فصلنامه خانواده پژوهی
پیاپی 56 (زمستان 1397)

Human beings have abilities and potentials that make it possible for them to have a child. Opining on the legal nature of this capability, whether it’s a right or a duty seems to be a bit difficult. However, regarding the influence of the will in this issue, it can be considered as a right. In the law of the U.S and the UK the majority of lawyers also consider it as a right, but there is a controversy over whether this right is positive or negative. Therefore, in compliance with article 959 of the Civil Code of Iran, some restrictions or conditions may be applied within a couple or with a third party; such as an agreement of a young couple on not having children for the first 5 years of their marital life.
Although there are lower restrictions in permanent marriage and in temporary marriage, more restrictions can be imposed even by the end of the duration of such a marriage due to its temporary nature. It also seems that childbearing is not a requirement to the nature of marriage, but a requirement referred to it. Therefore, in the absence of any condition in marriage, couples are committed to each other to give birth to babies.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy according to “core conflictual relationship theme” on the improvement of marital satisfaction among Iranian couples. The study population consisted of men and women who were married in Qom City for three years. 30 subjects were selected through volunteer sampling, assigned randomly to experimental (15 subjects) and control (15 subjects) groups. Both groups were assessed by ENRICH marital satisfaction questionnaire in the pre-test phase.
Experimental group passed a short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy according to “core conflictual relationship theme”. To evaluate the effect of the treatment, both groups again replied to the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire at the post-test phase. It was indicated that the scores of marital satisfaction and subscales in the experimental group were significantly improved.
Short-term dynamic psychotherapy according to “core conflictual relationship theme” is an effective and reliable treatment for mitigating marital problems and improving marital satisfaction. Moreover, the results highlight the importance of early developmental problems of couples in the present marital dissatisfactions.

The purpose of this study is to examine the causal relationship between alexithymia and female sexual function by discovering the link between psychological distress and marital intimacy among married women. This descriptive research (non-experimental) was of correlational design.
The statistical population of the study included all married women visiting health centers of the city of Bardsir. Based on the available sampling method, 506 people were selected as a sample, and answered the Toronto alexithymia Scale, the Gender Index of Sexual Function, Intimacy Need and of Psychological Distress Indicator Questionnaires. The findings of structural model showed that alexithymia had a positive effect on psychological distress (0.75), and negative effect on marital intimacy (0.22), psychological distress also had a negative effect on sexual function (-0.25), while marital intimacy had a positive effect (0.34) on sexual function. Moreover, the indirect effect of alexithymia on sexual functioning is negative (-0.22) due to psychological distress and marital intimacy’s mediatory rule. The results of this study showed that alexithy-mia indirectly affects sexual functioning by increasing psychological distress and decreasing marital intimacy. In this way, the alexithymia increases psychological distress and this leads to decreased sexual function. Alexithymia also has a negative effect on marital intimacy and marital intimacy and it has a positive relationship with sexual function, which is also decre-asing due to the alexithymia.

This study examines whether the different styles of parenting through the creation of different attachment styles can be effecttive in marital infidelity proneness. Participants in the study were 268 married students, aged ranging 20 to 46, who were selected by cluster random sampling method based on gender and educational groups. Data were collected by parenting styles questionnaire, attachment styles questionnaire, and infidelity proneness questionnaire. The data was analyzed using correlation and path analysis. The results show that authoritative parenting style by creating a secure attachment plays no role in infidelity proneness.
Authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful parenting styles through the creation of insecure attachment have effects in infidelity proneness.
This study emphasizes on the fundamental role of parenting styles and attachment styles in the handling of marital bright future and recommends parents to learn authoritative parenting style and change their authoritative, permissive, and neglectful ones.

Female-headed household (FHH) are exposed to psychological problems due to the experience of persistent and chronic pressure. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the mindfulness training on psychological well-being (PW) and resiliency of FHH. This quasi-experimental study was of pretest- posttest and follow-up control group design. The population included all FHH covered by Fatima Zahra's Charity Center in 2017 among whom, 30 cases were selected according to the inclusion criteria and random sampling and were placed in control and experimental groups. The Experimental group received eight 90 minute sessions based on mindfulness training.
The short form of Reef psychological well-being scale (Reef, 1989) and Resiliency Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003) were used.
Data were analyzed by Analysis of covariance test. The results indicated the effectiveness of the mindfulness training on increasing PW in the stages of post-test and follow-up (P<0/001) as well as resiliency in the stages of post-test (P<0/001) and follow-up (P<0/05). Mindfulness increases the PW and resiliency by acceptance and experience of emotions, creation of self-awareness and the avoidance of pattern of automatic thinking and can be used as training in rehabilitation and improving the quality of life of FHH.

The increasing trend of substance-use tendency among the adolescents has attracted the psychologists' attention for many years. Literature has focused on the person- family interaction as the main cause of the tendency toward substance use and this interaction has been considered an important factor.
Accordingly, the present research aimed to investigate the relationship between family functioning and substance-use tendency among adolescents and study the mediating role of identity. 208 adolescents between 15 to 18 years old, answered the research tools including family adaptability and cohesion scale (FACES-I), Ericsson's social psychological stages inve -ntory, and the addiction potential scale (APS). The findings revealed an inverse relationship between balance, satisfaction and family interactions dimensions with addiction tendency. It was also showed that the imbalance in dimensions of family function had a significantly direct relation to addiction tendency, expect for the rigid dimension. In line with this, an inverse relation concerning identity cohesion and a direct relation concerning identity confusion were found with substance use tendency. The effect of the family unbalanced function on substance use tendency was significant through the mediation of identity confusion. The results indicated that the evaluation and the interventions which concentrate on both the family itself and its context are probably more efficient in substance use prevention or reduction among adolescents.

The overall goal of this research was predicting the resiliency and vulnerability of people living in Family-Like Community Centers by demographic characteristics of primary family and quality of interaction with peers, Participants in this study included 100 children and adolescents of such as community centers in Isfahan province which were selected by cluster sampling. For data collection, we used Resiliency scales of children and adolescents (RSCA), Inventory of parent & peer attachment (IPPA), Researcher ma -de questionnaire. Using correlation analysis and regression were analyzed.
Data analysis showed that; variables including trust, relationship and previous life time with mother can Predict resilience; variables peer attachment previous life time with mother can predict vulnerability in children and adolescents in quasi-family centers. The findings of this study, in addition to helping to enrich the theoretical field of resilience by identifying the individual and contextual factors of predictor of the residents in the family-like community centers In the area of family and peers can have significant practical implications for supportive Centers and organizations, therapeutic-service centers which receptive Bad Supervisor children and adolescents.