نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 24، بهار و تابستان 1394)

As a result of the urban sprawl, Brownfield areas are accessible in all the cities of the world as well as the Iranian cities such as Mashhad. These vacant lands provide cities with the possibilities of the inner development and more compact cities. In other words, Brownfield areas can promote the compactness by promoting cities in terms of economy durability, social inclusion, and environment sustainability. The Brownfield areas can also be described in terms of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which itself is a consequences of globalization and the areas of flow formation.
In Mashhad, there is a tendency to attract FDI and promote the place of the city on the globalization scale. Moreover, the amount of the Brownfield in the city is high. Therefore, the city authorities decided to develop the Brownfields through the private investment. The present study aims to investigate the Brownfield areas and classify them for the model of investment as it is one of the major issues of concern.
Theoretical Framework: Globalization has been defined as the free movement of capital, money, human, idea, technology and, etc. all over the world and this process is known as the flow formation. In this process FDI is really important and cities compete to invest a lot of money on a global scale.
On the other hand, industrial cities have led to an enormous physical growth inside the cities. As a result of the urban sprawl, lots of vacant land inside the cities can be identified. These vacant lands are identified as Green lands, Gray Lands, or Brownfields while each one has some specialties in terms of the urban planning.
In order to provide a classification of Urban Brownfield, first we have to recognize Mashhad’s Brownfield using GIS by checking it with Google Earth software to complete the data base on five indicators. The main indicators for the cluster analysis include; 1- Average household income in the urban areas around the Brownfield, 2- The economic function of the urban tissue where Brownfield is located, 3- The distance between the land and the city center (which is also a holy shrine and a religious center), 4- Land ownership, and 5- The level of natural vulnerability in the Brownfield. In the second phase, cluster analysis will be conducted based on the five mentioned indicators using SPSS software.
Discussion and Neo-liberalism and globalization is going to be universal. In fact as a result of the free movement of almost anything, cities try to promote their economic and social situation. The vacant lands, which are were abundant inside the city, open up a good opportunity to be rebuilt and to provide a new circulation for the global or national capital. As a result, the Urban Brownfield Redevelopment is one of the city authority’s strategies in Mashhad. But the so called developing city of Mashhad needs a more detailed plan for the Brownfield, hence, we attempted to conduct a detailed study of Mashhad’s Brownfield to provide some suggestions for the investment by considering the investment models on the one hand and the present status of each Brownfield on the other hand.
Firstly, it was identified that there are 1591 Brownfield in Mashhad which are more than 1000 square meter. These lands, which consist of 13.22 percent of the city area, are 3863 Hectare and would show a special spatial distribution in the city.
In intersection with three type of investment (Public investment, Private investment, and Public-Private investment), and when the Cluster Analysis was done, we recognized that the Brownfields could be identified in three major clusters, which include: The first cluster includes 38 percent of the Brownfield areas which are located in Eastern part of the city where basically there is a major informal settlement of the city and they suffer from the lack of public spaces and infrastructure. The people who live in these lands are low income groups. So the investor for these lands should be the Public investment model.
The second cluster covers 57 percent of the city which is the larger scale (by average 2.6 hectare). They are located in the areas where the city growth is determined by greater plans. Besides, the people who lived in these areas are middle income groups. As these lands usually need more investment, transparency, and accuracy due to their large size the suggested investment model is Public-Private Partnership.
The third cluster includes 5 percent of the city area and is located in high income zones of the city. So their investment could be transferred to the Private sector.

Sports spaces are the most important services in the city, that have a significant role in raising physical and mental health citizens. After studying the existing sports spaces in the neighborhood, district, Region and city of Zanjan, determined levels and percapita sport spaces of Zanjan city. A total of 19 spaces sports Zanjan city, 9 sport spaces neighborhood-scale, 6 sport spaces district -scale, 3 sport spaces Region-scale and 1 space sport city-scale, they service. The results show that the current distribution of sports spaces in the urban hierarchy is not suitable. So that the difference between the current situation and the level standard of sport spaces of Zanjan city respectively is, neighborhood 1.34, district 0.33, Region 0.33 and 0.58 city. The results of the network analysis of access to sport spaces, which represents the percent of the community sports area and population, respectively neighborhood, district, Regional and city 45, 46, 80, 83 percent area and 36, 63, 94, 98 percent covers population of Zanjan city. Also using the Moran model Taysn and G statistics, shown that distribution of spatial sports spaces are not planned and distributed to be randomly across the city. Using AHP model was also shown that 65 percent of the around land sport spaces are somedeal discordant and 35 percent are perfectly compatible.

1- Despite a lot of plans for rural and remote areas in recent years, many of Iran’s local community's health and medical needs are not enough supplied, yet. Residents of rural and remote community’s situations show that health care services are weaker than urban centers and health and medical indexes in indigenous communities remain unacceptable. Many rural and remote communities have experienced the difficulties of attracting and retaining appropriate and adequately trained medical and health workforce, while residents have faced the problems of accessing appropriate and sustainable health care services. Besides, reactivating these services are woefully inadequate.
2- Theoretical Framework
Historically, rural communities have to provide the public health service with the wider public health system, such as community health centers, rural clinics, or emergency medical service providers of places that have these services as the main resources. Considering the lack of formal public health infrastructure and the trained medical experts in rural areas, development of this system is so critical. The experts of the public health care system are trying not only in local health agencies but also in other public, private, and nonprofit organizations and agencies related to the public health. Rural communities may differ significantly across geographic regions and even within the same region. This diversity of rural communities is needed for local solutions of local challenges. Increasingly, systematic approaches that had been used for improving the community’s relationships to strengthen social networks and to expand communications caused more community planning efforts and strengthened the public health capacity, which ultimately led to the community collaboration, planning, performance, and health improvement status through sustainable community efforts. Attending to the concept of health is the basic principle of investing (human, natural, social, and economical) in intergenerational justice. As a result, attending to the rural health dimension (ecological, social, and economical) is one of basic elements of sustainable development. Rural health formed when ecological, social, and economical layers of community overlap. That means that each of ecological, social, and economical systems and their subsystems must have a desirable extent of health. Then, we could judge about healthy village.
3- Our rural community, which has affected the recent decades’ policies and processes, had widespread evolutions; however, evidence shows that the rural move is toward the unhealthy community. These policies and processes did not have positive effects on the community's vicissitude at present and could undesirably affect different present and future systems. Therefore, this study attempts to assess the rural healthiness amount by using the geographical approach. After assessing the theoretical literature and indexes selection, the required data were gathered by designing a questionnaire. Then, the gathered data were analyzed by statistical examinations. Finally, the rural points were ranked by ELECTERE technique which is a multi decision making technique. Methodology of study is descriptive. Analysis and indexes were designed based on the healthy village subject. Minoodasht, a town in Golestan province, was selected as the case study area. After the field study, 22 rural points were selected and 257 household were considered as a sample study from Garavollan Dehestan for data collection.
4- The techniques were implemented and the results showed that, Pasange Bala and Sadeg Abad villages have the highest and Manjalu has the lowest degree of health among other rural points.
5- Conclusion & Suggestions
Considering the integrated rural development programs and rural sustainable development, providing rural regions’ health care is an important aspect of the integrated development projects. Healthy life is a combination of many things, including good nutrition, regular exercise, and a positive attitude. Building healthy rural communities and reducing the health inequities between rural and urban people is an important challenge for all countries. One of the most important factors for a successful outcome may be the ability to focus on the energy and political animus to improve the health status of rural citizens and build fresh, healthy, and aboriginal communities. This challenge is really complex and much more work is needed. The great suggestion is to devolve the region health care services to the governmental initiations. Rural and remote communities remain unchanged but become increasingly cynical to government policies and activities and even more concerned about their increasing loss of their share in health and health-related services. Yet, every decision for the devolution of the health care services, given to the local level by governments, shouldn’t result in abrogating their responsibility to ensure the adequate provision of health care at all rural points.

The rapid and sprawl development city in recent decades has created many problems for cities and Causing instability in urban environments. The late twentieth century these problems caused a revision in urban planning models and introduction of new models such as the infill development. Studies show that Third World countries like Iran are faced with sprawl development model and should take the infill development approach. This research is applied with analytical - descriptive method. The purpose of this research is explaining sprawl and infill development models in country circumstances and case study is city Bojnurd. analysis with entropy Holdern and Shannon methods shows that city Bojnoord developed in accordance with sprawl development model. Capacity assessment in urban spaces shows that vacant, military and industrial land as urban dysfunctional spaces is 762 hectares and These in according with approvals of city master plan and even according with Continuation of existing conditions is capacity for accept the additional population Until 1400 year. studies confirm Both the research hypothesis.

Reaching to a sustainable development of the country requires much attention to the sustainable development of rural areas. In this context, measuring and assessment of the sustainability with the aim of studying current situation, and understanding the differences between the regions in terms of sustainability indicators is very important in order to make optimal decisions regarding rural development. This article beside studying stability condition of rural areas of Falavarjan county in Isfahan province aims to surveying the dimensions and indicators that most affecting the sustainable rural development of this region. Present study is an applied one, and the method used in this research is a combination of descriptive and analytical methods. The obtained results based on the values of CL in TOPSIS model indicate that Mosian and Karsangan villages from Abrisham rural area with sustainability values of, respectively, 0.890 and 0.732, have highest ranks, and VazirAbad and RahimAbad villages from GarkanShomali rural area with sustainability values of, respectively, 0.187, and 0.138, have lowest sustainability ranks. In order to study the differences between different rural areas of the region in terms of sustainable indicators, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Dunken test are performed. Results show that between different rural areas of the Falavarjan County in terms of sustainability, in four dimensions of Economic , Environmental, Formation, and Access, meaningful differences exist and they can be grouped differently in each of these dimensions.

By introduction of the concept of sustainable cities and creation of lively places in the city, the importance of urban green spaces and embedding them in urban areas has been more evident. This problem has been required more attention by the expansion of urbanization and accumulation of population and density in cities with some challenges such as climate warming and pollution in urban areas. In this regard, the methodology of this study is "- descriptive analytical" that with aims of analyze the optimal spatial establishing of the urban green space in the zone 4 of Tabriz are accomplished. To achieve the target of the study information of 12 land use in zone 4 of Tabriz has been extracted and produced from land use map 1:5000, in the Arc GIS 10 software and then has been fuzzified, using fuzzy membership functions. For final analysis to identify optimal substrates for the establishment of green spaces in the study area the fuzzy gamma function has been used. The final analysis of the status of 12 land use layer by using a threshold of 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 in the form of fuzzy gamma function has been conducted. The results show that the fuzzy gamma function with a threshold of 0.7 has been better analyzed the optimal deployment of urban green space considering the status quo of land use of zone 4. According to the results of operations some central and southeastern parts of the region due to the existing conditions have favorable substrates for the establishment of urban green spaces.

Today in developing and some developed countries source separation of waste project is following coherently because of shortage of keeping abnormal wastes places and landfill band and also economic considerations. Hence, recycling and conversion materials organizations of municipalities have done some projects which resulted in increasing the participation of families in separation of valuable wastes. In this regard, present research tries to present decision-making algorithms of Mashhad citizens by applying new knowledge of data mining and C4.5 algorithm of decision tree and data of 145 citizens in the year 2012. Results show that the factor of Satisfaction of the Project is the most important factor influencing on citizens cooperations. Other variables in later levels are mother's employment status, assessment of valuation method of the project, awareness of environmental, economic and social advantages of the project and education level. Results would help policymakers in adopting suitable and targeted policies in the urban management scope, and in addition would enhance welfare level of citizens which is considered the most important goal of all urban organizations.

Research is necessary for adjust and improve the process of land degradation in the agricultural, horticultural and also prevent the formation of spatial patterns is uneven and sporadic. The present study sought to analyze the impact of the components of the population (population change and population density) and development land on the spatial pattern of sprawl in the study area. In this paper, we are following to analyze the effect of population factors and land development on the sprawl spatial pattern. The methodology of the paper is prescriptive-analytical and then we tried to use black and white methods and density equilibrium factor to analyze factors between 1365 and 1390.Then by using Arc GIS we overlaid satellite images to understand sprawl trend. The discoveries of this paper declare a convergent decentered in spatial development which is followed by a low density in peripheral areas. The result of black and white analysis about the decrease in sprawl in urban region of Babol shows a decreasing trend while at Sari the findings express a decrease at first and then an increase and finally at Ghaemshahr an increasing trend at first and then a decreasing one.these trends show that spatial developments in this region between 1365 and 1390 have gone through a striking up and down and in order to ameliorate the condition of life in this region a better land management based upon establishing coherence plans is required.

Growth and expansion of cities, modernisms Complications with urbanisms life, to demands the more expantion of green space and park which is playd the influential role for improvement of condition and qualification of citizens life, with tranquility pleasure. But Today, the park is the most important element in the public space, has created many difficulties for the safety of the citizens that consequently the health of all citizens, especially children and the elderly threatening. Of this reason, Because of the issue of safety in these spaces is of particular importance, And concerns about the recent events at this location, Especially in metropolitan park of the necessity of investigating considering the relevance of this subject to all those involved and users are created. According to research on the safety of park sub impact on citizens and will park their consent, In this article investigate the safety of urban parks in the city of Mashhad on indicators of a sense of safety, health safety, physical security, safety light and physical access has been. The research community 2 park in the city of Mashhad One of the more developed areas of the city (Park koohsangi in Region 8 Mashhad Municipality) and another is the less developed ones in city (Park Basij in Region 4 Mashhad municipalities).

Nowadays stable economic development is the most important purpose of developing countries and in this case micro-credits can be an efficient approach that play an important role in achieving firm living in rural areas. the main aim of this research is to analyze the effects of micro-credits on stability of the rural economy and in the end to answer this question whether micro-credits in rural areas lead to improvement of rural economic stability and its related features such as economic justice, Economic stability and Welfare? The way of studying in this research, depends on descriptive-analytic ways. Furthermore required information are gathered through documentary ways. so called statistics includes rural families of Neyshabor who have received self-employment loans from Mehr-e-Imam Reza fund-case.276families have been chosen based on kookraan formula as a sample society for research. The validity of contextual questionnaire has been validated and its stability has come to 0.939 through Cranach’s alpha. The collected data have been analyzed and come to a result by descriptive and presumptive statistics. The research’s achievements show that the performance of micro-credits in rural areas has significantly helped economical stability. So for stability of the economy of villages, the approach of that development is desired that looks at ordinary and lower parts as the agents and factors of preventative policies like granting micro-credits.

Among the agents collection that should observe in instability of rural residences is attention urban dropped sewages ¡because of more excecuted works in industvies and home consumption of cities are dealing with water . there fore ¡more using of water results in more production of sewage and these sewages have safe place in human consumption cycle. These processes hurt direct evacuation of sewage following to the environmental life¡subterrainean resources and surface/lerevel of water and can pollute them .These sewages with polluting of safe water resoures¡ fertile agricul toral grounds and domesticated products there are among the strengthening agents of population settling and bear in stability creation specially the villages economic instability . on this basis ¡ aim of this research is evaluation of urban dropped sewage effects in savojbolagh villages economic instability. Research methodology is analytical- descriptive based on strdying the attributive resoures¡field strdying and qvestionnaire completion . Data has analyzed with Spss software . Findings show that Abad khosravi village¡in economic dimension with /79/ has higher instability and khosrow Abad village with /26/ has lower instability.