فصلنامه خون
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 51، بهار 1395)

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by a specific t(15;17), distinct morphologic picture, and a clinical coagulopathy that contributes to the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Telomerase is consistently activated in nearly all APL patients and telomerase-mediated telomere stabilization is responsible for unlimited replicative potential of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the effects of designed oligonucleotide as a telomerase inhibitor on NB4 cells.
NB4 leukemic cells were treated with various concentrations of oligonucleotide by transfection method using lipofectamin 2000. The inhibitory effect of oligonucleotide on cell metabolic activity and cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Quantitative real-time PCR were applied to investigate alteration of Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA levels.
Oligonucleotide decreased cell viability index and exerted cytotoxic effect against NB4 leukemic cells; we found that exposing cells with Oligonucleotide at 40 pMol for 48 h induced cell death and apoptotic effects on NB4 cells. Furthermore, transcriptional suppression of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax were found upon NB4 treatment by oligonucleotide.
Based on the short telomere length and high terlomerase activity in APL as well as inhibitory effect of oligonucleotide against NB4 cells, anti-telomerase-based therapy might be regarded as a successful strategy in APL therapy.

The oxidative stress destroys the red blood cells during preservation. The awareness about the stress oxidative process is important for the safety of blood bags and patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes in blood bags in the weeks after donation.
In a descriptive study, a number of 100 blood bags were used for the blood donors between 18 to 57 years of age (the mean age of 35.5) in Bojnourd Blood Center. The blood bags were kept in standard conditions for 6 weeks and the adequate samples were taken for test. The test included PAB, SOD, and GPX and the repeated measures analysis was performed.
The pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance had a significant increase (p Results showed that pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance and antioxidant enzyme activities changed particularly in the first two weeks. Therefore, it is suggested that for the diseases related with oxidative stress such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancers, patients receive blood stored less than two weeks.

The RhD antigens play a significant role in Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN). The intention of this study is to determine the RHD fetal genotype in the maternal plasma of RhD negative pregnant women and sex determination of the fetus in the initial weeks of pregnancy by Real-time PCR technique.
In this descriptive study, we used 21 plasma samples from RhD negative pregnant women. DNA was extracted from samples by Cinnapure DNA Kit. Real time PCR reactions were done with specific primers for RHD gene exons 5, 7 and 10, and beta-globin and SRY genes. The sex and Rh phenotype of children were obtained after delivery.
Among the pregnant women, 11 (52.4%) were carrying male and 10 (47.6%) were carrying female fetuses. Out of 11 male fetuses, 10 (91%) were RhD-positive and one (9%) was RhD-negative. Out of 10 female fetuses, 9 (90%) were RhD-positive and one (10%) was RhD-negative. All prenatal genotype testing results were in concordance with postnatal RhD status and fetal sex without any false- positive or -negative results.[Okhovat1]
Performing Real-time PCR on CffDNA showed accurate, efficient and reliable results, allowing rapid and high throughput noninvasive prenatal diagnosis and determination of fetal sex and RhD status in clinical samples. This method helps RhD negative pregnant women with the proper use of immunoglobulin D and on the management and prevention of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN).

One of the complications of repeated platelet transfusion is immune platelet refractoriness. In this study, a flow cytometic platelet cross-matching was performed to evaluate platelet transfusion outcome.
In this descriptive study, fifteen patients with a history of multiple platelet transfusions and fifteen healthy participants as the control group were enrolled in this study. Platelet cross-match was done and analyzed by the gate method. EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples from healthy donors were collected and PRP sampls were obtained. The serum of each patient was added to platelet suspension and incubated with FITC-anti human IgG and was analyzed using a flow cytometer. Platelet cross-match results of the patients were compared with those of CCI.
Platelet cross match results were negatively correlated with 1-hour (r = -0.731, p = 0.002) and 24-hour (r = -0.794, p = 0.001) CCIs. There was a significant difference in the mean percentage of platelet crossmatch between the patients with immune platelet refractoriness (showing 1-hour CCIs less than 7500) and that of the control group and the patients without platelet refractoriness.
The results showed that there was a significant correlation between platelet cross match by flowcytometry and 1-hour CCI results and this method could be applicable in the evaluation of platelet transfusion outcome.

Medical personnel play an important role in the safe use of blood and blood products. The efficacy and safety of blood transfusion is dependent on the knowledge and skills of medical personnel that have assumed responsibility. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and performance of medical personnel on proper procedures for blood transfusion in hospitals of Gonabad.
This cross-sectional study was done on 165 personnel of Gonabad hospitals in 1392. The data were collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaire was confirmed by content validity and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.7 was measured. The findings were analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistics.
Knowledge scores of medical personnel associated with blood transfusion showed that the majority of personnel (49.1%) had moderate knowledge. The medical personnel knowledge of 8.9 ± 2/2 represents 60% of the total score. While they reported an average 37.4 ± 3.5 for the performance that represents 90% of the total score. The difference between knowledge and performance of personnel was approximately 30%.
The knowledge level of the majority of the personnel was not desirable; thus, they need to have more knowledge about the complications of blood transfusion and to improve the performance for patient care. Likewise, educational programs and monitoring seem to be necessary.

Despite the advances in science and technology, the need for safe blood still remains as the priority and no suitable substitute for human blood has been discovered yet. This study aimed to investigate the attitude of blood donors towards Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization in Bandar Abbas, Iran. To do this, we have used a questionnaire to ask donors about the publicity and dissemination efforts of IBTO.
A descriptive survey research method was used and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS-19 software and Pearson and Regression tests.
The blood donors’ age range was between 18 and 60 years. Donor’s age had no significant correlation with attitudes towards the publicity and dissemination efforts of IBTO (r = 0.048, p = 0.283). There was a significant correlation between the attitude towards the publicity and dissemination efforts of IBTO and “paying attention to the publicity stuff” (r = 0.148, p = 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the attitude towards the publicity and dissemination efforts of IBTO and “Social participation” (r = 0.191, p = 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the attitude towards the publicity and dissemination efforts of IBTO and “social trust” (r = 0.090, p = 0.04).
Out of the participants, 81.1% were found to be prompted to become blood donors via the publicity and dissemination efforts of IBTO which has had a great role in attracting people attention. The media with extensive publicity, such as television, has had more effectiveness.

One method of autologous transfusion is acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) that involves withdrawal of whole blood shortly before surgery with infusion of fluids to maintain normovolemia.
A retrospective study was carried out during 2013-2014 at Tehran Blood Centre. The data regarded different cardiac surgery hospitals which performed acute normovolemic hemodilution in their operating room. We analyzed adverse events included arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular contraction) and unstable hemodynamic from collecting blood to 30 minutes.
308 patients scheduled for acute normovolemic hemodilution during cardiac surgery and were evaluated adverse events. We assessed 266 (86.4%) Cardiopulmonary bypass graft patient, 20 (6.6%) patients mitral valve replacement and aorta valve replacement, two valves replacement concurrent in 3 (0.9%) patients (MVRŔ) (MVR TVR), 10 mitral valve replacement with CABG and, congenital heart disease in 7 (2.3%) patients and 2 (0.6%) Bental repair. No significant hemodynamic changes and arrhythmia were recorded.
In this survey, No patients didnt show any adverse events (arrhythmia and unstable hemodynamic) during and 30 minutes after phlebotomy. Acute normovolemic hemodilution safely could perform in cardiac surgery patients with CABG, valvular replacement.

Blood transfusions and blood products are used in infants for treatment and it needs to meet the high standards of nursing care before, during and after the procedure. Therefore, investigating how nurses and other health care providers implement Haemovigilance can shed light on the various aspects of the program failures or faults. The aim of this study was to audit nursing care regarding Haemovigilance in different wards of Mofid Hospital in 2014.
A descriptive study of 132 cases in which nursing care for infants in relation to Haemovigilance were observed and evaluated. Event sampling method was applied and the 3-phase checklist was used in which “blood order”, "transfusion procedure" and "documentation" were addressed. To analyze the data, the descriptive statistics using SPSS was used.
Compliance with Haemovigilance in all areas of research in infant and neonatal intensive care units in connection with “Request” phase is 68% in relation to “transfusion” phase is 63.7%, and for “documentation” phase 76.6%. The total score in all areas of the present study was 59.6%.
Nursing care associated with Haemovigilance was assessed to be 65.8% indicating the gap between the practice and the standards. It could be attributed to the training inadequacy and the audit insufficiency.

Patients with beta-Thalassemia major (β-TM) in dealing with the serious complications of the disease experience many physical and psychological problems that affect their quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to determine QOL, depression, anxiety and stress in β-TM patients over 18 years of age.
The participants of this cross-sectional study were 142 β-TM patients (77 female, 65 male) having referred to the Thalassemia Clinic of Shafa Hospital in 2014; they were entered into the study by the census method. Data collection instrument consisted of three parts including demographic questions, the SF-36 questionnaire and the DAS-21 scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t- test, one way ANOVA and correlation in SPSS software v.19.
The participants obtained a mean score of 63.53 ± 18.12 for QOL, 6.64 ± 5.07 for depression, 5.03 ± 3.95 for anxiety and 7.68 ± 4.98 for stress. The significant inverse correlations were found between QOL and that of depression (p The study showed that β-TM patients experienced a considerable decrease in their QoL. A majority of the patients also suffered from mild to severe depression, anxiety and stress. Obviously, the health improvement, and social and economic as well as psychological support may raise their QOL.