نشریه زمین شناسی محیط زیست
پیاپی 41 (زمستان 1396)

Knowledge of geological hazards plays an important role in the selection and installation of timely support system for underground structures. The Hamrov tunnel with an approximate length of 1294 meters in the main way of Sanandaj- Marivan is under construction. Based on the geo-mechanical conditions of rock masses in the tunnel, it is necessary to investigate the possible geological hazards such as squeezing. In this study, using geological surveys and drilling of boreholes, the way of the tunnel been divided into different units and then the severity of squeezing in each section have been investigated. By comparing the different methods of squeezing evaluation, it was found that the empirical Hoek-Marinos method evaluate the minimum of squeezing and the Jethwa method evaluate the maximum of squeezing for the rock masses of the tunnel. The utmost squeezing potential is related to section of the tunnel where there is the alternation of sandy shale and limestone with shale. According to the survey, the Hamrov tunnel is divided into three sections: A (km 5293 to 5543) with squeezing extreme serious to serious, B (km 5543 to 5973) with squeezing severe to very low, and C (5973 to 6133 km) almost without risk of squeezing.

Current industrial cities in terms of mining, ore crushing and production units located in that area could be contaminated with particulate matter, especially heavy metals such as lead, nickel -Zinc, copper, cadmium, etc. are various forms. On the other hand disrupt the daily lives of those residents near waste disposal sites are essential to prevent the need for waste disposal location. The researcher sought the appropriate location for solid waste landfill Khorram Bid Township in the province is using GIS. To achieve this objective, criteria such as slope, aspect, elevation, geology, land use, lines of communication, distance from the settlement, distance from the wells and aqueducts, distance from surface water is used. Then, for each of the factors at zoning cutting waste landfill was prepared in GIS data layers and each layer was weighted. Then, to modeling, to each of the data layers based on their importance in landfill zoning stonework using AHP model is assigned an appropriate weight. The following layers were normalized using fuzzy functions. The results of layers lands on the information to select suitable sites for landfill classified into five classesThus, according to research that the final map, the north and northeast of the city for which it is intended.

Dasht-e-Bayaz region is one of the most seismically active areas in eastern Iran, which has relatively long and active faults. 1968 and 1979 catastrophic earthquakes (MW>7.0) in this area show that the area has experienced significant damages. Using existing maps including active faults map and satellite images and Seismological catalog of International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, seismotectonic map was prepared and seismic hazard was investigated using deterministic and probabilistic methods. Also, for AHP method, special questionnaire was designed, which answered with seismologists and the seismic hazard was evaluated using AHP method. The deterministic and probabilistic results show that there is probability of occurrence of an earthquake with magnitude of 7.6 during a 20-year period in Dasht-e-Bayaz and Qaen regions. Also, using the two above methods the highest risk is related to Ferdows thrust fault within the investigated active faults in the Dasht-e Bayaz-Qaen area. Although, the AHP method, which considers hypocentral and epicentral distances of the earthquakes, mechanism of the faults and kind of the bedrock, introduces Dasht-e-Bayaz fault region as a high risk area

Today, the most important step to control sewage pollutions and reuse of wastewater, is to construct sewage treatment plants and closely monitor their performance.In this research, the aim of this study was to investigate the environmental impacts of sewage treatment effluent in Kermanshah on some physico-chemical parameters of GharasoopermanentRiver so,changes of these parameters were investigated in Gharasooriver water samples at different time intervals.The average of changes in these parameters were compared in dry season with the variation of this parameter in the wet season (November).Investigation of daily changes in acidity of samples in different parts of the wet season (November) of the year 95 illustrate the fact that the processes of neutralizing the acidity of the effluent have an effect on the process of dramatic changes in this parameter and shows a decrease in the acidity in the output samples in respect of input samples.Also, the results of measurement of the biological oxygen demand of samples show that sewage treatment processes have been effective in removing various sludge and various microorganisms.The results of measuring the amount of total suspended solids in water samples indicate effective efficiencies and the proper functioning of the wastewater treatment process.Measuring the temperature of water samples at 3 different points shows that in these 3 points the water temperature was constant and has only shown a slight change at different times. The amount of nitrate in the samples and the amount of dissolved oxygen from the inlet point of the refinery to the outlet point has been increasing. Daily changes in alkalinity and acidity, the amount of biological and chemical oxygen demand and the amount of phosphorus at the inlet point of the refinery to the outlet point and samples from distant distances have a decreasing trend.

The present study was aimed to evaluate role of Pedogenesis factors and Geo-pedological conditions on Distribution and Chemical speciation of some heavy metals. For this purpose, number of 15 profiles on different parent materials include Granite (Gr), Basalt (Ba), Andesite (An), Porphyritic (Pr ), Volcanic tuff (Tu) Limeston (Li), Conglomerates (Cg), Shale (Sh), Phyllites (Ph), Sandstone (Sa), Dolomite (Do) and Alluvium (Qa) were excavated around in Zanjan. The concentration and distribution of the elements Cr, Co, Cd, Zn and Pb are more controlled by lithogenic factors while elements Cu, Mn and Ni were affected by bio-geochemical processes factors. Depletion rate was obtained in order of following: (Zn>Co>Cd=Pb>Mn=Cr=Ni=Cu). In the early stages of pedogensis, bedrock and minerals and in its later stages, some soil processes such as calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), acidity (pH), organic matter and clay create different patterns of enrichment-depletion. Distribution of elements in Entisols, Mollisols and Inceptisols, respectively, were controlled by parent material lithology, organic matter and redistribution calcium carbonated. In Sequential extraction, residual fraction was dominant component in all elements. For cobalt, nickel oxide fraction, for lead carbonate fraction, for copper and zinc, organic fractions were observed. Mobility factor for various elements in the surface horizons were (Pb>Co>Ni>Cu>Zn), respectively. results of extract measured by DTPA-extractible in various elements for lead, copper, nickel, zinc and cobalt were, 2.04, 1.81, 0.84, 0.42 and 0.30 mg/kg respectively and the highest value was observed in surface soil horizons

Due to its position in dry and semi-arid region, Iran has a worse situation than the average of world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of drought on the quantitative and qualitative status of groundwater in Zarghan plain in Fars province. So, the meteorological data, groundwater level data, and physicochemical experiments of 10 drinking wells data of Zarghan rural district in Fars province during the period of 2011-2016 were used. The data was analyzed by Pearson-spearman Correlation matrices via SPSS software. The results showed that there was a significant positivecorrelation between rainfall reduction and lowering of groundwater level with a 3-month delay, and association the groundwater level reduction in the area was 1.11 meters. Also, with the decrease of groundwater level in The study period increased the amount of sodium ion, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate and total hardness increased in a number of wells, which resulted in increased salinity of water due to the reduction of water volume in the groundwater resources, because of drought and the increase in the concentration of salts in the Groundwater. The balance of groundwater is maintained, if the input and output levels of water are equal. However, according to the survey results it is clear that in addition to the lack of rainfall has not been able to compensate. The water deficiency, uncontrolled harvesting of aquifers has also been effective in reducing groundwater levels and increasing in the water salts in the area.

A simple, sensitive and selective method for exteraction of trace amounts of Pb(II) in water samples based on the adsorption of Multi Wall Carbon NanoTube carboxyl. A new methods technique using a disperse solid phase extraction (DSPE) with Multi Wall Carbon NanoTube carboxyl as sorbent was developed for the preconcentration of trace amounts of Pb(II) inVaramin waste water samples and was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Some of the important parameters on the preconcentration and complex formation were selected and optimized. Under the optimized conditions the limit of detection (LOD) and relative standard deviation were 0.070µg.L-1,0.562 µg.L-1 and 0.79% respectively. the proposed method has a good reproducibility 0.81% (RSD %).The enrichment factor was 200 and the percentage of recovery was in the range of 95-100% .The method was successfully applied to the recovery of Pb2+in different type of water samples. of Multi Wall Carbon NanoTube carboxyl in this study is full of potential to use as an excellent adsorbent in the extraction method like solid phase extraction(SPE) and solid phase micro extraction(SPME).