فصلنامه خانواده پژوهی
پیاپی 34 (تابستان 1392)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the males and females mate preferences, comparing the crite-ria between two sexes, and the chan-ges in most important criteria in the sample of this study with a previous sample of a study that was carried out in Iran in early 80s. Subjects were 375 (168 mal and 207 female) students selected through available sampling from Shahid Beheshti university and were assessed using questionnaire of mate selection criteria. The data of this research was analyzed using friedman and independent t test.Result showed that there were signi-ficant differences between males and females in most of the mate selection criteria. Overall, males preferred criteria relat-ed with beautifulness and females preferred the criteria related to males financial capability and reliability. Furthermore, the resultes of the present study indicate a serial of changes that have been occurred since early 80's in mate selection criteria. For example, an increse in the importance of good finance pros-pect for females and the important of the beautifulness for males of this sample. The results related to sex differences support the evalutionlry theory of mate selection. Comparing the results of the present study and the results of study that has been done in early 80's shows cultural chages in our country from traditio-nal and religious values towards non-traditional and modern values in mate selection

The aim of this research was to predict the role of couples’ interactions in application of communication skills based on observing their positive and negative interactions. A sample of 31 couples [adapted (15) and maladapted (16)]who were living in Tehran, were selected via accessible sampling. The couples’ interactions were videotaped through a designed scenario including problem solving, decision making, and reviewing conversation about a shared pleasure event. Participants also completed the Marital Adjustment Test (MAT).The couple’s interactions were coded using the Iranian Couples Interaction Coding System (ICICS). Results revealed that the more increase in positive interactions between coupl-es, the more use of “problem solving” and “negotiation” skills observed, whereas increase in the couples’ negative interactions was associated with less application of this skills. It was also revealed that while the couples’ negative interactions were significantly predictive of using the “decision making” skill, couples with more positive interactions were located in the group who was able to have a review conversation about a shared positive event. In addition, results indicated that couples who were more able to apply problem solving, nego-tiation, decision making and review conversation about a shared event skills, had also higher scores on marital adjustment. Destructive role of the couples’ negative interactions and intensifying the negative emotions between them has been discussed, as if it seems that couples are not willing to help each other for resolving conflicts. As intera-ctions getting more negative, by crea-ting a negative filtering, memory beco-mes biased towards negative events at the expense of shared positive events.

Parental self-efficacy refers to the par-ent's perceived level of confidence of how to play their role, and also might be correlated with the social and psych-ological adjustment of children and parents. The aim of the present resear-ch is to examine factors influencing parental self-efficacy in mother with children under 2 years old. The study is descriptive- post hoc. A sample of 220 mothers were selected from Tehran by purposeful and accessible sampling method. They completed Parenting Stress Index, Sources of Social Support Scale, Maternal efficacy Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Maternal separ-ation anxiety scale and Child tempera-ment questionnaire. Stepwise regress-ion analysis showed that child temper-ament, mother depression and paren-ting stress, in three steps, could exp-lain 33% of variance in maternal self-efficacy. Therefore, educational prog-rams relevant to the mentioned factors can enhance maternal self-efficacy and prevent children’s psych-ological problems.

Transition is a social phenomenon that usually reveals itself in all societies and their values. Technology and the new social affairs have brought up a new generation. Meanwhile has caus-ed a problem for this generation that has impaired the process of new generation’s socialization who wants to communicate effectively with other members of society and wants to use the ancestors’ legacy. The researchers used Allport and En-gelhat’s theories to examine this issue. Objectives of this paper include: a) differences between father’s value hierarchy with his boy’s value hierar-chy.b) differences between father’s materi-al values and their boy’s material va-lue’s. c) differences between father’s super material values and their boy’s super material values.All Ilam’s third grade high school male students form the statistical pop-ulation of this research. Fathers and sons completed the questionnaires and participated in interviews. According to the results, the priority of fathers and their boy’s value are economical, social, religious, theoretical, political, and aesthetic respectively. Regarding the Engelhat’s value system, the priority of father’s value are welfare, wealth, and national security. The super material and material value comprise the priority of fathers and boy’s values respectively. The result of the research also indicates that in regard to the economical, political, and socials values, there is a deep difference between fathers and their boys; there is a trivial difference regarding the scientific and religious values; and there is not any difference regarding the aesthetic values. As a result, we often see different values in the children with their parents.

The present study is planned to investigate the efficacy of filial thera-py on reducing mother stress with six and seven years old sons with externa-lizing disorders in Iran. In this single subject study, six mothers whose chil-dren according to their scores on the Child Behavior Checklist are above the normal range were selected in jud-gmental sampling method. Before intervention initiation, parents were evaluated by “Parenting Stress Inventory-Short Form” to establish a baseline three times with a 3-week interval between each session. Then participant attended nine weekly one-hour and half group session. At third, sixth, and ninth sessions, partici-pant was evaluated once more. At the end of the treatment intervention they were tested again, twice with two weeks interval. Repeated measures were used in order to determine the effectiveness of treatment on the entire descent group member too. Examinati-on of diagrams indicates that all participants expect two subjects, show significant changes in mother’s stress. So, an observed percentage recovery between 0.04% to 23% was found with an average to high effect size. However, results did not reach to significant level for two participants who did not complete the process of intervention. In repeated measure test with Huynh-Felt test, results indicate that filial therapy is effective for redu-cing mother’s stress with six and seven years old sons with externalizi-ng disorder (p<0.012).

This study was sought to investigate the components of shame attitudes towards mental disorders and their role in predicting expressed emotions in family members of people with bipolar and schizophrenia disorders. Samples consisted of 85 family mem-bers of outpatients with bipolar and schizophrenia disorders from Imam-Hossain psychiatry ward. All particip-ants were asked to complete Family questionnaire and Attitudes towards mental disorder scale. Results showed that 47% of participants evaluated social attitudes towards mental disor-ders as negative, while 35% evaluated family attitudes as negative.Bipolar patient's relatives reported more external shame from society, and female participants scored higher in external shame from family. There were significant associations between expressed emotion and shame attitude-es towards mental disorders. Reflected shame about family and internal shame significantly predicted express-ed emotion. Shame have a role in negative attitude toward mental illness and can predict thee expressed emo-tion.

Family has been the most important atmosphere for socialization process of children. In this context children learn social and ethical values and gradually are guided towards what they have to respect. However, some time family is becomes an inapprop-riate context for children and may lead them towards delinquency.In Iranian criminal policy, it is a duty for family to provide training and edu-cation for as a civil code. Custody of children and maintenance are of importance initiative from criminological aspect.Thus, in this paper, the criminal aspect of parents rights and duties in Iranian civil code are discussed.