نشریه زمین شناسی محیط زیست
پیاپی 40 (پاییز 1396)

Surface water resources, especially rivers, have long been used for agriculture and agriculture. Today, due to the mechanization of the cultivation process, the expansion of agronomy of cultivation and industry, the unnecessary use of pesticides and pesticides, as well as the expansion of industrial centers and production units around rivers, the pollution and their microbial contamination have increased dramatically. Limitation of underground water resources and the increasing need for water resources, especially water resources, monitoring needs and updated control systems along with periodic sampling and analysis to assess the physical, chemical and biological changes of water resources and microbial load control Concentrated and carriers in the rivers. In this research, the concentration of two bacteria of Escherichia coli and Kelifram, which are indicators of water pollution to human wastewater, is investigated in the Nervod River, one of the largest and most rivers in the southwestern basin of the Caspian Sea, passing through the city of Asalem Weve been. For this purpose, six sampling stations ((from each of the 3 districts of the city, 2 stations), with a total length of 15 km, were selected in the districts of Varje valley, Khordgol and Isalem, and sampling them in two seasons of spring and summer 1396 One sample per month. The findings indicate an increase in the river's microbial load in the spring and its decrease in summer. Also, by comparing the results of the analysis with global standards, the water of the Nawarud River has a microbial load below the global standard and for use in non-drinking Direct and unpolluted.

Groundwater is one of the most important of water sources for human life. Because of limitation of surface water sources of several regions of Iran, groundwater can be considered as the most appropriate sources for supplying these regions. Currently, Remote Sensing and GIS are considered as one of the most powerful and affordable tools for exploration of groundwater. Talents of this study are identification of high potential regions of the Romeshgan plain using by AHPFuzzy, Remote Sensing techniques and GIS. Based The lithological, thick alluvium, landuse, elevation, slope, drainage density, fault density, temperature and rainfall layers were prepared using Fuzzy method in GIS environment and based on geological, hydrological, structural, topographical data, satellite images ETM and field visit. These maps were weighted using pair comparison in AHP method. The maps of mentioned factors were prepared by applying weights to each criterion and according to their importance in delineation of groundwater potential. Finally, the final maps were provided using the AHP-Fuzzy overlapping approach. Results indicate that about 7.37, 10.12, 22.25, 20.46 and 39.79 percent of study area fall in the areas with very low, low, medium, high, very high for Delineation of groundwater potential.

The increasing daily production of waste and its proper disposal is one of the major environmental challenges of human societies, and burying waste is one of the most commonly used methods in this direction. Urban landfills can be considered as civil projects that have multiple environmental impacts. The use of environmental impact assessment and assessment of current disposal sites can be considered as one of the tools for environmental management. The purpose of this study was to use this tool to identify the negative effects of Gandak landfills in Damavand city and provide appropriate solution and option. To this end, along with examining the effects of the current project (Gandak) with 15 years of experience, other appropriate options were also considered. In order to select other suitable alternatives for the construction of landfill and associated facilities, using the existing standards, some criteria were defined for locating, and were overlapped by GIS software. By overlapping different layers, the zones suitable for burial centers were identified, and finally a different appropriate option (Option 2) was selected from among them.Then, in order to evaluate the selected options, a matrix of environmental factors and micro-activities of the project were prepared to examine the impact of each micro-activity by the construction and operation phase on 70 environmental parameters of the region. Regarding the results of the completion of the assessment matrix in two phases of construction and operation, it was found that Option 1 (Gandak) is more appropriate than Option 2.

In this study, seepage of heavy metals, As and Hg due to activities such as mining, ore transportation, gold refining that lead enter into ground and surface waters in Zarshoran area of Takab (south of west Azerbaijan province in Iran) were investigated. The sampling sites (n=16) selected around three different gold extraction factories and also out of industrial areas. Water samples were collected from wells, rivers and springs in polyethylene bottles according to standard methods in the mid of every season (2015). Samples of Hg acidified with 5ml Nitric acid and As samples acidified with 5ml Hcl and kept at 40c and transferred to laboratory. As and Hg analysis respectively determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer at hydride generation mode and cold vapor analyzer. Studies on gold ore deposits in Zarshoran area of Takab indicate that As and Hg exist in minerals of studied area. The obtained results show that the concentration of As in the studied area is higher than the standard level allowed for drinking water by world health organization and it is related to the geochemical composition of the soil in studied area. Also it was found that, the concentrations of Hg in surface waters decreases with distance from the industrial area so it means that, the gold ore processing had positive effect on solubility of the toxic heavy metals.

As providing the quantitative and qualitative supply of safe and healthy drinking water is one of the most important responsibilities of all governmental organizations.There fors,according to the climatic conditions of our country,which is located in the semi-arid geographical part of the world,with rainfall les them 250mm and improper utilization and consumption of underground resources of water supplies in different fields in cluding agriculture,industry and social services,has brought about dramatical challenges to provide the country with healthy dirinking water.so constant bio- environmental and qualitative threats of this limited quantitative sources of water have endangered the safety and health of the people and other exploiters. so here in addition to identifying either of any environmental challenges in terms of their sources and causative organisms and its effectiveness on the health and safety of the in habitants of the villags and towns of RobotKarim , we have classified them in the forms of maps,GIS actions, ultimately providing institutional solutions to organize the challenges to minimize the deleterious effects in the future.This way we hope to provide the chances of permenant development of the target villages

In this paper, the proper modeling of the wettability modification mechanism in the process of water injection with low salinity was investigated using the eclyps simulator. Most reservoirs are in their late stages of production, and still a high percentage of oil is available in reservoirs; hence the need to find a way to increase oil production from these reservoirs is more and more felt. Hence, the methods of harvesting should be used. One of the ways of treating withdrawal can be low intake of water with salinity. In this project, the method of water injection with low salinity is investigated with the aim of increasing the recycling of oil. To achieve this goal, the Ellips simulator is used. The heavy oil fluid model is modeled for oil reservoir; then water injection is simulated with different salinity (low salinity). Salines are considered to be high salinity with a concentration of 45000 PPM and low salinity, with concentrations of 24000 PPM, 8000, respectively. Water injection with different salinity increases the recovery rate of oil. The results show that water injection with salinity of PPM is 8000, with an oil recovery rate of 38% to 50%.

In this paper, hydrogeology and geology of Sabzkuh tunnel path and its environment has been reviewed, so as to anticipation of changes in the natural regime of underground waters and its impacts in springs resources after tunnel excavation with environmental management approach has been determined. For this purpose, different formation of tunnel path, faults and their permeability and potential amplitudes were recognized and categorized. From another perspective, water resources and springs of tunnel path were identified and hydrogeological boundary of tunnel path was determined to investigate interactions among tunnel excavation and underground water resources. According to these data, the tunnel path had been divided into two section: 1. High risk areas (Choghakhor region) 2. Low risk areas (Sabzkuh region). After tunnel mechanized excavation, changes of ground and geological complexity of studied zone and influx of mud along with abundance of water into tunnel caused cancelation of tunnel excavation despite all measures carried out for injection and reinforcement in risky area and capabilities of mechanized excavation machine. Following that, due to interaction to fault area of Sakiabad (Aloghareh), this fault had been dried in less than one week. Drying of Sakiabad spring had brought negative effects in terms of social, environmental and economical in the zone. Scrutiny of this factors and considering all parameters, the tunnel excavation had ceased. Reviewing studies and feasibility of all effected sections and with environmental management approach, combination of tunnel in Sabzkuh and water canal in Choghakhor section and change in the profile of path in order to reduce regional environmental impacts have been relatively considered.