فصلنامه خانواده پژوهی
پیاپی 55 (پاییز 1397)

The change in cultural and social ideals in combination with the evolution of women’s social roles definitions have brought an emergent or even a complex situation in the process of marriage for young women. To understand this complexity as the main goal of this research, the deep qualitative approach was used. Therefore, deep semistructured interviews were held with 15 young women in Mashhad city. The interview scripts were analyzed using grounded theory method. Findings showed that despite the powerful presence of traditional values and beliefs, there was an increase in women’s agency. This fact was formulated as a central phenomenon in terms of a category named:“a conflict between individuality and traditional values in the process of choosing mate”. Moreover, regarding to causal factors such as “economic and cultural independency”, contextual factors such as “intergenerational transmission” and “the revolution in communication patterns”, and mediating factors like “education experience of women and their families”, young women adopted different mate selecting strategies including the traditional, friendship based or mixed ones which have four different groups of consequences. These consequences have been discussed extensively in this article.

Mate selection is one of the most important decisions made by individuals during their lives. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity, reliability and factor structure of Schwarz and Hassebrauck Mate Selection Criteria Inventory (2012) in Iranian culture. The study sample was consisted of 486 individuals who were selected among university students through a partial sampling. The participants completed the Mate Selection Criteria Inventory (MSCI) and the Mate Selection Criteria Priority Questionnaire. The results of the confirmatory factor model showed that the 9-factor model of Mate Selection Criteria Inventory (MSCI) had an appropriate fit in Iranian sample. The value of Cronbach’s Alpha of the factors ranged between 0.51 and 0.91, and it was between 0.53 and 0.72 using retest method with an interval of 1 month. The correlation among the factors of MSCI and the factors of Mate Selection Priority Questionnaire was positive and significant. The results of the study show that the most important factors of mate selection in Iranian culture are trustfulness, kindness, and understanding respectively.

The aim of this correlational research was to study the role of defense styles and selfconcept in the love stories of married men and women. 350 married students (age range of 20-45 years) were selected by a non-random sampling method from Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran. They asked to answer the research instrument including the Defense Style Questionnaire (Andrews, 1993), Sternberg's Love Story scale (2007), and six-factor Self-concept scale (Stack, 1994). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiplevariable regression. The research findings revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between the sub-scales of self-concept and participants’ love stories. There was also a relationship between defense styles and participants’ love stories. Findings from regression analysis showed that people’s love stories could be predicted by their defense styles and selfconcept. These findings may be useful for premarital counselors.

The aim of this article is to study the marital quality and the socioeconomic characteristics affecting it. Statistical population of this survey was married people in Tehran. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was applied to collect the sample. The author made questionnaire was used as a research instrument and data analysis was done through Pearson correlation, variance analysis, mean differences and multivariate regression. The results show that positive dimension of marital quality has been reported in 67.5% of respondents from high SES level and in 32.5% from mid and lower SES levels.
Negative dimension of marital quality has been reported in 85.3% and 14.7% of respondents from low and high SES level respectively. There are differences in the impact of social and economic factors on positive and negative dimensions of marital quality. Multivariate analysis indicated that among socioeconomic variables, generation and income have had a higher explanation power for marital quality. Since the majority of variation in marital quality remains unexplained, study the other structural, communicational and individual factors seems necessary.

Giving the fact that proverbs in each society represent common beliefs, customs and norms, their accurate examination can provide a better understanding of peoples’ attitude toward family relationships. The purpose of this study is the qualitative analysis of Iranian proverbs related to parent-child relationship. Referring to the book "The Great Dictionary of Persian Proverbs" as one of the most comprehensive available sources, proverbs containing the words of mother, father, child and their synonyms were extracted and those which are descriptions of or relating to the Parent-child role were analyzed by Thematic Analysis method. 11 main themes were extracted based on the analyzes as follows: the special and unique place of the parents for the child, the fusion of parent and child, the qualitative difference between the role of the mother and the father, parenting style, the competitors o parentchild relationship, the privileges of parenting, parenting costs, the child as parents’ property, child’s flippancy against parents, child as the owner of parents' property, and the qualitative difference between son and daughter. Each of these themes also includes sub-themes. According to the results, parent-child relationship is an important and incomparable relationship. In addition to its benefits, parenting also have a lot of difficulties which make children always feel excessive responsibility and even guilt toward their parents. In proverbs, the parent-child relationship is too enmeshed in such a degree in which it is so difficult to imagine the existence of concepts such as boundaries and differenttiations in this relationship. moreover, the mother's place is defined superior than the father for children, which contributes greatly to promoting the status of women in the family power hierarchy in traditional family. Based on the results, sexual desire, financial interests and life threats are the most important factors threatening parentchild relationship. It can be concluded that the parent-child relationship, which is considered to be the most important relationship in Iranian traditional society, is not a completely trustworthy relationship and is negatively influenced by the individualism and the benefit seeking of both parties. According to the results, among criteria defined for the traditional family, the Iranian family only meet the gender and generation hierarchies. The whole process of parenting and the stages of the Iranian family development have the tendency to keep this family power hierarchy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment dimensions and communication patterns of couples with their preschool children’s play behaviors. This study was correlational and 360 children (198 boys and 162 girls) studying in Yazd preschool centers in 1395-96 academic year were participated. They were randomly selected using multistage cluster sampling method. To measure the research variables, the Preschool Play Behavior Scale (PPBS), Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire (KCAQ) and Communication Patterns Questionnaire -Short Form (CPQ-SF) were used. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that attachment dimensions and communication patterns of couples in some cases could predict children’s play behaviors. Positive adaptive evolutionary behaviors predicted the social play positively and predicted reticent behaviors negatively. Negative behaviors also predicted the rough play and passive solitary behaviors in a positive direction. The dimension of distancing from attachment figure support also predicted reticent behaviors positively. The patterns of man demand/ woman withdraw predicted passive solitary behaviors positively. For active solitary behaviors, no significant relationship with other variables was found.

Intellectual disability is considered as a developmental disorder that has a great impact on the family, especially on mothers. The aim of the present study was to develop a parenting program based on the study of mothers of children with intellectual disability. Participants were mothers of children with intellectual disability (ID) in Yazd Province who were selected via the purposive sampling method. They had at least one child with intellectual disability and intended to talk about their experiences. Sampling and interviewing continued until saturation (12 mothers.) To develop the program in a qualitative method, the mothers’ lived-experiences were explored through in-depth interviews with 12 mothers of children with intellectual disability. The main themes of the experiment were discovered through the Colaizzi method. Then, based on the main discovered themes, a review of all parenting methods and related programs (presented in various books and articles) was devoted to the development of parenting sessions. Finally, the parenting program was designed using the focal group methodology between the specialist counselors of Yazd Schools of Special Needs and the CVR coefficient for each session was calculated and approved. Hence its content and formal validity were confirmed. Findings from the lived-experiences of mothers of children with intellectual disability were summarized in 7 main themes (experience of blame, future worries, child behavior problems, interruptions in interaction, hot and social isolation, negative thoughts and feelings, and positive achievements (and 16 themes encoded as subgroups of the main themes. After that, the parenting program based on the experiences of mothers of children with intellectual disability was developed using the main components of compassion therapy and positive parenting method in 9 sessions. Since the design of this program has used the experiences of mothers as main audiences as well as a comprehensive review of the scientific resource to meet their needs, and all training sessions have been reviewed and approved by relevant professionals, the designed program has acceptable content and formal validity and can probably be effective on the development of children with intellectual disability and their families.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of ACT based parenting training on parental self-efficacy of mothers who have children with externalizing behavior problems. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest, postest, follow-up design with a control group. The research population was consisted of mothers of preschoolers with externalizing behavior problems in Najafabad city of Isfahan in 1396.
Convenient sampling method was applied and 30 volunteer mothers were selected according to research criteria and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. ACT based parenting was thought to experimental group in 10 90 minute sessions, meanwhile the control group was on the waiting list. The research instrument was parental self-agency measure (PSAM). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results of the repeated measures variance analysis showed that ACT parenting training significantly increased the parental self-efficacy of mothers in the experimental group compared to the control group. So, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment based interventions were effective on enhancing the parents’ sense of cempetency and satisfaction about their performance towards their children.