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جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای - سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 26، بهار و تابستان 1395)

نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 26، بهار و تابستان 1395)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/06/28
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
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  • علمی - پژوهشی
  • فهیمه عبادی نیا، محمد اجزاء شکوهی، براتعلی خاکپور صفحات 1-18
    اهداف
    هدف اصلی این مقاله تعیین اراضی دارای اولویت برای سرمایه گذاری است که بر اساس چهار معیار اصلی پژوهش به چهار دسته اراضی با اولویت بالا، اولویت متوسط، اولویت پایین و فاقد اولویت برای سرمایه گذاری تقسیم گردیده است.
    روش
    این مقاله به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و بهره گیری از سیستم های اطلاعات جغرافیایی GIS با به کارگیری مدل فرآیند سلسله مراتبی (AHP)، انجام شده است.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    نتایج سلسله مراتبی نشان می دهد که تعداد 4835 قطعه زمین که 21درصد مساحت حوزه را شامل می شود دارای اولویت سرمایه گذاری بالا و 8/59 درصد از اراضی دارای اولویت سرمایه گذاری متوسط می باشند که مجموع این دو گویای پتانسیل بالای حوزه شمال غرب برای جذب سرمایه گذاری ها است. همچنین با بررسی پروانه های ساختمانی اراضی 2000 متر به بالا که در 5 سال اخیر از سوی شهرداری صادر شده، مشخص شد که عمده سرمایه گذاری ها از نوع مسکونی بوده که همسو با جمعیت پذیری بالای حوزه می باشد. به لحاظ پراکندگی فضایی 81درصد سرمایه گذاری ها در منطقه 12 متمرکز است.
    نتیجه گیری
    یافنه های به دست آمده حاکی از آن است که جهت گیری سرمایه گذاری های خصوصی در منطقه 12 با تاکید بر بخش مسکن، فعال تر از دیگر مناطق حوزه می باشد. لکن با ادامه چنین روندی سایر بخش ها با کمبود سرمایه گذاری مواجه خواهد شد. بنابراین تدوین راهکارهایی برای تغییر جهت گیری سرمایه گذاری ها از حوزه مسکن به بخش های تجاری وخدماتی برای تامین نیازهای ساکنین ضروری است.
    کلیدواژگان: سرمایه گذاری، فرآیند سلسله مراتبی، اراضی شهری، حوزه شمال غرب شهر مشهد
  • حمدالله سجاسی قیداری، مهدی پورطاهری، وحید صادقی، سید محمدحسین حسینی صفحات 19-46
    اهداف
    طایفه گرایی اساسا مبتنی بر رجحان یک گروه نژادی، طایفه ای و فرهنگ اجتماعی مشخص بر گروه های دیگر است که در آن انجام تصمیم گیری های سیاسی مبتنی بر گرایش های طایفه ای بوده و در تضاد با توسعه سیاسی است؛ زیرا توسعه سیاسی، فرآیند دموکراتیزاسیون مبتنی بر نهادینگی ساختارهای سیاسی برخوردار از جامعه مدنی و چرخه مسآلمت آمیز قدرت از طریق وفاق بین نخبگان و تفکیک و افتراق بین ساخت ها را در بر می گیرد، اما دستیابی به چنین سطحی از توسعه سیاسی در تصمیم گیری ها نیازمند گذار از تعصبات قومی و طایفه ای است. پدیده طایفه گرایی اجتماعی سیاسی عمدتا در اجتماعات محلی با ساختارهای طایفه ای عمدتا مشاهده می شود که تدوام آن می تواند اثرات منفی متعددی مانند بی انگیزگی سایر گروه های اجتماعی و انحصارطلبی قدرت سیاسی شود. نمود عینی طایفه گرایی در تصمیم گیری های سیاسی عمدتا در شرایط انتخاباتی تشدید می شود. در این میان شهرستان ممسنی به عنوان یکی از شهرستان های استان فارس از جمله مناطق جغرافیایی پیرامونی کشور است که هنوز عناصر سنتی خود را حفظ کرده است. این شهرستان در طی سالیان متمادی زندگی عشیره ای و سنتی داشته است، به طوری که هویت جغرافیایی و طایفه ای یکی از نیرومندترین عوامل اثرگذار بر پایگاه رای آوری نمایندگان این حوزه انتخابیه را شکل می دهد. بنیاد پژوهش کنونی بر این پرسش نهاده شده است که چه رابطه ای بین طایفه گرایی و توسعه سیاسی در اجتماعات محلی وجود دارد؟
    روش
    داده های مقاله پیش رو که ماهیتی توصیفی تحلیلی دارد، به روش کتابخانه ای و تحلیل آماری داده های میدانی (پرسش نامه و مصاحبه) گردآوری شده است. در روش میدانی با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS به تبیین رابطه دو متغیر طایفه گرایی به مثابه متغیر مستقل و توسعه سیاسی به عنوان متغیر وابسته پرداخته شد.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    تحقیق نشان داد که بین دو متغیر طایفه گرایی و توسعه سیاسی ارتباط معناداری وجود داشته است. در شهرستان ممسنی به دلیل حاکمیت بافت سنتی و غلبه عناصر متاثر از این بافت بر عناصر مدرن و تلفیق آن با برخی موانع چالش برانگیز، فرآیند توسعه سیاسی با موانعی مواجه بوده است.
    نتیجه گیری
    نگرش های محلی طایفه ای یکی از عوامل کلیدی بوده که در توسعه نیافتگی سیاسی شهرستان نورآباد ممسنی نقش داشته و به علت عبور ناقص شهرستان از مراحل توسعه سیاسی نظیر انتخابات، منجر به تثبیت نظام فکری طایفه گرایی شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: طایفه گرایی، توسعه سیاسی، انتخابات، شهرستان نورآباد ممسنی
  • افشین بهمنی، صفر قائدرحمتی صفحات 47-65
    اهداف
    هدف پژوهش حاضر ارزیایی میزان مطابقت مسکن مهر با شاخص های کیفی مسکن مناسب است.
    روش
    این تحقیق از نوع کاربردی بوده و ماهیت آن به صورت توصیفی- تحلیلی است، شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات نیز به دو روش کتابخانه ای و مشاهده میدانی بوده و ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات در روش میدانی، به صورت پرسش نامه، مصاحبه و مشاهده حضوری بوده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق، مسکن مهر 285 واحدی 22 بهمن شهر زنجان بوده که با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی و فرمول اصلاح شده کوکران، 99 واحد مسکونی به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده اند. بعد از توزیع پرسش نامه و جمع آوری اطلاعات، برای تجزیه و تحلیل آمار به دست آمده، از آزمون t تک نمونه ای و همبستگی پیرسون در محیط نرم افزار spss استفاده شده است.
    نتیجه گیری
    نتایج به دست آمده از آزمون t نشان داده است که مسکن مهر مورد بررسی، با هیچ کدام از شاخص های ابعاد کیفی مسکن مطابقت نداشته و این میزان در همه آن ها کمتر از حد معمول (3) بوده است. نتایج حاصل از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، نشان دهنده وجود رابطه معنادار بین ابعاد اقتصادی و کالبدی (35/0)، فرهنگی و کالبدی (57/0)، فرهنگی و زیست محیطی(33/0) و زیست محیطی و کالبدی (5/0)، بوده است؛ در نتیجه می توان گفت که مسکن مهر 22 بهمن شهر زنجان، رضایت مندی ساکنین را در پی نداشته است.
    کلیدواژگان: مسکن، مسکن مهر، مسکن مناسب، مسکن مهر زنجان، شاخص های مسکن
  • کرامت الله زیاری، علیرضا محمدی صفحات 67-88
    اهداف
    این مقاله، با دو هدف آسیب شناسی الگوی موجود و انتخاب الگوی مطلوب مدیریتی طرح های توسعه منطقه ای تدوین شده است.
    روش
    این پژوهش از نظر روش شناسی توصیفی و تحلیلی است و از روش اسنادی و میدانی برای گردآوری داده ها استفاده می کند. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل پژوهشگران و متخصصانی است که با استفاده از نمونه گیری خوشه ایو روش کوکران، 370 از آن ها به عنوان نمونه برای پرسشگری انتخاب شده اند. همچنین از 50 خبره برای سنجش روایی محتوایی ابزار اندازه گیری و از 30 خبره برای انتخاب الگوی مطلوب مدیریتی مصاحبه به عمل آمده است. از روش ANP برای وزن دهی به معیارها و از مدل PROMETHEEII برای رتبه بندی گزینه ها و انتخاب الگوی مطلوب استفاده شده است. از نرم افزارهای SPSS، Super Decision و Visual Promethee برای پردازش، وزن دهی، تحلیل و رتبه بندی استفاده شده است. روایی محتوایی ابزار با استفاده از ضریب CVR، 80/0 و پایایی آن با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ، 926/0 و روش گاتمن، 827/0 محاسبه شده است.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهند که الگوی موجود مدیریت طرح های توسعه ناکارآمد است و به اصلاح نیاز دارد. همچنین اجرای مدل PROMETHEEII نشان داد که، الگوی مبتنی بر حکمروایی خوب، الگوی مدیریت شبکه ای و الگوی مدیریت راهبردی، به ترتیب با نمره خالص رتبه بندی 7106/0، 5763/0، 0783/0، الگوهای برتر هستند.
    نتیجه گیری
    در این پژوهش، این نتیجه به دست آمد که «حکمروایی شبکه ای»، الگوی مطلوبی برای مدیریت طرح های توسعه منطقه ای است. در پایان پیشنهادهای مانند ایجاد زیرساخت های ارتباطی و اطلاعاتی، زمینه سازی مدیریت مشارکتی مبتنی بر پیاده سازی حکمروایی خوب در مدیریت طرح ها ارائه شده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: آسیب شناسی، مدیریت طرح های توسعه منطقه ای، ایران، ANP، PROMETHEEII
  • حسن افراخته، مریم آرمند، زهرا اطهری صفحات 89-114
    اهداف
    صنعت سفال شهر لالجین که به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین نقاط تولید سفال در کشور به شمار می رود با مشکلات عمده ای روبروست، به طوری که در سال های اخیر بسیاری از تولیدکنندگان دیروزی به مشاغل دیگری روی آورده اند و یا تبدیل به واردکننده و فروشنده شده اند. از این رو هدف از مطالعه حاضر، ارائه تصویری روشن از چالش های فراروی صنایع دستی این منطقه در قالب یک مدل، با استفاده از روش تئوری بنیانی است.
    روش
    رویکرد کلی تحقیق، کیفی است. جامعه مورد مطالعه شامل سفالگران و کارشناسان خبره در زمینه سفالگری و صنایع دستی می باشد. فرآیند نمونه گیری به صورت هدفمند و ضابطه مند بر اساس تسلط و آگاهی افراد به موضوع با استفاده از تکنیک گلوله برفی انجام شد. روش اصلی گردآوری داده های تئوری بنیانی، مصاحبه عمیق با جامعه مورد مطالعه بود که پس از مصاحبه با 30 نفر از افراد (10 نفر از کارشناسان و 20 نفر از سفالگران) اشباع تئوریک حاصل شد. در این تحقیق برای اطمینان از روایی و پایایی داده ها علاوه بر حساسیت نظری محقق در گردآوری داده ها، از معیارهای خاص پژوهش کیفی شامل مقبولیت و قابلیت تایید استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    پس از جمع آوری اطلاعات، داده ها از طریق تحلیل محتوایی طی مراحل کدگذاری باز، کدگذاری محوری و کدگذاری انتخابی طبقه بندی گردیدند و در نهایت مدل چالش های فراروی صنعت سفال منطقه لالجین استخراج گردید. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده صنعت سفال لالجین با 9 مشکل عمده مواجه است که عبارت اند از: مشکلات مربوط به تجهیز منابع و مواد اولیه مورد نیاز، مشکلات فنی و تکنولوژیکی، مشکلات ساختاری و زیربنایی، مشکلات مربوط به تبلیغات و اطلاع رسانی، مشکلات حقوقی و قانونی، مشکلات اجرایی و مدیریتی، مشکلات مالی واعتباری، مشکلات آموزشی، ترویج و تحقیق و مشکلات مربوط به نظام عرضه و بازایابی.
    کلیدواژگان: صنایع دستی، سفالگری، چالش ها، تئوری بنیانی، شهر لالجین
  • محمد رحیم رهنما، روح الله اسدی صفحات 115-141
    اهداف
    استان خراسان رضوی به عنوان مهم ترین کانون جمعیتی شرق کشور، دارای جایگاه ویژه ای در برنامه ریزی های ملی است و برنامه ریزی منطقه ای در قالب آمایش سرزمین، می تواند رویکرد استراتژیک را در متن برنامه ریزی های بلندمدت استان نهادینه کند. این مقاله با هدف ارائه وضعیت کلی استان خراسان رضوی از نظر استراتژیک، به دنبال تعیین جهت گیری استراتژیک شهرستان های استان می باشد.
    روش
    از این روی، در چارچوب روش شناختی تجربی و با رویکردی توصیفی تحلیلی، علاوه بر استفاده از اطلاعات موجود در مطالعات آمایش استان، اقدام به تکمیل پرسش نامه و مصاحبه با 60 نفر از مسئولان و کارشناسان استان و نیز ضریب دهی ماتریس های مدل مورد استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    نتایج مطالعه در 12 بخش موضوعی، حاکی از آن است که وضعیت کلی استراتژیک استان بیشتر گرایش به سمت موقعیت تدافعی دارد که این عامل ناشی از عملکرد نامناسب در بخش های مربوطه است. همچنین، گرایش اندکی هم به موقعیت های رقابتی و محافظه کارانه وجود دارد که نشان دهنده عملکرد بهتر و موقعیت مناسب تر این بخش ها است. همچنین از بین شهرستان های مورد مطالعه استان، هشت شهرستان شامل قوچان، سبزوار، جغتای، جوین، تربت حیدریه، دولت آباد، درگز و سرخس به طور کلی، دارای جهت گیری «توسعه ایمن ساز» هستند. پنج شهرستان شامل نیشابور، فیروزه، گناباد، کاشمر و بجستان از نظر استراتژیک در موقعیت «توسعه با اولویت» قرار دارد. سه شهرستان خواف، تایباد و کلات دارای جهت گیری «بازسازی با اولویت» و چهار شهرستان بردسکن، رشتخوار، مه ولات و خلیل آباد، در «وضعیت خاکستری» قرار دارند. سه شهرستان تربیت جام، چناران و فریمان نیز در موقعیت «استراتژی های ترکیبی» موقعیت یافته اند.
    کلیدواژگان: آمایش سرزمین، استان خراسان رضوی، برنامه ریزی استراتژیک، برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
  • محمدحسن یزدانی، احمد آفتاب، ابراهیم علی پور صفحات 143-164
    اهداف
    سرمایه اجتماعی کلید استقرار جامعه مدنی و حیات شهروندی است و انباشت آن از اقتدارگرایی و تفکرات آمرانه، فرصت طلبی، بی اعتمادی، حس بدبینی و... جلوگیری می کند. در این راستا هدف پژوهش حاضر، ارزیابی و اولویت بندی میزان سرمایه اجتماعی در نواحی یازده گانه منطقه سه شهر اردبیل می باشد.
    روش
    نوع تحقق کاربردی بوده، روش بررسی آن توصیفی تحلیلی است. براین اساس، جمع آوری داده ها از طریق پرسش نامه در حجم نمونه 382 نفر و تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از مدل های AHP و Topsis صورت گرفته است.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    نتایج حاصل از گام های مختلف مدل تاپسیس نشان می دهد که به جهت سطح بندی سرمایه اجتماعی در نواحی منطقه سه تفاوت وجود دارد و نواحی با طبقات اجتماعی و اقتصادی و کالبدی بالا و رضایت بخش تر همچون 2، 1، 11 و 9 از رتبه به مراتب بهتری نسبت به سایر نواحی همچون 4، 6 و 7 دارا می باشند.
    نتیجه گیری
    در این میان، وجود عوامل سرمایه ساز در سطح نواحی همچون مساجد و حسینیه ها و... در جهت ارتقای شاخص های سرمایه اجتماعی در منطقه سه و در نهایت شهر، استفاده گردد. از سوی دیگر با توجه به اینکه نواحی 4 (با ضریب 1508/0) و 6 (با ضریب 4920/0) از کمترین میزان سطح سرمایه اجتماعی برخوردار است و در این نواحی شاخص های امنیت و اعتماد در حد پایین قرار دارد، لذا ارائه طرح های امنیتی و گسترش نظارت بر این منطقه، تبلیغات و فرهنگ سازی در جهت ارتقای سطح اعتماد و مشارکت عمومی می تواند از جمله این راهکارها باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: سرمایه اجتماعی، تکنیک تاپسیس، فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی، منطقه سه شهر اردبیل
  • آسیه حسنی نژاد، سمانه مسیبی، اردلان حسنی نژاد صفحات 165-184
    اهداف
    کیفیت زندگی، مفهومی پیچیده و چندبعدی است که تحت تاثیر مولفه هایی چون زمان و مکان، ارزش های فردی و اجتماعی از سوی متفکران علوم شهری و سایر اندیشمندان علوم مختلف مطرح و مورد پژوهش قرار گرفته است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی شاخص های کیفیت زندگی و سنجش آن در شهر مرکزی زرین دشت (حاجی آباد) بر مبنای 4 گروه شاخص های اقتصادی، اجتماعی، خدماتی و کالبدی صورت گرفته است.
    روش
    روش تحقیق، در این مقاله توصیفی- تحلیلی و ابزار آن پرسش نامه می باشد. روایی پرسش نامه با استفاده از نظرات متخصصان و پایایی آن با استفاده از محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ (72%) تعیین شد. جامعه آماری در این پژوهش7 محله از شهر حاجی آباد (20000نفر) می باشد که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 377 نمونه انتخاب گردید و به صورت تصادفی در هر محله پرسش نامه توزیع شد. تجزیه و تحلیل پرسش نامه با استفاده ازآمار توصیفی، همبستگی و رگرسیون چندگانه خطی انجام شد و در نهایت از روش آنتروپی شانون جهت وزن دهی شاخص ها و تکنیک پرومتی جهت رتبه بندی محلات به کار گرفته شد.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    یافته های پژوهش نشان داد که در شهر حاجی آباد، محله فرهنگیان بالاترین سطح کیفیت زندگی شهری و محله حسین آباد، پایین ترین سطح کیفیت را در بین محلات دارد. همچنین در بررسی ابعاد چهارگانه شاخص کیفیت زندگی همبستگی مستقیم و معناداری وجود داشته و هر یک از این ابعاد همبستگی معناداری با رضایتمندی نهایی از کیفیت زندگی دارند و از بین شاخص های کیفیت زندگی، شاخص اقتصادی بیشترین تاثیر را در کیفیت محلات دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: کیفیت زندگی، شهر حاجی آباد، رتبه بندی، آنتروپی شانون، تکنیک پرومته
  • لیدا علیزاده، حمید شایان، مریم قاسمی صفحات 185-206
    اهداف
    یکی از مهم ترین چالش های کشاورزی ایجاد درآمدی پایدار از طریق تطبیق هرچه بیشتر الگوهای کشت و قابلیت تولید سودآور با محدودیت های محیطی برای تضمین پایداری در درازمدت است. طی دو دهه اخیر کشاورزان بخش مرکزی شهرستان سبزوار به دلیل محدودیت های اقلیمی اقدام به تغییر الگوی کشت از غلات و پنبه به پسته نموده اند، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات اقتصادی و اجتماعی کاشت پسته بر پسته کاران انجام پذیرفته است.
    روش
    روش تحقیق توصیفی تحلیلی با رویکرد مقایسه ای می باشد. جامعه آماری تحقیق 6 روستا در بخش مرکزی شهرستان سبزوار با 131 بهره بردار پسته است. واحد تحلیل سرپرستان خانوار بهره بردار پسته است. اثرات در دو بعد اقتصادی با 17 گویه و اجتماعی با 12 گویه با استفاده از طیف لیکرت در دو برهه زمانی قبل و پس از پسته کاری بررسی می شود. آلفای کرونباخ 78/0 بیانگر پایایی مطلوب پرسشنامه است.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    نتایج حاصل از آزمون ویلکاکسون بیانگر وجود تفاوت معنادار بین شرایط اقتصادی و اجتماعی قبل و بعد از کشت پسته است به طوری که میانگین وضعیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی به ترتیب قبل از کاشت پسته 86/1 و 05/2 و بعد از کاشت پسته 03/3 و 25/3 بوده است. همچنین میانگین مجموع اثرات اقتصادی و اجتماعی قبل از کاشت پسته 2 و پس از کاشت پسته 3/3 محاسبه شده است.
    نتیجه گیری
    براساس نتایج تحقیق، کاشت پسته در سکونتگاه های روستایی مناطق خشک دارای مزیت نسبی است؛ چراکه با توجه به درآمدزایی بالا اثرات مثبت و معناداری بر وضعیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی خانوارهای پسته کار داشته است.
    کلیدواژگان: کاشت پسته، اثرات اقتصادی و اجتماعی، کشاورزی، شهرستان سبزوار، تغییر الگوی کشت
  • غلامرضا مقامی مقیم صفحات 207-223
    اهداف
    این تحقیق با هدف شناسایی و طبقه بندی اشکال کارستی حوضه درپرچین به منظور شناسایی بهتر و دقیق تر کارست های این حوضه انجام می شود و نقش مهمی در پروژه های آمایش سرزمین در مناطق کارستی خواهد داشت.
    روش
    پس از مرزبندی حوضه مورد مطالعه و شناسایی اشکال کارستی آن، از روش های طبقه بندی چویجیک، والتهام، کماتینا و هراک جهت طبقه بندی اشکال کارستی این حوضه استفاده شد.
    یافته ها
    مطالعه کارست های این حوضه نشان داد اشکال کارستی آن از تنوع بالایی برخوردار بوده و انواع کارن ها، دولین ها دره های کارستی، غارها، اووالاها، پنجره های کارستی، چاه های مکنده، پونورها و چشمه های کارستی را شامل می شوند.
    نتایج
    مطالعه اشکال کارستی حوضه درپرچین مشخص نمود براساس طبقه بندی سویچ این اشکال در ردیف کارست های انتقالی، براساس طبقه بندی والتهام و فوکس در ردیف کارست های جوان، براساس طبقه بندی کماتینا در ردیف کارست های مسطح و ناودیسی و براساس طبقه بندی هراک در ردیف کارست های کوهزایی قرار می گیرند.
    کلیدواژگان: اشکال کارستی، درپرچین، دولین، کارن، دره های کارستی
  • محمود قدیری، صغری شهربابکی صفحات 225-247
    اهداف
    یادگیری درس های حاصل از مداخله ها و بازسازی های پس از بحران به منظور فهم بهتر چگونگی جهت دهی به مداخلات توسعه به ویژه آن هایی که در راستای توسعه پایدار نواحی آسیب پذیرند ضروری است. از این رو، با توجه به اینکه بازسازی پس از بحران، فرصتی برای پایدارسازی و حل مشکلات توسعه می باشد، هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل تفاوت کیفیت بازسازی محلات شهر بم و میزان موفقیت آن در این زمینه می باشد.
    روش
    در این پژوهش، روش تحقیق از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی است. مفهوم کیفیت بازسازی با استفاده از روش های AHP گروهی و SAW در 7 شاخص و 9 زیرشاخص عملیاتی شد. داده های مورد نیاز از طریق پرسش نامه و روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای، و از 319 خانوار نمونه (بر حسب روش کوکران) به دست آمد و از طریق روش های واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون توکی تحلیل شد.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه نشان داد تفاوت معناداری بین محلات از نظر کیفیت بازسازی وجود دارد و از بین 7 شاخص کیفیت بازسازی، در 5 شاخص تفاوت معنادار بین محلات وجود دارد. از نظر شاخص کلی کیفیت بازسازی هم نتایج نشان داد که محلات در سطح اطمینان 99% از تفاوت معنادار برخوردار هستند. در نتیجه کیفیت بازسازی در کل متوسط و میزان آن بر حسب محل سکونت خانوارهای مختلف شهر بم متفاوت است.
    نتیجه گیری
    نتایج در مجموع همسوی با این گزاره علمی است که دسترسی به فرصت های بازسازی برابر نیست و با وضعیت اقتصادی اجتماعی خانوارها ارتباط دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: زلزله، شهر بم، خانوارها، محلات، کیفیت بازسازی
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  • Fahimeh Ebadinia, Mohammad Ajza Shokouhi, Barat Ali Khakpour Pages 1-18
    IntroductionGiven the horizontal expansion of cities in recent decades, there are a lot of unused and abandoned lands in large cities. These lands are now an opportunity for urban redevelopment and investment. Attracting domestic and foreign investments to cities has been very common in recent decades, which has turned the national nature of large cities to international (Ziari, 2009:43). Due to tourism and religious sites, Mashhad is a proper place to absorb investors, thus, the main aim of the present research is to locate the investment projects in the north west of Mashhad. Furthermore, it attempts to identify proper lands for economic investment. The dominant type and spatial distribution of projects was analyzed using multi-criteria decision-making method (AHP) in ARCGIS software environment.
    Theoretical FrameworkIn the traditional literature of planning, land together with capital and labor (human resources) were considered as one of the three main factors of production in an economic system. To provide a wider range of social services and physical infrastructures with a better quality, local and central governments have limitations both in terms of financial and land resources for proper investment. That is why dealing with issues and problems that cities are involved with could only be achieved by collaborative programs and private investments. In addition, today, proper methods of investment are one of the most important methods of investment for redevelopment and regeneration of city cores and the worn texture of this section. It is obvious that for the revival theory to happen for the revival of central cities, lack of investment should be replaced with reinvestment.
    MethodologyThis study is applied and descriptive-analytic. The model used in this study is Hierarchy Process (AHP), which allows for the evaluation of multiple criteria a decision provides. The various stages of the model are as follows:• The first stage: determining goals and criteria
    • The second stage: making a graphical display of hierarchy process
    • The third stage: categorization and scoring of indices
    • The fourth stage: determining the priority of the indices with respect to one another
    • The fifth stage: performing the operation of GIS and AHP and determining the first-priority spots for investment
    After performing the model, there will be an opportunity for interpreting the results in the form of maps, where spatial display of the data will be possible in GIS. Layers are provided in the form of maps for each criterion. Using their actual values, the first step in spatializing the criteria in order to be employed in a hierarchical process will be taken.
    Results and DiscussionThe final stage of the process of combining and overlapping maps is hierarchical and is in the process before, where all land areas of the North West of Mashhad, based on their potentiality to invest are divided into four categories as follows:• Lands with no priority: Such lands are generally found in the margin of eastern domain which are small, dense, and far from the main roads, and a small part of residential area is seen (majorly apartments) inside district 12.
    • Low-priority lands: The vast majority of such lands are located in district 6 from region 2 in the East and North-Eastern of the domain.
    • Lands with the average investment priority: This majorly includes the internal parts of district 10 in the center of the domain and the vast area of district 12 lands.
    • Lands with high investment priority: These lands are majorly located in large scale parts in the northern domain located in district 12 and lands leading to the main roads such as Imam Ali Highway and Kall Chehel Baze and also Mashhad-Ghouchan industrial road.
    Building permits issued in the area of North West are mainly based on District 12 and in the direction of the development of the city, which is significantly more than the center of the domain (district 10). 81% of building projects are in district 12 while only 19% in district 10 and region 6 of district 2 have received permits from municipality. It can be concluded that the development direction of the city is a far better situation in terms of absorbing private investors with the emphasis on housing compared to the other districts of the region.
    Conclusion and suggestionsThe access criteria weight (0.3497) is more than any other study criteria and the access index is one of the most important criteria to determine an appropriate location for investment. Thus, the first hypothesis is confirmed. Furthermore, the western lands of the domain have the highest number of investment projects. Given to its higher rate of population, many of the issued permits are resident permits, thus, the second research hypothesis that the majority of investment in this domain was for housing was confirmed. Moreover, many of the investments accounted for 81% of the building projects and were located in the region 12 North West domain, which is consistent with private sector investment pattern. Thus, the third hypothesis of the research that it seems district 12 of North West domain absorbs the highest number of investments in this domain, was approved.
    Keywords: Investment, Analytic hierarchy process, Building permission, Northwest of Mashhad
  • Hamdollah Sojasi Ghidari, Mehdi Purtaheri, Vahid Sadeghi, Seyed Mohammad Hossein Hosseini Pages 19-46
    IntroductionPolitical development, as an indicator, is a process of transition from underdevelopment to development which is also mentioned as democratization. Political participation and free choice based on meritocracy is an objective manifestation of the political development index. In addition to the national laws, the representative election by the local people, is affected by the local conditions, attitudes, and values which very remarkable in developing countries. Besides, tribal and sectarian identity is selected as one of the most important factors of choice. It should be noted that the relationship between the sponsor-pursuant in the third world and the developing countries is considered to be a major constraint of transition to democracy the typical example of which can be seen in systems based on solely tribalism and clan-oriented.Mostly in the Iranian local communities, political participation with ethnic biases orientation and weaknesses of various intensity are observed due to the historical, social, ethnic and tribal structure. In fact, geographical segments may be pointed to the tribes who are living in Nurabad Mamasani the dependence intensity of its roots and the social structures of which havebeen remained somewhat strong.
    Theoretical FrameworkThe social structure of the Iranian tribes includes tribes, threatening, camping, and family. The tribe is one of the main basis of the social system of tribes. Essentially, the tribe is an Arabic term and is a social and political unit that is comprised of smaller components called race, descent or lineage, and family. The term trend, is mainly a way to stretch intellectually, emotionally, and mentally that is directly attributed to identity and epistemological issues that can be used to analyze the economic, political, social, and environmental protection. One of the most important functions in the social analysis, in particular tribe, is tribe. So, it can be said that the clan –orientation is defined as the person’s tendency to deem the best for their particular culture which is important regardless of belonging to a clan. The tribe structure , basically, is based on the organizational social model and the informal and the " Jamin shaft " and " Guzel shaft " of Ferdinand Toennies along with the traditional systems of Talcott Parsons. Jamin shaft is established as the traditional model based on kinship ties. Communities of Guzel shaft are characterized by bureaucratic organizations or the new industry. Kinship ties are irrelevant and relations between persons are characterized as formal having lack of emotions. According to Tönnies, the evolution trend of public is from Jamin Guzel shaft to the shaft.One of the latest attempts to classify the traditional and modern societies ' is Talcott Parson’s model variables of action recognitionscheme.
    In Parsons traditional society, member’s relations are based on Kinship, informal relations, and Patriarchy. These features can be seen in a structure called the tribe oriented systems. Political development theorists have gained govermental power and efficiency as the most important factors in the political development. For example, Huntington(1927) argues that the strength increases in communities that have concentrated government. Pye(1921) see the increase of system’s capacity in responding to the needs and wants of the people due to the diversity of structures and structural specialization and knows the Increase of political participation necessary for political development. Regarding the elections and political development, it is important to note that although the election is one of the political development indicators, it is not the absolute component. Election is one transition from tradition to modernity to achieve power through peaceful, and legal channels.
    Despite the increase in citizens political participation in a mechanism as elections the Sectarian tendencies in Nurabad Mamasani city led to a conflict between tribes, street violence, and ultimately a lack of social, political, and economic development of city which resulted in the citizens complaints to the authorities and representatives of the city.
    MethodologyTo answer the research questions, analytical –descriptive methodology and the library resources and questionnaires were applied. Based on the research variables, a questionnaire form with 49 questions (five options) was developed. The key indicators of the questionnaire including the first indicator and the second indicator focus on the development of family-oriented politics. To analyze the data, we used the Spearman Correlation test and other descriptive methods by SPSS software.
    Results and DiscussionSince the dominant model of political culture in Nurabad Mamasani has a clan-based function and a bulk of representative votes is a function of traditional rivalry between the tribes of Mamasani, and other overall process of democratization. So, the tribes of the city still retain many of its traditional elements and it’s residents set their social, economic, cultural, and political relations based on traditional elements. Accordingly, Nurabad mamasani can be called as a member of tribal towns. Kinship and a sense of belonging to a tribe which has great implications on the political behavior of the voters have caused the election campaign of Mamasani Nurabad town become a clan conflicts.
    Conclusion and SuggestionsThe analysis of the results and the tables relating to different periods of parliamentary elections indicate that although the clan-oriented rate before and after the election is stagnated, however, at the election time it is increased to the extent that stress can kill the individuals of their tribe to victory such as the ninth round of parliamentary elections. In other words, we can say that between origins of the clan, tribe orientation is more preferred and can hardly be said that the clan-orientation research has played a significant role since the Islamic Consultative Assembly candidate in election, and the tribal orientations played a key role in the political underdevelopment of Nurabad Mamasani due to its incomplete transmission through the stages of political development including election which led to the philosophy of clan orientation.
    Given that the clan orientation plays and important role in the politics of the underdeveloped parts, seven basic strategies will be provided to solve the crisis of clan orientation in Nurabad Mamasani city:• Forming unions of anti-clan orientation.
    • Creating a balanced system through the control of tribal leaders by elites opposing the clan orientation.
    • Advertising and notifying the Unions against the clan orientation toward reducing the mass emotion.
    • Cohesion of candidate’s before the election for their comfort and health.
    • Candidates note to meritocracy rather than democracy.
    • Non fanatical behaviors of candidates toward citizens.
    • Shifting the public opinion to the political and economic developments in other towns while trying for a union between the tribes.
    Keywords: Tribalism, Political development, Elections, Nurabad Mamasani
  • Afshin Bahmani, Safar Ghaedrahmati Pages 47-65
    IntroductionType and form of the location that humans choose for settlement have changed throughout the history. These developments have taken place for the welfare of human beings. The existence of low income people and their needs for housing in many cities has caused the the formation of settlements that are of lowest quality in third world countries.
    Social housing (Mehr Housing project) for all society income decile by means of cooperative produed in Iran. Based on the implementation of the 31 and 41 principles of the constitution of Iran, there has been less attention to the qualities of housing dimensions. Housing construction projects have been implemented in the city of Zanjan.
    The main objective of this study is to evaluate the extent of complies with Mehr housing qualitative indicators, such as economic, cultural, ecological, and physical housing indicators. The case under study is 22 Bahman Housibg Project in Zanjan .
    Theoretical FrameworkThere are some experiences in relation to housing policy for the low income groups in the global scale. For examples, In Sweden, the government give long term loans with subsidized for housing for urban low-income groups.
    in England, central government give the loans and grants to the provision of housing for the low-income groups.
    To increase the ability of applicants entering the housing market, the France government subsidized employment from 1930, for all the classes of society for the ease of or acquisition of housing units.
    Mehr Housing Project in construction industry is known as projects that mass production methods are used to construct residential units in it. But, it should be noted that on the one hand this pattern had its weakness andon the other hand its implementation and enforc ment, is of cases that would have different results based on its efficiency and effectiveness. Though the construction of mass housing in Mehr housing projects has been one of Iran's government proceedings in the recent years, there has been no comprehensive analysis of its results and effects.
    According to the latest estimates on average some 50% of household incomes gained housing across Iran. People in Iran, take different factors as contributing to the extortionate prices in the real estate market.
    Various governments in Iran have implemented various plans and polices about Housing, among which, was Mehr Housing project or Social Housing plan. Iran has embarked into importing and applying new civil construction technologies which not only speed up the process of construction, but also cut on the final price of a house.
    MethodologyThe method of this research is of applied and analytical-descriptive type. The data was gathered through library research, field observation, and questionnaire methods. To analyze the obtained data, single-sample t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. The population of study was Mehr Housing Project in Zanjan in which the sample of study included 285 apartment units built in Zanjan. The sample was randomly chosen while 99 residential units were included in the sample of the study using the Cochran's correction sample size formula.
    Results and Discussionthe present article tries to analyze the consequences of this pattern with statistical approach and descriptive - analytical method while outlining its advantages and disadvantages.
    The consequences of this experience are analyzed in five dimensions: procedure, economic, social, urban planning, and environmental. Zanjan's experience shows Mehr housing is on the agenda with the goal of providing housing for the low-income people in order to solve the problems of housing while neglecting other aspects. Finally, this will lead to the destruction of the natural environment, social environment, and the city's physical environment. Based on the results of one-sample t-test model, there was a significant difference between the quality of adequate housing and the Mehr housing project. Besides, economically, there is no proportion between spending and housing prices by the type of facilities and materials used in social housing in Zanjan. Regarding the social dimensions, Mehr housing has failed creating and maintaining neighborly relationships while the privacy (acoustic and visual) offamilies have a good functioning Most Dissatisfaction with Mehr-Housing is related to their physical structure that includes: the lack of the architectural and safety principles, unusual and unconventional use of materials in the interior and exterior units. In the ecological dimensions, like the dimensions listed, lack of green spaces and active recreation places of the city have been Mehr housing’s problems. The results from the correlation analysis between all the four dimensions, with the alpha level .01, showed a strong positive correlation in which the highest correlation coefficient was between the cultural and physical dimensions (571).
    Conclusions & SuggestionsOne of the important policies in Iran’s housing planning has been implemented is social housing policy in the last decade that has been carried out since 1386 in most cities of Iran. Assessing Mehr housing in Zanjanand supplying affordable housing for urban lower-income classes have always been considered as an important planning objective. The policies of Iran’s fourth and fifth development plan (referred to as Maskan-e-Mehr or Kindness Housing Project) is intended to supply more affordable housing for the urban low-income classes. For this purpose, the state sector has strove to reduce the average house price as much as possible through the cession of land in Zanjan. In turn, families just have to pay the housing construction. the present study indicates that Mehr housing project for Zanjan residents is in a desirable condition and there has been no dissatisfaction regarding any dimensions of Mehr qualitative housing. The results of the correlation coefficient indicated a significant and direct relation between the dimensions of housing indicators. In other words, the extent of the inhabitants’ discontent in terms ofthe various aspects of housing and dissatisfaction has been increased in the quadruple aspects of fit. In conclusion, it can be said that the Maskan-e-Mehr Project in Zanjan , gives a special attention to the people with less qualitative dimensions of housing, especially to those with the physically low quality houses.
    Keywords: Housing, Mehr Housing Project, Housing Policy
  • Keramatollah Ziari, Alireza Mohammadi Pages 67-88
    IntroductionThe United Nations in the Global Conference on the sustainable development that was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 announced that the reform in management system to achieve the goals of sustainable development is essential As well as emphasizing on the use of the optimal management tools applications. The UN until 2013 has been consistent with the operational measures of countries seriously for the implementation of sustainable development goals. Developing countries often including Iran, have faced the unsustainable regional development. Among the most important plans in the field of the regional development in Iran that are prepared after the Islamic revolution and the process of preparation of them continues, are the provincial development and Spatial State plans. After the Islamic revolution of Iran, despite the formation of institutional contexts and the preparation of regional development plans, most researchers and professionals have had consensus in the unsustainable regional development and the undesirable management systems of the regional development plans.
    The main objective of this research is the pathology of the management pattern of the regional plans with the use of documents, fields, and analytical research methods.
    Theoretical FrameworkTo the researchers, the realization of sustainable development requires a conscious effort, targeted measures, mobilizeing resources, gaining universal agreement, the people's partnership, optimum use of resources, and action for creating a regional justice and improving life conditions within the regions. This, in turn, will be possible through the appropriate management, structure, tools, and outreach programs. If we confirm that management is the art of social process, planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling the recruiter, and guidance in order to determine and overcome the organizational goals, the management pattern of the regional development plans can be defined as an institutional, administrative and operational framework for the preparation, implementation, approval, and monitoring of regional development plans. In most areas of the government management and management processes, traditional bureaucratic approaches, State-centric patterns, are replaced by collaborative, strategic and good governance based approaches. Among the 1960s, the pattern of the strategic management and quality management as a key to the success of the two approaches in the management of the activities have been experienced.
    MethodologyThis study is a fundamental type and uses the descriptive-analytical methodology. For the data gathering, document and questionnaire methods have been used. The research subject territory is the regional development plans while the time zone is the current decade. Its geographical territory is the selected examples of the whole country. This research has been done in 1393. According to the purpose and the research questions, 5 main criteria and 50 sub criteria have been identified. These five criteria include approach and methodology, the management structure, efficiency and effectiveness, good governance, and optimal management pattern. The researcher- made questionnaire is the Likert scale. In order to assess the content validity of the tool, coefficient of CVR has been used (equation 1).
    The value of the coefficient of equivalent obtained is .80. Since the coefficient is positive and the high amount, the content validity of the tool can be confirmed completely. Universal population of the study is 6,700 specialists in 31 provinces. Then, by the use of the Cochrane equation (the equation 2) the sample size has been determined. 370 samples are selected for the questioning process.
    To determine the reliability of of the two methods, Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's split half methods have been used.
    The amount of the value of the alpha coefficient and Guttmann coefficient calculated is .926 and .827. Their high rate indicates good and high reliability of the tool. Also, for the fitting test of data, Kolmogorov- Smirnov has been calculated with .05 significant levels in SPSS. The results showed that the data distribution is normal. Statistic tests such as X2, Spearman’s autocorrelation, and methods such as ANP, and PROMETHEE were used in the study. In addition, SPSS, Expert Choice 11, and the Visual PROMETHEE software are used to weight, analysis, forming, and ranking in this study.
    Results and DiscussionThe analysis of the survey data shows that the management structure of the regional development plans in all of the assessment criteria needs to be corrected and reviewed. In addition, within the different patterns of plans management, good governance relies on the patterns of strategic management, and network management which are the appropriate patterns for the regional development. In particular, the management pattern based on good governance in different stages of regional development plans can be a good pattern to provide solutions. But, it will not be only one option for the reform of the regional plans management structure. Therefore, it is necessary that we use the strengths of the different options to achieve the desired pattern. More than 50 per cent of the respondents have voted to “hierarchy-based” model in national, regional, and local levels as the optimal pattern of regional development plans management. Therefore, the combination of the regional development plans management pattern, are well able to provide the good pattern of regional development plans management.
    Conclusion and SuggestionsThe results obtained from the analysis of the field data and the implementation of PROMETHEE model showed that within a variety of different and broad-based patterns, the patterns which are based on the participatory approaches of management including good governance, strategic management and network pattern of management, are the optimal patterns of regional development plans management models. However, existing patterns of regional development plans management needs to be corrected. It is suggested that the prepared plan to be transferred to the regional level and good governance be used as a model for the regional development plans management.
    Keywords: Pathology, Regional development plans, Management Pattern, PROMETHEEII, ANP, Iran
  • Hasan Afrakhteh, Maryam Armand, Zahra Athari Pages 89-114
    IntroductionLalejin, with more than 750 years history of pottery and ceramic production is one of the most important parts of the pottery production in Iran. On the other hand, the highest employment rate of Hamadan Province (87/3%) is dedicated to this City. Besides, regarding the local and foreign tourists, Lalejin has always been considered as a tourism center in Hamadan. Unfortunately, in the recent years due to the problems this art - industry is facing with, pottery production workshops in this area are closing one after another. So, the purpose of the present paper is to identify and perform a pathologic diagnosis of the challenges Lalejin's Pottery Industry is facing in order to provide solutions and take new measures to achieve the growth and prosperity again.
    Theoretical FrameworkSince the late 70s and early 80s, considering the deteriorating economic conditions, and even failing to provide the minimum basic needs in many third world countries, this, gradually caused to express doubts about the efficiency of the western models of development. It is believed that these communities with different cultural, economic background, requirements and capabilities should be looking for different and appropriate pattern of development. Therefore, the concepts of medium technology or appropriate technology, as a technology that meets the real needs of society, with less destructive effects to the society and environment have been raised. Thus, many developing countries to deal with unemployment and poverty have begun extensive planning to expand small and rural industries such as handicrafts.
    MethodologyThe purpose of this study is to provide a clear picture of the challenges Lalejin's pottery industry is facing in the form of a model using Grounded Theory. This study used a qualitative method and the study population includes potters and qualified persons in pottery and handicrafts. Based on the proficiency and knowledge in the studied subject, purposive process of sampling was performed using the snowball technique. The main method of data collection in the Grounded Theory was the in-depth interviews. Theoretical saturation was gained after interviewing 30 individuals (10 experts and 20 potters). In this study, in addition to the researcher's theoretical sensitivity to data collection, specific criteria including credibility and dependability for doing the qualitative research were used to ensure the validity and reliability of the data..
    Results & DiscussionIn the first step of data analysis, after the implementation of the collected data through interview, open coding was performed. Then, according to the nature of the challenges and the relationship between them, the codes from A to I were given to each of the propounded problems and challenges. In the axial coding, the coded data were compared and similar codes were classified in the same group. In the final stage, selective codingwas reviewed across all the stages of research with a holistic view through the story path review, the integration of the classes, and understanding the relationship between them. Finally, a conceptual framework derived from the combined results was presented. Based on the obtained results, Lalejin' pottery industry is facing 9 major problems which are as follows: problems related to the mobilization of resources and the required raw materials, technical and technological problems, structural and infrastructural problems, information giving and advertising problems, legal problems, administrative and management problems, financial problems, educational and research problems, and problems related to the supply and marketing system.
    Conclusions and SuggestionsOne of the main problems is the resource mobilization and the required raw materials. The main part of this issue is related to the lack of research centers and laboratories for the preparation and processing of the raw materials. Technical and technological problems are other raised issues by the experts and potters. In Lalejin's pottery workshops, the required tools, moulds and patterns are still produced traditionally by indigenous people and welders which can reduce the efficiency and the quality of the products. Structural and infrastructural weakness such as inappropriate distribution of workshops at the regional level and their style - industrial activity mismatch is another challenge. Poor information giving and advertising to introduce Lalejin's pottery industry is another serious problem, whyLalejin name and its pottery industry which has the highest rate of inflow exchange for Hamedan has not been mentioned in tourism brochures. Other raised issue is related to the legal problems. Unfortunately, the social security does not consider pottery as a hard work despite the hardship and difficulties many potters are facing. On the other hand, working with pottery wheels is considered as an industrial activity which is not considered eligible for the artists’ insurance coverage. The most important challenges of Lalejin' pottery industry from the experts’ and potter's view are the administrative and managerial problems. One of the important raised issues is the handicraft's import through illegal channels. Financial problems are the other raised issues which affect the potter's ability to modernize their traditional ovens and kilns and the use of gas piping system. Poor education and promotion system and potters unfamiliarity with the modern knowledge of pottery is another major problem. In this regard, repetitive and undiversified shapes and forms, lack of innovation and imitative products are some other causes of failure while competing the Chinese products. Issues related to supply and marketing system are other challenges faced by this industry. The main problem to export goods is the variety of product's dimensions and the lack of proper packaging. Middlemen activities and the impossibility of direct supply of products due to the shortage of required beds and, consequently, meager profits of the producers are the major problems related to the marketing. In the end, the following suggestions are presented to solve the above - mentioned problems to overcome the challenges faced by the industry: Establishing research centers and laboratories,e setting up Trade Unions to protect the potters’ rights, reviewing the potter's insurance regulations, organizing the training courses and scientific visits, creating customs post in Lalejin, Developing modern and industrial packaging, Developing pottery cooperative activities in various fields, designing TV programs and advertising brochures to introduce Lalejin Pottery.
    Keywords: Handicrafts, Pottery, Challenges, Grounded Theory, Lalejin City
  • Mohammad Rahim Rahnama, Rouhollah Asadi Pages 115-141
    IntroductionSpatial planning which is concerned with land space or geography, is common throughout the world. A Strategic approach as a range of unbreakable management relationships and plannings is effective as it acts as a link and conducts the interactions effectively. Khorasan Razavi is the main center of population in the East of country, which has a special role in national planning, regional planning, and in spatial planning, for the establishment of a strategic approach in the context of long-term planning.
    Theoretical FrameworkBecause spatial planning shapes the compilation of other levels of planning, the consequences of spatial planning is different from the other levels of planning.The main objectives of spatial planning are providing logical paths in the utilization of natural and human resources, prevention of wasting the natural resources, prevention of the improper use of these resources, and the optimal use of natural resources and human development. Indeed, the ultimate goal of spatial planning is providing the suitable situation for human life and activities in this area. Therefore, the strategic approach, which is, looking into the future and long-term planning for the future expected construction - with spatial planning- for the balanced distribution of the population in the geographic spaces, is an inseparable link.
    The process of strategic planning in spatial planning does not follow a specific process but in general it includes the following steps: 1.Environmental monitoring 2.Selectthe key issues 3. Developing amiss ion statement or the overall objective 4.Analysis of the internal and the external 5.Developing long-term and short-term goals, and strategies with respect to each key topic 6.Strategic action plan for implementation 7.Monitoring and updating.
    Strategic Planning unlike conventional planning has two major advantages: 1.SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) is the basis for designing the operational strategies to achieve the goals and objectives which are developed in priority areas, 2.Another distinct advantage of this method is its orientation towards action to achieve the operational advantages.
    The nature and the capacity of cooperation-seeking of the strategic planning process can increase the effectiveness of implementing strategies.
    MethodologyThis paper aims to present general status of strategic approach in Khorasan Razavi in order to specify the strategic orientation of townships of the province. Therefore, the study applies the experimental methodology and the analytical approach along with using the information in the spatial planning of studies of the province. To this end, using questionnaires and interviews with 60 people province officials and experts, coefficient of matrix of the model is presented.
    Results and DiscussionIn this paper, the internal – external matrixes (IE) for 12 sections may reflect their strategic position. By reconciling these matrixes, the overall strategic planning of the province and strategic analysis of the sectors based on the final status is demonstrated.
    Most parts of the province have strategic defensive position (seven parts) and bit parts in the other strategic locations are (two parts in the competitive position and three parts in the conservative position). This status indicates the overall strategic orientation of the province toward its defensive position regarding the cause of the poor performance of the relevant sections of the year. The conservative positions indicates a better performance and competitive position in these sectors.
    The following results can be noted: 1.Generally, Khorasan Razavi has the strategic defensive position which indicates relatively high weaknesses in the province (and low strength) while facing relatively abundant threats (and relatively low opportunity). 2. The province must take the path to the desired strategic position in the future to achieve the greater part of its competitive and invasive position.
    In order to reach the ideal strategic situation, the province should take two overall strategic moves. First, the parts that can (like the ones that are on the conservative position) should use the environmental opportunities and overcome its internal weaknesses to boost their own strengths. Second, in other parts of the province (who are facing fewer opportunities or threats) internal resources or new opportunities should be used to overcome the weaknesses and create strengths.
    In general, it can be said that the province's future strategic actions should strengthen its internal parts. This means that the province should eliminate the internal weaknesses and reinforce or create strengths. If the possible advantages of the environmental opportunities exist, they should be used to resolve environmental threats.
    Conclusion and SuggestionsOur results indicate the 12 sections of the province overall strategic orientation towards taking a defensive position towards operating the result of poor performance in the relevant sections. Also, a competitive position and conservative approach is shown which indicates a better performance and better position in this sector. Also, among the studied townships, are Quchan, Sabzevar, Joghatay, Jovein,Torbatheidariyeh, DawlatAbad, Dargaz, and Sarakhs which have the safety development . Five townships of Nishabur, Firouzeh, Gonabad, Kashmar, and Bajestan have the development priority strategic position. Khaf, Taybad, and Kalat, have reconstruction of priority orientation, and four townships of Bardaskan, Roshtkhar, Mahvalat, and Khalil Abad, are in the gray condition. Finally, Torbat Jam, Chenaran, and Fariman have "mixed strategy" position.
    Keywords: Spatial planning, Khorasan Razavi Province, Strategic planning, Regional planning
  • Mohammad Hasan Yazdani, Ahmad Aftab, Ebrahim Alipour Pages 143-164
    IntroductionOne of the important aspects of sustainable social development is the use of the concept of social capital in its social term. In fact, social capital is a key to the establishment of civil society and civic life. Disruption of social relations in the city, urbanization, increase in the migration from rural to urban areas and cultural, social and economic diversity, decrease in the cooperation of citizens, lack of social support from urban development, the necessity of social security, unemployment, and to sum up urban problems and the lack of citizen’s participation in the economic, social and cultural development planning have caused to waste the material and spiritual capital while leading to the intensification of urban problems, in most of Iran’s cities. Because of the particular characteristics of urban problems, Ardabil is not of exception. In this regard, current research tries to evaluate and prioritize the level of social capital in region 3 of Ardabil using multi-criteria analysis model within the framework of TOPSIS and AHP models.
    Theoretical FrameworkThe term social capital was introduced by Hani van from West Virginia University, prior to 1916. But, it was used for the first time in the classic work of Jane Jacobs death and life of American great cities (1960). This concept gradually is developed from 1990 onwards in academic works and articles by James Coleman, Pierre Bourdieu, Robert Putnam, and Francis Fukuyama. Today, social capital has more important roles than physical and human capital in organizations and communities, and includes networks of collective and individual relations and cohesion between the individuals and also between individuals and organizations to increase the effectiveness of development activities. Thus, social capital is a key factor behind the development and productivity of production factors. The structural forms of social capital emphasizes on the relationship between people and institutions, which includes issues such as legislation, social networks, associations, institutions, roles, procedures, etc. that are completed by supervision and governance, values, trust, norms, etc. which have cognitive aspects.
    MethodologyThe research uses descriptive-analytic and applied methods. Data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings. The statistical sample includes all persons living in the 11 areas of region 3. The number of statistical sample is 382 using simple random sampling method and Cochran formula. Finally, the results of the questionnaire based on AHP and TOPSIS models are used to evaluate the social capital in various areas of region 3.
    Results and DiscussionTOPSIS results based on the calculated weights show that in Region 3, areas 1, 2, and 11 are respectively ranked in number one, two, and three for the social capital and area 4 is ranked in the lowest place. Area 2 is at the highest place with the coefficient of .7289, and area 4 is placed in the lowest place with the coefficient of .1508. In these areas, security and confidence is low, and this issue has had a negative impact on the performance of city managers. In addition, facilities and utilities in the region are distributed unevenly and heterogeneously. Social satisfaction has a meaningful relation with the level of social capital. And areas 1, 2, 9, and 11 which are settled with higher socioeconomic classes are ranked higher than other areas, such as 4, 6, and 7.
    Conclusion and SuggestionsToday, social capital is one of the most important variables and is used to explain the development level and prosperity of communities and local development at various levels which has received special attention by the policy makers and planners. The results show that areas with high economic status are ranked highly in social capital. In such, social capital has been distributed unevenly across the areas. The following suggestions would be useful to coordinate the relevant agencies in order to promote the social capital.
    - Using cultural and religious spirit in the areas such as mosques, holding meetings and public meetings in order to promote social capital.
    - Providing security plans and expanding surveillance, propaganda, and promoting culture in order to promote the public confidence and participation in the areas 4 and 6.
    - Boosting the authorities honesty with the public, devolution of the responsibilities to the public and development of the NGOs, the creation of the spirit of inquiry and accountability in the public and authorities to promote Islamic culture in the context of development of communication and confidence.
    Keywords: social capital, Topsis technique, Hierarchy analysis process, District 3of Ardabil
  • Asiyeh Hasani Nejad, Samaneh Mosayebi, Ardalan Hasani Nejad Pages 165-184
    IntroductionThe quality of life can be considered as an operational tool to measure the overall health and welfare. In general, the concept quality of life is affected by various factors constituting the foundation of the life dynamics. Since the concept quality of urban life is multidimensional and complex, it could be used in urban planning when an appropriate and reliable framework is adopted to measure it. Hence, the first step to measure the quality of urban life and is selecting its dimensions and then choosing indicators which can be used to measure the quality of urban life. The central city of Zarin Dasht named Haji Abad has 20,000 inhabitants and seven urban neighborhoods (Azizabad, Imamzadeh, Hossein Abad, Farhangian, Imam Reza, Nureddin, & Chahar Rah). Spatial equity in planning and purposeful planning to improve the quality of life for the citizens necessitate investigations on the quality of urban life in this city and measurements of citizens’ quality of life based on four dimensions of quality of life. The selected criteria in this study include four economic, social, service, and physical indicators. These indicators are investigated for Haji Abad City in the form of three questions:- In what neighborhoods are the residents’ quality of life and welfare higher?
    - What factors affect the satisfaction of urban life?
    - Which indicators have the highest effect on the quality of life at Haji Abad?
    Theoretical FrameworkOne of the main and basic characteristics of the quality of life is its multi-dimensionality. Despite some controversies, experts mostly agree that the quality of life has physical, social, psychological, environmental, and economic dimensions. School of conflict considers the quality of life as the result of social, economic, and cultural structures in class society. Since 1970s, as a result of the negative effects emerged from economic growth on the one hand, and the emergence of sustainable development theories on the other hand, the quality of life has further been conceived as a social construct. In 1990s, discussions on the quality of social life by an emphasis on social structures including social capital, social cohesion, and social justice were also put forth. Evaluating the quality of urban life, Lynch proposed an operational model consisting of seven main foundations (namely vitality, significance of form and space, being fit and consistent with behavioral patterns, access, control and discretion, efficiency and equity). He claims that they form the major foundations of the quality of a city.
    MethodologyThis study is descriptive-analytic. Data collection was carried out by survey and document investigations. The sample consisted of 377 subjects (with regard to the population size 20,000 and based on the Cochran formula). The questionnaires were randomly distributed in all seven neighborhoods of Haji Abad. In order to measure the quality of life, various indicators were assessed. These indicators were classified into four groups (economic, social, service, and physical – environmental ones). In order to analyze the findings, the statistical methods including Pearson's correlation and multiple regressions, Shannon entropy, and Promethee techniques were used. The Promethee technique is appropriate to solve multi-attribute problems.
    DiscussionThe results showed that the resident's satisfactions with the quality of life in neighborhoods of Haji Abad are not at the same level. Farhangian neighborhood enjoys high levels of quality and welfare; however, Hossein Abad neighborhood is of low quality. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between economic, social, environmental, and service indicators of quality of life in Haji Abad. The results of the study revealed that there is a direct and significant positive correlation between all the studied dimensions, indicating that satisfaction with one dimension is subject to satisfaction with other dimensions. The regression equation was used to investigate the influence of economic, social, environmental, and the service indicators in explaining the ultimate satisfaction with the quality of life in Haji Abad The results suggest that all independent variables (economic, social, environmental, service dimensions) have an effect on the dependent variable (satisfaction with the quality of life). The correlation coefficient between the studied dimensions and the ultimate satisfaction of the quality of life is equal to 70%, indicating a strong and direct correlation, and the total explanatory power is 48 %. Besides, about 52 percent of changes in this variable can be explained by other factors. Among the indicators of the quality of life, the economic and the environmental indicators have the greatest and the least impact on the quality of neighborhoods in Haji Abad.
    Conclusions and SuggestionsThe results of this study showed that the orientation of development programs towards the economical improvements can be an important step to increase the quality of life in this region. In addition, the following recommendations are presented to improve the quality of life in Haji Abad:- Improving the levels of urban services in the neighborhood
    - Organizing the old textures in the neighborhoods
    - Considering health facilities and making efforts to improve the health per capita in all neighborhoods
    - Encouraging residents to participate in neighborhood affairs
    - Developing strategies to strengthen the sense of belonging to the neighborhood among their residents
    - Directing the development planning towards economic transformation, resolving unemployment problems, and providing new job opportunities in the neighborhood.
    Keywords: Quality of life, Haji Abad, neighborhood, ranking, indicator
  • Lida Alizadeh, Hamid Shayan, Maryam Ghasemi Pages 185-206
    IntroductionIn dry areas, crop yield is generally low and there are limitations in fulfilling goals such as increasing the area under cultivation and reducing the cost of production. In such circumstances, the agricultural activity is limited to crops that can tolerate the harsh climatic conditions, secure farmer's income, and tolerate saline and limited water resources in these areas. Therefore, it has been quite inevitable to change the farmers’ attitude towards the cropping pattern. One of the important policies aimed at developing this agricultural sector i is to put more emphasis on the cultivation of strategic crops tailored to the capacity of the various regions. Pistachio as a strategic crop is one the most precious agricultural and herbal plants in the world which is highly resistant to draught and salinity, and has played a significant role in improving the social and economic situation of villages in the arid and semi-arid regions which face many limitations in cultivation of agricultural crops. Sabzevar with a hot and dry climate is one of the major centers for cultivation of this crop in Khorasan Razavi Province (with 2737 hectares of pistachio and the annual crop yield of about 2000 tons). Considering the climatic limitations and little precipitation over the past few decades, Sabzevari farmers have decided to change cropping patterns from grains and cotton to pistachio in order to increase their compatibility with the environment. In general, lower water consumption, convenience, higher value-added, and less work force needed for planting pistachio as compared with cotton have encouraged the farmers to grow pistachio, which is more resistant to harsh climatic conditions. Accordingly, within the framework of sustainable development of agriculture, this study seeks to investigate the social and economic effects of planting pistachio on pistachio-growing households in rural areas of Sabzevar. It is clear that if the economic and social effects of growing strategic crops are not investigated, they may threaten the sustainability of the eco-systems. Therefore, the main research question is: what effects do pistachio planting have on social and economic situation of the pistachio-growers?
    Theoretical FrameworkTo achieve sustainable development in the agricultural sector, especially in Third World countries, requires adopting appropriate policies which facilitate reaching the real growth rate of per capita income and preventing the destruction of national and natural reserves. This would be possible in light of sustainable development of agriculture, which guarantees economic efficiency, social acceptance, technical compatibility, and protection of the environment. The present study thus examines the effects of the Pistachio planting on the economic and social status of pistachio-growers within the framework of sustainable development of agriculture. As various models of sustainable agriculture have been adopted in different countries and there is no single version, the framework of the model is clear and consistent with social, economic, and ecological sustainability, which is also verified in several studies.
    MethodologyThis study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative approach. The data were collected through library research and field work. In this study, the farmers were interviewed about the effects in both economic dimension (17 items) and social dimension (12 items), within two time scales before they were growing pistachio (when they grew cereals, & cotton) and now that they grow pistachio. The data were weighted using Likert scale. The study area was the central district (Bakhsh) of Sabzevar. The central district includes four rural districts (Dehestans), three of which are mainly active in pistachio growing. Of 62 inhabited villages in the central district of Sabzevar, only six villages have pistachio-growers, all of which are included in the study. Based on an initial exploratory survey in the villages of the study area, there are 131 pistachio-growers all of whom were questioned. Then, we analyzed the data extracted from the questionnaires of the study through SPSS.
    Results and DiscussionReviewing and comparing the changes in the economic indices before and after planting pistachio show that the average economic situation of the pistachio-growers before planting Pistachio was 1.86 while it was 3.03 after planting pistachio. In fact, there has been .17 change, which shows that the planting of pistachio has had positive impacts on the economic development of the pistachio growing households. The results also showed that average social status of the pistachio growing households before and after pistachio growing were 2.05 and 3.25, respectively, which confirms .2 rise in Likert scale. This indicates that planting pistachio has had positive effects on improving the social status of the pistachio-growing households.
    Conclusion and SuggestionsOver the last two decades, given the suitable climatic conditions for pistachio cultivation, the acres of lands in Khorasan Razavi Province dedicated to cultivation of pistachio have significantly increased, which has had favorable social and economic effects on rural areas. The cultivation of pistachio has had positive effects on causing economic boom of the rural areas, increasing the revenues, boosting liquidity, creating job opportunities in the horticulture sector and its related industries, reducing migration, and finally moving forward in the path of rural development. But it should be noted that the economic profitability of pistachio has been increasingly encouraging the farmers to plant this crop. If this trend continues in an uncontrolled manner, in near future there would be ecological issues such as low groundwater level, hyper-salinity of the groundwater, soil salinity, soil erosion, lack of soil fertility, desertification, drying of deep wells, etc. Therefore, it is essential to take into account the ecological considerations so that villagers may enjoy sustainable agriculture, which paves the way for achieving a more sustainable livelihood in rural areas.
    Keywords: Pistachio, Socio-economic impacts, Agriculture, Sabzevar City, Change in cropping patterns
  • Gholam Reza Maghami Moghim Pages 207-223
    IntroductionKarst classification is carried out in order to better investigate karsts. It plays a fundamental role in distinguishing and recognizing them. Today, the implementation of development projects without the appreciation of karst classification and recognition seems a difficult task. Field studies, topographic maps, satellite images, aerial photographs and geological maps of Dar Parchin signal the assumption that Karsts in this region are various. Therefore, various methods are needed to identify and classify them. This article aims to classify karsts in Dar Parchin by using various methods and models so that the findings can be used in different studies.
    Theoretical FrameworkAreas covered by calcareous formations and dissolved by the flow of water are known as karstic landscapes. The investigation and classification of these lands are of prime importance since seven to ten percent of the earth surface comprises such areas. Many researchers have focused on the classification of karsts. The classification of this kind was first proposed by Cvijic in 1925. His classification was based on the morphological structure of karsts. The karst classification based on hydrogeological conditions was put forth in 1973 by Komatina. In 2003, Waltham and Fox proposed engineering classification method. Karst classification, based on tectonic activity, was established by Herak in 1977. This article first attempts to identify the existing karsts in Dar Parchin region and then begins to classify them using Cvijic, Waltham, Herak, and Komatina methods. The results could be used in development projects of area.
    MethodologyTo classify karsts in Dar Parchin Basin, the boundaries of this Basin were identified and the karstic shapes were recognized using field studies, geological and topographic maps and satellite images. Then the identified shapes were classified using typical methods of classification. Cvijic method is the oldest classification method of karstic shapes. The basis of this classification is geomorphological conditions, topography, geology and litho logy. Another method is that of Waltham and Fox who proposed engineering classification method. Given its major applicability of the method in construction projects, it is widely acknowledged by civil engineers and hydrologists. In this method, special attention has been paid to dolines. Therefore the major criterion in this classification is the existence or non-existence of dolines. Classification based on the morphological structure of karsts was put forth by Komatina. This classification uses geological, topographical, and hydrological features of basins. Karst classification, based on tectonic activity, was established by Herak in 1977. In tclassification tectonic activity is the most important factor. Accordingly, karsts are divided to two groups: before orogeny and orogeny.
    Results And Discussion
    4-1-The Identification of Karstic Shapes in the Mentioned Region
    Prior to any classification of karstic shapes, they need to be identified via a number of methods classification. From among the identified shapes in this region, karstic valleys were the largest and kinds of karrens were the most frequent and varied. The next most varied type was dolines including buried dolines, alluvial dolines and soluble dolines. Besides the mentioned types of karst, other shapes could be also seen, which by and large include karst windows, suction walls, Karst springs, ouvalas, Suction wells and ponors.
    4-2-The Classification of Karst Shapes in the Mentioned Region
    Given the variety of Karsts in Dar Parchin Basin, a mixture of different methods was used for the purpose of classification. According Cvijic, Dar Parchin karsts fall into transitional karsts since caves are merely developed in this region and poljes that are symbols of karstic terrains could not be found in any spot of Dar Parchin region. According to Waltham classification, due to mountainous climate, incomplete and narrow dolines, shallow gaps, limited spread of caves and the non-existence karstic poljes, this karstic area falls into the category of young karsts. According to Komatina's classification, there is a proper condition of the formation of both types of karsts, namely flat and synclinal karst So, based on this classification, the Karst of region falls in to the flat Karst. According to Herak's classification, given the intensity of folding in this area, the karsts include orogenic karsts and ground karsts.
    Conclusions and SuggestionsBy studying and classifying karstic shapes in Dar Parchin Basin, it was found that karstic valley, kinds of karrens and dolines respectively covered the largest areas in this Catchment. From the viewpoint of karstic classification and according to Switch categorization, Dar Parchin karsts were transitional karst. As per Waltham classification, they were young karst, and with respect to Komatina, they included flat and synclinal karsts and According to Herak's classification, the karsts this Catchment were orogenic karst.
    Keywords: Karestic features, Darparchin, Dolins, Karrens, Dry valleys
  • Mahmood Ghadiry, Soghra Shahrbabaki Pages 225-247
    IntroductionToday, improving and increasing the inhabitant environment quality is the main purpose of the civil planner policies. In this study, the improper location of the physical elements and the urban land uses, the inefficient street network, the compact urban fabric, the high urban density, the improper condition of infrastructures, and the lack of civil open spaces and some other items are such matters which have the main role in increasing the vulnerability of cities to earthquake. In this study, in December 26, 2003, Bam was shaking with the intensity of 6.3 Richter during which 30000 people were killed while 30000 people were injured. Most of the city sections were destroyed completely and other parts also were destroyed up to 30 to 70 percent. The reconstruction quality of Bam is discussed according to the harsh earthquake in 2003 in Bam and the construction of a new city afterwards, so, we should have the deep look to the reconstruction after the earthquake as an opportunity for removing development obstacles. In this relation, the evaluation of reconstruction quality of Bam city is very important. So, the research is trying to analyze the differences of the reconstruction quality of Bam neighborhoods after 2003 earthquake with emphasis on household’s socio-economic status.
    Theoretical FrameworkDisasters themselves are devastating, but they do provide the opportunity for governments and communities to implement strategies and frameworks that not only recover and reconstruct but also mitigate against the consequences of further disasters. There are a number of different post-disaster reconstruction approaches adopted by the governments after the disasters. The different approaches primarily relate to the amount of control a household possesses over the reconstruction of their homes. The different approaches principally fall into two different reconstruction philosophies the owner-driven reconstruction and donor-driven reconstruction.
    The selection of a specific Post-disaster reconstruction approach should be decided on the basis of the results of a damage and the loss assessment conducted after the disaster along with the consultation with the affected communities and the leading disaster agency. However, the main purpose of the reconstruction is sustainable and equal development, the emphasis on low income and weak households and groups, and the minimum differences of reconstruction quality. So, the selection of the suitable planning and management model and continued evaluation of the reconstruction quality and process is necessary to achievement this purposes.
    MethodologyIn this study, the research method is analytical-descriptive. The operational definition of reconstruction quality offered in 7 indices and 9 sub-indices, by AHP and SAW methods. The required data are gathered by households, experts, and field questionnaires. The sample is 319 households calculatedTo test the hypothes causal-comparative method is used. The collecteddata are analyzed by One-Way ANOVAs and Tukey test.
    Results & DiscussionThe results of One-Way ANOVAs showed that there is a significant difference between Bam neighborhoods in the quality of reconstruction. Also, there is a significant difference in 5 dimensions of quality of reconstruction between neighborhoods. The results also showed that the physical quality of reconstruction is different between various neighborhoods and is not suitable. The considerable point in this research is the meaningful differences of services accessibility in Bam after the reconstruction. The results show lack of attention to the proper accessibility to all families and neighborhoods. This reveals the regeneration of unequal condition that has been before the earthquake.
    Results showed that the degree of prospect quality and services is 63, 58, and 53 for high, middle, and low neighborhoods according to the defined scales of 1 to 100, the degrees lower 40 show the low quality, and the degrees between 40 and 60 show the medium quality. Also, the, result showed that the degree of composed index of reconstruction quality is 56/38, 48/54, and 40/99 for the high, middle, and low neighborhoods. Also, in relation to the general I ndex of quality of reconstruction, the results showed that neighborhoods have significant differences at 99% confidence level. So, the quality of reconstruction of bam city is medium and its degree differs between different neighborhoods.
    Conclusions & SuggestionsThe result of research shows that the opportunity of reconstruction is not used properly. According to the findings, reconstruction quality at the society scale has socio-economic aspects. So, we must pay attention to this point seriously. Finally, the results are in agreement with this scientific rule that access to reconstruction opportunities is not equal and depends on the socio-economic status of households and the status of other factors of greater and macro scales, such as: government policies, pattern and ability of planning system, government worldview and definition of equity, and the amount of success to implement the equity and sustainable policies.
    Keywords: Earthquake, Bam, Households, Neighborhoods, Quality reconstruction