فصلنامه خانواده پژوهی
پیاپی 22 (تابستان 1389)

There has been extensive research on cultural differences in attachment phenomena in recent years. The present study aims to explore the per-ception of Iranian mothers of desirable and undesirable characteristics in their childhood and adulthood، as one of the related components of attachment. This research replicates that of Ro-thbaum et al. (2007) and intends to compare and contrast the results in theIranian context with those displayed in the Japanese and American cultures. This research is a qualitative study. 30 Iranian mothers of 3-5 year-old chi-ldren attending nursery schools in Tehran participated in this study. Mothers were asked individually thro-ugh a semi-structured interview about characteristics which they like and dislike for their children to have in their childhood and adulthood. Results were analyzed by a qualitative method and show that positive mood and naughtiness in childhood، and socially desirable behaviors، good academic achievement and independency in adulthood were the most frequently mentioned desirable characteristics. Maladjustment، negative mood (bad temper) and isolation in childhood، and aggression، negative mood and socially undesirable behaviors in adulthood were the most frequently mentioned undesirable characteristics. The Iranian results were also com-pared with the results of the Rothbaum et al. (2007) report، and revealed cu-ltural similarities as well as diff-erences in this field. Faith، modesty and patience as desirable character-istics، and disability in expressing demands، low academic achievement and pertinacity as the undesirable characteristics were found as new categories in this study، which were not reported by American and Japa-nese mothers. These results are dis-cussed in the context of the Iranian culture.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the parenting style in different types of family in the family process and content (FPC) model. The sample consisted of 770 secondary and high school students in Shiraz city. The Parenting Style Questionnaire (childr-en form)، Family Process Scale and Family Content Scale were used in this research. The last two scales were applied for the differentiation of family types in FPC Model (healthy family، unhealthy family، and two types of problematic families). To compare the different dimensions of parenting style in these types of family، the MANOVA test was used. The findings of the research showed that healthy families have a high positive parenting، high father involvement، and a low impleme-ntation of physical punishment on their children. In contrast، unhealthy families showed a high rate of physical punishment، and weakness in monitoring. In sum، the results of this study revealed that different types of family in the FPC Model used different parenting styles.

The most important objective of this study is recognizing power distri-bution in the family by using quali-tative research of Grounded Theory and analyzing it by conducting focus group workshops and semi-structured interviews with married men. In order to achieve this objective، focus group workshops were held with the partici-pation of some groups of married men. Necessity of using a qualitative resea-rch in this article is the recognition of context factors. Research data analysis and the theor-etical model used show that causal conditions، including (1) cultural nor-ms and (2) exclusion of financial res-ources led to the phenomenon of pow-er inequality. The main phenomenon of power inequality under the interve-ning conditions of awareness، attitude، marriage age، types of communic-ation، habits and types of a man''s relations with his sister and mother led to the development of two main strategies: (1) power enforcement mechanism and (2) hous-ehold chore division. The participants were shown to use these factors to control and enforce their power. The consequences of the-se strategies were different domains of men and women''s power، women''s participation in the decision-making process and women''s obedience. In this article we present a paradigm model of power distribution in the family.

This research intends to provide a meta–analysis of previous research on familial maladjustment of families of Iranian martyrs and veterans and present an applied model to increase their familial adjustment. Therefore، one main question about familial maladjustment of families of martyrs and veterans and one secondary question about the effect of gender on the familial maladjustment were posed. To answer these questi-ons from among all research on familial maladjustment of families of martyrs and veterans previously carried out throughout Iran، 5 rese-arch studies which were acceptable in terms of methodology and ex-hibited inclusive criteria، were sele-cted for the meta – analysis. Based on the results of this meta–analysis، the effect size of the rate of familial maladjustment (0/231) was moderate; Moreover the effect size of children''s gender (0/078) rated to familial maladjustment of the families was weak. Based on the findings reported in research''s literature and results of the meta- analysis، an applied model for the increase of familial adjustment of families of martyrs and veterans was proposed، which consists of inter-ventions for general factors and factors rated to marital life and parenting.

The objective of this study was to assess family functioning of 7-15 year-old children with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Tabriz in 2008. We used causal-compara-tive method with 150 families. 75 of them were families of children with ADHD referred to the clinics of Tabriz and the rest of them were the families of ordinary students of Ta-briz. We used Random Cluster samp-ling and used the Family Assessment Device questionnaire with them، and analyzed the data using t-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the 2 groups in problem solving، com-munication، roles، affective response-veness، behavioral control، affective involvement and general functioning. The average score of families with ADHD children was higher than the control group. It was found out that ADHD group displayed less healthier functioning compared with the control group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Bowen Family System therapy in increasing self-differentiation and improving family function in families with addicted children. Based on previous studies، addicted persons and theirfamilies exhibit low self-differenti-ation، which makes them dysfuncti-onal. The design of this research was an experimental one with a pre-test، post-test and randomized control group. The samples (10 addicted families) were selected voluntarily of single addicted persons and their families in 4 addiction clinics in Tehran. The samples were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received a therapy based on Bowen Family System theory in 8 sessions along with the standard treatment and addiction based on national protocols of Ministry and Health and Social Welfare Organi-zation، while the control group was not exposed to such a therapy. Pre- and post- test data were investigated using a covariance analysis test. The results showed that Bowen Family System therapy increases self-differe-ntiation and improves the functioning of addicted persons and their families.

The present research aims to examine the effectiveness of two kinds of case management inter-vention (a health worker and a family member of a Schizophrenic patient). The design of this study was quasi-experimental. 176 schizophrenic patients received case management interventions in two groups: family members and health workers. Before and after the interventions، the Wis-consin Quality of Questionnaire was completed by the participants. No difference in the sub-scale of quality of life questionnaire was observed between the two groups. However، in some subscales، like symptoms of disease، economic status and satisfaction، the family member intervention showed a higher score. Community- based intervention and case management improves the quality of life in both groups. Case management could be achieved successfully by family members of Schizophrenic patients who have a high-school diploma، which consequently may result in saving money and resources.

Attachment Theory and the Big-Five Factors of Personality exhibit commona-lities in explaining individual differ-ences. There is a sizeable amount of research which studied the relationship between attachment dimensions and per-sonality factors. The purpose of this research was to study the simple correla- tion between attachment dimensions and personality factors، the relationship between attachment dimensions and personality factors at the individual level، and also the relationship between attachment dimensions and self-perso-nality، spouse’s personality، and spous-e’s attachment dimensions at the couple level. The population of this research included Isfahani couples. The sampling method was available selection. From this population 180 available married persons (90 couples) were selected. The ECR-R and the NEO-FFI were used to collect the required data. To analyze the data، descriptive analysis، simple correl-ation، and hierarchical regression analy-sis (stepwise) were used. The results sh-owed that there is a significant positive relationship between attachment anxiety and self neuroticism، spouse’s neurotici-sm، and spouse’s attachment dimension-ns. Also there is a significant negative relationship between attachment anxiety and spouse’s extraversion. Attachment avoidance has a negative relationship with self extraversion، agreeableness، and conscienti-ousness and spouse’s extraversion. The relationship between attachment avoidance and spouse’s attachment dimensions is positive and significant. At the individual level، attachment anxiety is explained mainly by neuroticism. And attachment avoi-dance is explained by extraversion and agreeableness. At the couple level، attachment anxiety is predicted by self neuroticism and spouse’s attachment av-oidance respectively. Attachment avoid-ance is predicted by self extraversion، spouse’s attachment anxiety، and spo-use’s extraversion. In general، it can be concluded that attachment dimensions are individual and relational charac-teristics.