فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 59 (زمستان 1397)

The geography of science, and among the branches of political geography that are grateful to describe the systematic relations between man (politics) and the geographic environment, is one of the old sciences whose history is based on the length of human life on earth. Today's most important human space environment is cities. The city is a closed space complex that occurs in this set of events, each of which creates a field of study of a science. One of the most important events taking place in the city is political events, in other words, the city has always been linked to the concept of politics. In the event that the impact of political and power relations is on the urban spatial development, political geography, with the often in-town approach, studies these relationships. Therefore, the political geography of the city is to study the impact of the activities of the state and the authorities on various dimensions (socio-cultural, economic, security and environmental) of urban life and citizens. The main question raised here is that "the political geography of the city, why and how to enter the study area of today's urban complex?" According to the hypothesis of this paper, the political geography of the city, to study the political space of the city, Investigates and presents the basic solutions. Thus, the political geography of the city can be considered as one of the branches of geosciences in the study of space and its features.

Dam construction is one of the most important development activities to respond to the increasing demand of potable, agricultural and industrial water. The effects and consequences (positive and negative) of a dam, as is directly visible in each component that are considered as a part of geographical spaces has also various visible and invisible signs and symptoms. In this regard dam construction has spatial dimensions and is considered within the spatial planning framework. So as various structures and functions (environmental, social, cultural, political, etc. are considered in spatial systems, therefore reviewing the structural-functional changes caused by the construction of dams and irrigation networks is necessary since it causes organization or disturbances/disruption of a spatial system. This paper aim to investigate the role of implementation and exploitation of Alavian dam irrigation network (which is operating with more than twenty-three years) in organizing the spatial system of rural settlements. The research method has been logical and by using quantitative and qualitative methods, the required information was collected. 370 households were selected using Cochran formula as the statistical sample. For analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics has been used in SPSS (Kendal correlation test, Chi-square, Independence squared, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney). The results has been showed that structural-functional changes due to the implementation of the project, in terms of top-down approach did not lead to the organization and development of the spatial system of rural settlements in the study area. Also, there is a significant relationship between the location of settlements, political-administrative divisions of the districts and the developments of the spatial system and the dam, in such a way that the construction of the dam has caused uneven development and disturbance of the spatial system between upstream settlements of the dam (in reservoir area) and downstream of the dam (irrigation network) and in Maragheh and Bonab.

Sustainable urban development is about building a relatively ideal and ideal city in which contemporary citizens enjoy a fairly good life and the future generation's ability to meet their needs. Tehran, as the main city in Iran, which has about 20% of the country's population and its changes are influenced extensively and directly throughout the country, should therefore be considered more than other cities in terms of urban development. This research is practical in terms of purpose and in terms of its type, descriptive-analytical and consists of four main stages. In the first phase of this research, in order to identify and assess the current status of produced and consumed energy, we study and compare energy consumption data from all fossil fuels, non-renewable and renewable energy sources. In the second stage, the solar energy potential in Tehran, was studied using the information obtained from the synoptic station Mehrabad. In the third step, the cost of generating energy (electric energy) with fossil fuels or photovoltaic systems was compared. In the final stage, the process of designing and analyzing the choice of photovoltaic systems with run on two sample systems was implemented. The results indicate that the domestic, commercial and public sectors and transportation have the highest energy consumption in Tehran in different parts of the country. And also these two parts form the main part of energy consumption in residential areas. as of 2014, the total supply of energy (including production, imports, ...) of non-renewable fossil fuels is 1.774.5 million barrels of crude oil. As of 2014, the total supply of energy (including production, imports, ...) of non-renewable fossil fuels is 1.774.5 million barrels of crude oil. By contrast, the total supply of renewable energy, especially solar energy, is only 24.9% (equivalent to crude oil barrels), which is only 0.013% of the total energy supply of the country. However, due to high capacities of different energy standards in Tehran, utility rate of solar energy this city is significant. And luckily, in recent years, there has been a downturn in the cost of photovoltaic systems. Therefore, at the end of the research, suggestions were made to enhance the role of solar energy in the sustainable development of Tehran, especially in the construction industry, contains: review and modification of urban planning rules for optimizing energy consumption of fossil fuels, by notification and coercion new guidelines for the use of solar energy in the residential areas of Tehran. Culture -building and development of incentive schemes for the prosperity of the production and use of solar energy by citizens, even in small quantities. Providing necessary infrastructure for utilizing solar energy in the household, public and commercial sectors of Tehran

The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of water crisis on rural migration and food security in rural place in Khansar. Statistics show that in recent years, the decline in rural water resources has led to an increase in immigration in the area, reducing the rural farmer's population and affecting the level of production and food security. Accordingly, the main question of this research is whether rural immigration from water resources is a threat to global food security? To answer this question, considering the regional attitude of the research, firstly, the status of rural water resources in these areas and the province was investigated and further the various definitions of food security were evaluated. According to theories and research indicators, 5 villages from 3 districts of central Khansar were randomly selected. Immigration index along with food security has been investigated and due to the close relationship between food security and agriculture, the social and economic conditions of villagers in this section have been considered. This indicator includes the goals and age of immigration, the environmental, economic and social conditions of rural migrants. The results of the study showed that more than 60% of immigration is migratory to rural areas where young people are at the top. Therefore, the decline in workforce in rural society and gender differences due to the high percentage of men migrating to women was the main outcome of the status of water dependent migration in rural areas. According to the results, despite the close relationship between agriculture and food security, the increase in rural migration due to water has reduced the production capacity of the villages and poses a serious threat to food security. This research is a reminder that has been done using descriptive-analytic method and considering the impact of this migration on economic conditions, the study of economic theory in this section is at the forefront. The conclusion of this study is based on the correlation coefficient of Kendall.

This paper is intended to provide an understanding and practical knowledge for officials of Tehran province in identifying and leveling out the key barriers to the implementation of land design plans in Tehran province from the point of view of applied targeting. From the perspective of data collection method, descriptive Survey type. To conduct this research by comprehensive review and also by experts and experts, 22 effective factors were identified using a structural analysis of futures studies from 64 variables to model effective barriers to the feasibility of land allocation plans. Then, using a combined interpretation technique, interpretive structural modeling and using the questionnaire tool, the factors were ranked in eight groups. Then, after determining the levels of each of the factors and also considering the final availability matrix, the final structural-interpretative model is drawn. Based on the results, factors such as the multiplicity of rules and regulations related to the alignment of the land, the lack of institutional strategic planning In connection with the management of the province's land, the weakness of the plans and plans prepared to provide an effective model for the sustainable development of the various regions of the province, the absence of stakeholders and stakeholders in the decision-making and decision-making process in the area of land administration, the lack of appropriate rules and regulations, and Intelligent and systematic thinking for land management and clarity

Today, urban viability reflects a strong discourse on urban development and urban design, which has become prevalent in the history of urban planning. Implementation of urban development plans is one of the basic measures in urban planning and management for the city to be inhabitants of the city and guaranteeing the continued existence of the city for a long time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of Zanjan city in terms of livability indicators and how urban development plans can be implemented livability in Zanjan city. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The results of this study indicate that the findings of the analysis of the mental indices based on the distribution of the questionnaire among the statistical population showed that the Objective and subjective indicators conditions are not nearly consistent. According to the results of regression analysis, the rate of communication and correlation of livability with urban development plans is 0.622. Considering the significant level of 0.000 and its low, it is rejected from the 0.05P <zero hypothesis. It can be said that the relationship between the two variables of livability with the urban development plans is significant. In other words, the implementation of urban development plans accounts for 37% of the Zanjan city's livability. In addition, the highest correlation between the implementation of urban development plans with the social index is 0.369 and the smallest amount is also economic-related with 0.167.

Gender differences in urban public spaces can be the source of many factors affecting the quality of urban environment. A review of this proposition requires an accurate understanding of the concept of urban perception. Interpretation of what our sensory receptors have received from the surrounding environment takes place in the brain. This act is called perception that leads to recognition. The research seeks to answer the question of how the gender differences of citizens can change sensory perception and ultimately their perception of the urban environment and what are the factors and notions of this kind of perception? The main method of research in this article is the descriptive method, along with analyzing the content of qualitative content and analyzing the data extracted by field studies method. An analysis of the content of research and theories on the factors derived from gender differences has also been part of the research method. After designing the conceptual model of the research, the findings of this study shows that Gender differences are manifested in three-dimensional perceptions, city-centered navigation, environment image ability, mapping skills, and ultimately routing and way finding. Therefore, these components can be regarded as the main notions of perceptual differences in urban environments. Of course, all of this is due to differences in the structure of the human brain, which can be altered for both women and men. Another important point before the perception of the environment is the sense of the environment that is received by our five senses and as a result, the ideas of this study add to the difference in the use of sensory, tactile, auditory, olfactory and taste (with varying degrees of importance) among men and women.

The neighborhood has a special place in Iranian cities and is one of the elements that plays a key role in shaping collective identities. However, the body shapes the city, but beyond it, it repeats the role played in the daily lives of the inhabitants and plays a role in long-term collective memory. They become elements of identity that change in these structures can make fundamental changes to the foundations of the identity of a city. However, today, the neighborhood is no longer of importance and credibility, but with respect to the remaining historical nuclei of the old neighborhoods, it continues to identity in some areas. Urban development plans such as renovation and renovation projects of textiles and worn out sites are among the most important designs and tools that can have a positive or negative impact on neighborhood structures and neighborhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of urbanization and renovation projects on urbanization in district 10 of Tehran municipality. The present research is based on the applied objective and based on the descriptive-analytical method. The data gathering method was documentary and field study (in the form of a questionnaire, interview). Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, ...) and inferential statistics (correlation, multivariate regression) were used to analyze the data using spss software as well as content analysis method. To this end, structural, physical, security, economic, and health indicators have been used for neighborhoodism. The results of this study indicate that, despite the fact that the implementation of urban regeneration and renovation projects in terms of structural and physical aspects has had dramatic results in the region, but the impact of these plans on the feeling of belonging to people The local area and local identity have been weak and sometimes caused the lack of trust and sense of belonging to the local community and the surrounding environment, making them unsuccessful in terms of social performance. Overall, evaluating urban drainage projects and projects has not been followed up with studies of its strategies and policies, and has not succeeded in strengthening the foundations of neighborhoodism, and it can even be said that the implementation of these plans has weakened the dimensions of neighborhood and neighborhood status in the social system. .

Improving the quality of life and satisfaction of citizens from their residential environment is an important goal of urban management. One of the housing policies in Iran is institutional housing, institutional housing has been created at the national level on state owned land. After years of its implementation, it is necessary to examine the results of this experience in terms of the degree of success and satisfaction in creating quality of life. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the satisfaction of organizational accommodation and the quality of their residential environment in Isfahan city according to the effective indicators of sustainable housing (environmental, accessibility, physical infrastructure, cultural, social and economic). While satisfaction has a multi-dimensional concept and is shaped by various indicators. This research is applied in a descriptive-analytical and survey nature. In collecting data and information, documentary and field methods and questionnaire tools have been used. The statistical population is the inhabitants of the Kay-Bahar organizational housing estates and the Isfahan professors' community. The sample size was determined by Cochran method, 384 people and 35 experts and 35 managers. In this study, SPSS software and chi-square test, factor analysis and SWOT technique were used. Based on the Chi 2 test, the sig value in the physical dimension is less than 0.05, which indicates the significance of the hypothesis, that is, they are satisfied in three questionnaires of the physical section in all fields. According to the factor analysis, the status of the six indicators is satisfactory for residents of institutional houses. The findings from the SWOT model showed that the review strategies with a total of 6.77 as the first priority and an aggressive strategy with a total coefficients of 6.49 in the second priority of the satisfaction of the housing.

This research was conducted to analyze and evaluate the effects of the rural immigrants returning on the resilience of rural livelihoods (a case study of Khawmirabad District of Marivan County). The method of this research in terms of purpose is applied, in terms of the method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of the combined method is documentary-survey method. The population of this study was all residents of the Khawmirabad district of Marivan city that regard to the subject matter of this study, household caregivers were selected as the sample. The sample was 354 people. After collecting data, descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. First, for the normal distribution of data, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used. To test the hypotheses and to investigate the effect of rural immigrants returning on resiliency changes in rural areas, one-sample t-test, ANOVA, regression analysis and Friedman analysis were used.The results showed that the rural immigrants' returning on the resilience of livelihoods changes in the villages has a positive and significant effect(P=0.001). In addition, the rural immigrants' returning has a positive impact on the social, economic, physical and environmental resilience of livelihoods (P=0.001). ANOVA showed that there is a significant difference between different aspects of livelihood resilience. This means that there was the greatest difference between economic and environmental dimensions and the economic dimension has a fairly good value (3.65) but they are in a lower position than the environmental dimension (3.19). Regression analysis showed that all dimensions of livelihood resilience (social, natural, physical, financial) had a significant effect on survivor's resilience of villagers but the economic dimension predicts a greater share of livelihood resilience. In general, it can be concluded that the rural immigrants' returning has a positive effect on livelihood resilience of affected villagers.

Today, tourism is referred to as the tourism industry, which plays an important role in the economic development of human societies. The expansion of the tourism industry is an activity that affects almost all macroeconomic indicators. In the present era, considering the globalization of most countries and cities, they are looking for appropriate planning to improve their competitive position and, consequently, to increase their quality of social life. This research was conducted with the aim of developing tourism in ilam province using the Strategic, Strategic Meta-SWOT Planning Model. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and in terms of applied purpose. The method of collecting documentary data is survey. The statistical population consists of 25 experts and experts in the field of tourism. In order to analyze the research data, the Meta-SWOT model has been used. The findings of the research show that the main factor in the development of tourism in the province of ilam is political stability and the most important strategy for the development of tourism industry in iIlam province is to compete with its regional rivals and the eco tourism tourists. Among other influential factors is the strengthening and development of infrastructures.

Identifying and reviewing land use change can help managers and planners to identify the factors affecting the change of user and the adoption of appropriate management decisions at different levels. The present study was carried out with the aim of studying land use change and land use classes using remote sensing method in Noukabad watershed in Khash city, Sistan and Baluchestan province. For this purpose, after determining the boundary of the study area, using maps 1:50000, associated temporal data were obtained from the Landsat Satellite of the American Geological Survey. After geometric, radiometric and atmospheric correction, land use classification based on satellite images for study periods (1994-2000-2005-2010-2016 years) were determined. The accuracy of the production maps was determined using the general accuracy and kappa coefficient. After the application of the land use map in the ArcGIS software environment, the comparison of land use changes between the studied periods (each statistical period with the previous statistical period) was performed. Based on the results, overall classification accuracy of user-generated maps for the years 1994 (97.45%), 2000 (97.21%), 2005 (98.04%), 2010 (97.09%) and 2016 (97.06%) were rated as relatively good. The results of land use change trend showed that the most changes were in mountainous rangelands and the least changes were related to rivers, and in the meanwhile, agricultural lands and residential areas had moderate changes, which the main reason of these changes can be considered climate change and human intervention. These results indicate that the correct recognition of land use changes is caused, Managers identify the strengths and weaknesses of their executive plans and take steps to resolve them.