of housing in two regions 2 and 4 of Tabriz city, Using the Fuzzy AHP
model in the GIS software, we evaluated each of the individual physical sustainability
criteria. With the formation of the paired matrix, the weight of each criterion was obtained
and then, by integrating the criteria based on the weights assigned to them, in the GIS
map of the overall sustainability of the buildings in the two regions was achieved. In
region 2, the high sustainability floor has the largest area of the region, which is 315
hectares (ie, %71 of the area of the region's housing). And the very sustainable floor has
only %1 of the area in the region. While the floor with a high and very high sustainability,
in Tabriz region4,was only %3.48, and the floor with moderate sustainability with an area
of 437 hectares accounts for%68 of the total area of the 4th region. The class with
moderate physical sustainability in region 2 has about %8(27 hectares) and in region 4,
covers about %27 of the area. Therefore, the residential region of Tabriz 2nd region has
higher levels of physical sustainability than region4.

Globalization is the most prominent feature of our time, which creates the requirements for wider regional cooperation. Regionalism is a complement to globalization, and it can protect countries to the extent that they negatively affected by globalization. The Islamic
Republic of Iran cannot be exempted from this rule. Iran can promote its position in global equations with effective presence in regional trends, taking advantage of this advantage. Nevertheless, the emphasis on which regionalization dimension will guarantee Iran's long-term success? In this regard, if "politics and security" prioritized, based on the theory of new realism, which sees the international arena in chaos, it can be the powerful actors will gain its interests. But with the focus of geo-economic foundations, given that the logic of the international system after the Cold War is economic, and subsequently the substantial volume of the components of power at the national and international levels appears within the framework of economic benefits, economic diplomacy can be exploited Achieve international goals and opportunities. ECO aimed at expanding trade and economic cooperation between its member countries, and also taking into account its advantages for our country, such as social solidarity, including linguistic, religious and cultural affiliations, geographic proximity, as well as Iran's centrality towards it, There are many potential capacities to better utilize its high capacity in order to better benefit of Iran.

Tourism is the second homes of one of the patterns of tourism development in rural areas that has been purchased or built for recreational purposes and has various impacts, including physical-spatial effects in the villages. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of tourism in second homes in the physical-spatial changes of villages of the tourism destination villages of East of Guilan province in the last decade (2006 -
2016). The methodology of this study is descriptive-analytic. Most of the data has been conducted based on field studies. The results show that the recent development of second homes in the physical space, although leads to positive effects and impacts such as renovation of buildings and improvement of the village structure, the use of long-term
materials in construction, the reduction of abandoned and unused land for the construction of second homes, improvement of plants and equipment of the village in these villages, but have had the negative effects and impacts such as alteration and degradation of agricultural lands, land use change, disturbing and destroying the village landscape, and changing the pattern of housing. .. . Based on the findings of the research, in 2016, the number of 169 second homes has been constructed in the villages of the study area, which had a growth of 110. 6% in comparison with the 2006, and in this regard, the villages of Anbarsar and Balarood with 55 and 42 second homes, respectively, have the maximum second homes among villages as well as the maximum land use changes in the last decade has occurred in Hassan Sara (56. 6 hectares) and Anbarsar (22. 3 hectares), respectively.

Attention to urban old and effete fabrics as fabrics that have problem, not just in Iran but in the world has a long history. Organizing and improving this fabrics that more located in center and core of historical city, the best way to describe history and national identity and is one of bases for realization ideals innate development. The GIS based on functions, applied algorithms and their ability can as efficient tool helped management of effete fabrics in order to overcome said concerns. Present research has be done based analyticaldescriptive method and with emphasis on practical aspects and with use of data collected at database of geographic information systems relevant to Sanandaj municipal. Case study is Sartapole quarter in Sanandaj city, this region selected because including effete indicator factors. In order to obtain to each of optimal patterns of management effete fabrics in case study including improvements, renovations, reformation,… based key
indicators in identify exhaustion type of urban effete fabrics created multiple data layers such as: prices maps of blocks, maps of old buildings, Access Map, map of the number of classes, slope map of streets, landuse map, area map of blocks in case study, covering maps of roads, map of type materials and ... Finally, with spatial analysis and using practical algorithm in GIS and and usage of Fuzzy Logic were identified priority areas for the development of effete fabric based proposed solutions improvements, renovations,
reformation.

The development of settlements has led to the identification of suitable locations for urban development goals as one of the priorities of urban planners. Accordingly, the present study tries to explore the natural environment of the city of Harsin for the development of residential areas with a view to future development. The present research is based on library, field and software methods. In this research, eight criteria included Elevation, Slope, Aspect, Distance from the River, Distance from Fault, Lithology, Road and Land use has been used. The research methodology is a combination of the preparation of information layers in the ARC GIS environment, Standardization by Fuzzy Logic and Weighing in the form of AHP model and zoning using two models of OWA and WLC. The results showed that the present and current urban area in terms of environmental and geomorphological parameters in the research is in good relative condition and based on the models used by OWA and WLC, it is 8.8 and 9.6 square kilometers, respectively. Nevertheless, there are inappropriate areas in the direction of urban development and urbanization of Harsin which often include mountain units and high Slope region, Rivers and Faults. The final result of the research also indicates the significant role of geomorphic units in the formation of urban systems And on this basis, we can say The present study, with the existing system-based comparative approach, is an effective model for managing the development of around- cities areas in the future.

Climate has always provided a suitable platform for creating political and military tensions and endangering the national security of nations. Imposed war experiences and other world wars have shown Climate science can take the fate of a great power in the war. So in this research, study of defense climatic conditions in Kavir & desert region and Makran coasts using by the Hierarchy Analysis Model)AHP( and Military Climate Index (MCI). For this purpose, were used the statistics of different meteorological parameters of 32 stations in the region during the statistical period of 30 years (1987 -2016). The results showed that most of the northern regions of the study area are in good military conditions in the spring and the southern regions in acceptable military climate. In the summer, the military situation in the northern parts of the region is relatively favorable, and conditions in the southern parts, especially in the late summer, are extremely unfavorable and extremely unpleasant. In the early of autumn, most of the northern and central parts of the region are in excellent condition, the southern of Sistan and Hormozgan provinces have inappropriate conditions, and at the end of this season, the military climate is particularly visible in the northern regions and with the onset of winter, climatic disadvantages in the northern parts of the region are rising sharply and in the late of winter, the Hormozgan province and the northeastern regions have acceptable conditions and other areas of the study area are generally very well-positioned in terms of military climate.

Khuzestan Province is adjacent with some great deserts that the dust of these deserts are continually entering this province. Understanding the spatial pattern of these dust is of great help when planning to mitigate its effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the best inter-discipline of the dust and then to analyze the spatial statistics of the dust in Khuzestan province during the period 1995-2016. The results showed that the method of reverse weighing with a coefficient of 0.75 is the best model for the microscope zonation. Analysis of the spatial statistics of the dust phenomenon in Khuzestan province shows that we have witnessed clustering of days with dust in the province over the years. The clustering maps of spatial autocorrelation of the dust using the Moran statistics show that in general, the northwest and western regions of province during the studied period have high clusters and the southern, eastern, southeastern and the southwest have low clusters in the province. In 1995, the highest Moran coefficient was (Moran Index = 1/008797) and in 2008 the lowest Moran coefficient was (Moran Index = 0/996831), indicating the highest and lowest number of cluster dust days in 1995 and 2008. The results of hot and cold spots in Khuzestan province during the statistical period show that mainly the north and northwest regions contain hot spots, which means more frequent days of dust in these areas of the province during the studied time period.

"City" is not only a political-spatial phenomenon, but also a geopolitical phenomenon which is the basis for the achievement of national power. Due to its specific characteristics, the city is the main place to meet the mental, intellectual and physical needs of human beings in every country. Therefore, it can be said that cities and towns are responsible for maintaining the financial and material resources of the country. Cities on a global scale are powerful political spaces that enter the process of competition and interaction by controlling local events at the regional and global levels. Hence, the dramatic growth of large cities suggests that the state has provided a model for the development of the future of political geography. In other words, As the population increases The transformation of many non-urban spaces into urban space As well as by designing new patterns and working strategies for organizing urban space And the increasing political and strategic role of cities can be acknowledged Which has become the focal point of studies in geopolitical and geopolitical geography But how this phenomenon is studied from the perspective of geo-political geopolitics and geopolitics, The question that the present paper deals with The results of this research by analyticaldescriptive method show that The phenomenon of the city has been studied not only in one dimension, but also in multidimensional forms, both theoretical and applied by geographers and geopolitics.