نشریه زمین شناسی محیط زیست
پیاپی 28 (پاییز 1393)

In this study, Ghare Bagh drainage in southeast Shiraz is investigated. Ghare Bagh drainage receives discharge of Shiraz Industrial Complex effluent, irrigation-return flows, and sewage of upstream villages before reaching Maharlu Lake. Sediment and water heavy metal contents and physicochemical parameters of this drainage are determined and discussed in this study. The results showed a decreasing trend in heavy metals abundance in water samples as Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Mo > As > Co > Cd and in sediment samples as Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > Mo > As > Cd. Pollution assessment was carried out by calculating Enrichment Factor, Geoaccumulation Index, Contamination Factor, and Contamination Degree. The results revealed that Ghare Bagh drainage sediments are moderately to heavily polluted with Mo, Zn, Ni, Cr, and in some stations with Pb. In order to establish interelemental relationships and indicate the sources of elements, Correlation Coefficients and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were implemented on data. Principal components analysis of sediment samples showed that Ni is mainly originated natural environment, probably the parent rocks, while the rest of elements (except Cr) have anthropogenic origins. Cr probably is originated from both anthropogenic and natural sources.

In the following research 19 samples were collected from dust of the main streets of Ray City in dry conditions of the summer and wet conditions of the winter in heavy traffic time of evening. The samples were analyzed by ICP-OES for 49 elements such as Pb, Zn, and Cu, As, Fe, Ni, Cr, Cd, Mn and Bi. Also, 15 samples were analyzed by XRF to determine major oxide and minor elements. The enrichment factors and Muller geoaccumulation index were calculated for these samples. Data processing shows enrichment in Ag ٬Pb ٬Zn ٬ Cu ٬As ٬S ٬Ba ٬U ٬Zr ٬Sr, Hf levels relative to earth's crust. The results of enrichment factors indices indicate that Ag ٬Pb ٬Zn ٬Cu, Hg ٬S٬ have the highest enrichment level. Muller geoaccumulation index is represented high pollution range for Ag ٬Pb ٬Zn ٬S in all streets. The results show that this high pollution are related to Tehran refinery, metallurgical activities, erosion of Holly Shrine of Abudalazim and vehicles (fossil fuel combustion). Finally we used one-step chemical separation method to calculate the anthropogenic and non- anthropogenic ratio. The samples were analysed by ASS for Pb, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co. The results show that the anthropogenic effects of these elements are more than that of non- anthropogenic factors. It is because of the great influence of using natural resources in the productions of concrete factory.

The study area is Sanandaj-Sirjan zone in Hormozgan province. The place has undergone great metamorphism and magmatism and is the most active structural region of Iran, from geological perspective. Magmatism and metamorphism processes caused noticeable increase in the potentiality of the mineral elements in the region. Gold, iron, copper, chromite, porcelain and stone façade and silica are the main potential elements. The area is mainly formed by Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. According to geochemical studies of rocks and rivers, the amount of gold shows 4 times and coppers, 116 times of Clark enrichment limit. Based on the geochemical data and XRD data analysis and the existence of the collection of minerals such as chlorite, epidote, albite, calcite, and pyrite, the possibility of having a zone of alteration zone propylitic is very high. Also, in some areas, due to the abundance of epidote it is possible to find epidotic alteration. Penetration of Andezites into limestone rocks causes Pyrite and Hematite alteration. Due to the porosity of the limestone and the alterations mentioned, the limestone (western part of the area) is a suitable context for copper and gold mineralization which needs further research.

To investigate the effects of livestock's arsenic toxicity in the study area, arsenic concentration measured in the soil, forage and potable water along with livestock blood samples. Concentrations of arsenic in drinking water of livestock is less than permissible concentration level reported by USEPA, WHO. Calculation of geoaccumulation index and Contamination factor indicate that most of the agricultural soils in the study area are contaminated by arsenic. Comparison of arsenic mean concentration indicates that arsenic concentration is 53 times greater than standard concentration in livestock forage. However, arsenic concentrations in blood samples are higher than the control area, but still in the normal range. Hematological indices such as HB, RBC, PCV are normal. The results suggest that despite the high concentration of arsenic in soil and plants, it has not been passed to livestock. This study shows that arsenic contamination in drinking water is probably the most important rout for passing arsenic to livestock in contaminated areas.

In order to identify and assess the relationship between Benthic Foraminifera with environmental factors and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cr and Cu) the effects of these metals on the variety and condensation of Benthic Foraminifera on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea (between Abas Abad and Ramsar) were studied. Samples were gathered in May 2012 from 5 transects at four depths (5, 10, 15 and 20 meters). The extent of environmental factors of sea floor adjacent waters such as electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, temperature, acidity (pH), dissolved oxygen during sampling and concentration of heavy metals, total organic matters (T.O.M) and the diameter of sediment particles were determined through laboratory procedures. Average concentration for the heavy metals were Pb 48/08, Cd 3/30 and Cu 20/86,Zn 64/76, Ni 36/50 and Cr 36/92 parts per million (ppm), also the mean diameter of the sediment particles was 0/21 mm and the average percentage of the total organic matter was 3/59. Average water temperature near the sea floor was 26/09 ° C, EC 18/62 μs/cm, salinity 13 parts per thousand, acidity 8/34 and dissolved oxygen 9/98 milligrams per liter. Results from the density and diversity of Foraminifera show a dominant species of Ammonia beccarii from the four species of benthic. It shows that this species belongs to three genera of 3 families coming from thesame line. Most of the deposits in this region were fine sand, very fine sand, silt, and clay. Results show an increase in the frequency and density of Foraminifera with the increase of silt and clay. Positive correlation between the diversity of Foraminifera and environmental factors like dissolved oxygen, organic matters, depth and electrical conductivity in the region under study shows an increase of condensation of this group with an increase in the extent of the factors pre-mentioned. Also a negative correlation between the diversity of Foraminifera, Zn and Cr shows a decrease of condensation when these metals increase. Finally no significant difference or correlation was seen regarding the diversity of Foraminifera, environmental factors and heavy metals.. Also Chromium showed noticeable difference in the depths under study as in deeper depths the amount of Cr decreased.. Finally, the existence of Benthic Foraminifera with morphological abnormalities in the structure of the crust in this region indicates the presence of pollution in the sea floor.

Today the River of Karaj is exposed to all kinds of pollutions and destruction of ecosystem because of the destructive effects of Tehran, a city with millions of residents. So it is important to examine the quality of the water of this river to collect information about the current situation. The objective of this study is to find out the role of the Purkan sanitary wastewater refinery on the quality of the water of the river. In current study, samples were collected from four stations: into, out of, before, and after the refinery, in seasonal form, four stages. Concentration of NO3,NH3,PO4,BOD5,COD,TSS,pH indices were tested according to methods suggested by standard methods reference. Considering the results of the samples, data analysis was done using statistics. The results of physical, chemical and microbial analyses of the samples show that the refinery has no good role in decreasing basic parameters such as COD, TSS and FC (specially in summer season). In many cases, the parameters were more than the limit. The water in the river has an almost fixed condition, so; entrance of the wastewater into Karaj River does not show a great negative effect. As a result, it seems necessary to make a program to find a solution to remove the problems. Prevention of the direct entrance of the wastewater into the river, modification of refinery function, optimization of filteration, and the use of wastewater in artificial irrigater may help remove these problems.

Structurally, south of Kashan is a part of Orumieh-dokhtar zone. Late stage fluids of the Oligo-Miocene granodiorite have been influenced Eocene volcanic rocks, that caused argillic, sericitic, propyllitic, calc-silicate, iron oxides and silisification alteration zones. Based on the cluster analysis of samples, the elements can be divided into two groups of Cu-Co-Cd and Pb-Zn-As. Distribution of the metals in the two groups has a good adaptation with argillic and calc-silicate alteration zones respectively. According to ICP-MS analysis, minimum and maximum of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, As and Co is (1.5-459), (1-623), (>2.97), (14-413), 0.5-21) and (1.5-17) ppm correspondingly. On the basis of the soil standard, there is some Cu & Pb contamination. Combined multiplicative calculation show good correlation with both argillic as well as clac-silicate alterations and Cu & Pb pollution. Kriging estimation has been documented maximum Cu & Pb anomalies occurred in the southern part of area, on igneous rocks. Field relationship, remote sensing data and geostatic calculations strongly support; granodiorite body has been generated Cu & Pb pollution. Otherwise fluids caused hydrothermal alteration, which enriched those elements.