Safinah al-nejat
Volume:1 Issue: 3, Summer 2016

al-Tabaqat al-Kubra by Muhammad Ibn Sa‘ad (230 A.H.) is of the significant ancient books about the biography of Prophet Muhammad, his companions, Tabi‘in (companions of his companions), and tradition narrators till the beginning decades of the third Hijrah century. The present study in a case study on the biography of imam ‘Aliincluded in this book explained the differences among records of historians and tradition narrators about the events at the beginning of Islam. The findings show that Ibn Sa‘ad as a tradition narrator ( Muhaddith) and a historian due to his commitment to the beliefs of Ahl Hadith in explaining the events at the beginning of Islam pictured the course of events different from other historians.

Genetics, environment, hardships of life, and some unknown reasons can be regarded as the influential factors which can build up personality of individuals, their social behavior and their morality. These factors, due to their special importance and role in religious child rearing of children, are brought to the spotlight. We should bear in our mind that these factors can pave the way to enjoy religious rearing and are not the sufficient and the only reasons.

knowledge and wisdom – despite of dispute of human science disputes over their definition- are of the clearest issues – which have levels and grades. “Quran” as the best word of God is derived from the endless Knowledge of God; the last Prophet of God, Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) , relying on this book invited any opponent of Quran to compose a book similar to it. Quran to extend its guidance introduces the knowledgeable people about His book ( Ali and infallible Imams) to people.
The author of the present article explains this issue regarding the prayer 42 of Sahifah Sajjadiyah ( a prayer after reciting Quran ) in details.

The reason of Ziyarah of holy shrines is a new question which is raised due to the Salafi’s strong influence on the world of Islam. This power comes more from the company and coalition of major powers of the world with the Salafi’s governments. Prior to the Salafi’s movement in Egypt and its hostile approach, who are the supports of Muhammad ibn Abdulwahab, there are a few cases regarding questioning aboutZiyarah.

Islam was always accused of being a harsh religion. Though it is completely the opposite. If we refer to the true teachings and life style of great leaders of this religion, we will realize that this accusation is not correct. Unfortunately, the holy prophet of Islam who is the role model of kindness is introduced as a negative personality. In the present article, the reasons of falsehood of this accusation havebeen given.

from Imam ‘Ali view point, logic is something which is endowed by God and it is a criterion to differ human beings from animals. Human beings enjoy will power and free will in both aspects, regarding animal aspects of his body (worldly desires; i.e. sex) and also angel-wise aspect (i.e. wisdom and reason). He can choose to be superior to angels or to be inferior to animals. What stands against reason is ignorance which surrounds lust and sinful passions. Aḥkām, reason and lust can not line up in a same direction. Some people like Hume says logic is at the same length of lust and in fact at its service. But in the opinion of imam ‘Ali, mankind’s prosperity is in the following of logic, and mankind’s misery is in following his lust.
Reason is an understanding power and forbidding or encouraging force. Reason and ethics have a deep relationship. Morality strengthen reason and immorality weakens it. The relationship between reason and religion is similar to the relationship between reason and morality. Reason will lead mankind to religion and Ahkam are regarded as a part of that religion. Religion also is influential in logical growth of human being. Reason and science has a mutual relationship. Reason is the leader of senses and the most important starting point in knowing human beings. Science is helpful in increasing reason. Free will of human being and ageing are both effective in empowering logic.