مجله تحقیقات نظام سلامت
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1397)

Sour tea is a herb that is widely used today. In the past, the plant was used to treat a wide range of disorders including kidney and bladder stones, sexual stimulants, disinfectants, and also for reducing complications of diabetes and hypertension. So far, numerous human and animal studies have been conducted on the effect of sour tea on blood pressure. This article is based on the findings from PubMed, Scopus, ISI, and Google Scholar databases. Considering the findings of many studies conducted in this respect, this substance can probably improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with hypertension. In this review study, researches on the effect of sour tea on blood pressure and its probable mechanisms have been investigated.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are the major factor in the loss of working time, increased costs and human damages. There are various methods for teaching the principles of ergonomics in the workplace. The purpose of this study was the survey of training with game technique on the empowerment of health care providers in Yazd city in the field of ergonomics. In this quasi-experimental study, 30 health workers were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data were gathered by researcher made questionnaire consisted of two parts (1-demographic questions, 2-knowledge, attitudes, and ergonomic assessment of the workplace) and a checklist for assessing ergonomic risk factors in the workplace. The intervention group received educational intervention as a game during the four sessions and the control group has participated in lecture sessions. The gathered data was analyzed using statistical software SPSS19. Following the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, ergonomic assessment of the workplace, significantly increased in intervention and control group compared to before intervention. But those who used the game method got higher scores. Also, after the intervention, the score of ergonomic risk factors in the workplace was reduced in the intervention group. The results of this study emphasize the usefulness of educational intervention to empower health personnel in the field of ergonomics. Also, educational planners should use more attractive learning methods, such as game techniques, rather than lectures in the educational process.

The gathering of industrial activities causes accumulation of heavy metals in soil that is dangerous for human health. Due to the effect of industrial regions on soil heavy metal pollution, this research was done to evaluate the risk assessment of Pb and Cd on human health in surface soil around Esfahan steel company and Mobarakeh steel complex. 208 samples from the surface soil around Esfahan steel company and Mobarakeh steel complex were collected and Cd and Pb concentration of samples were determined. Cancer and non-cancer risk of heavy metals sorption in surface soils through ingestion, inhalation and dermal pathways for children and adults were evaluated using the EPA method. The greatest non-cancer diseases dangerous from Cd sorption has belonged to the children (HI=8.9) and the non-cancer risk from Pb (HI= 16.73) was higher than Cd, while, the opposite trend was observed for Cd. The same results were found for cancer diseases. The results of this research showed that soil surface pollution to Pb and Cd around Esfahan steel company and Mobarakeh steel complex has an important role in cancer and non-cancer diseases.

Musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limb are highly observable in industry. When the factors that caused these disorders are correctly identified, they can be prevented. Workload assessment is a key parameter in assessing the comfort, satisfaction, productivity and safety. The aim of this study to evaluate the workloads and the relationship between disability of upper limb in the assembly lines workers. The study was a descriptive -analytic and cross-sectional and was carried out among 120 assembly lines workers. For the evaluation of work load and disability of upper limbs, the Iranian version of NASA-TLX and DASH have respectively been used. Data analysis was carried out by using SPSS20. It is noteworthy to mention that P value <0.05 was considered significant. In this study, the most effective dimension on the work load was recognized to be the physical load. 45% of the subjects were placed in the mild group due to their upper limb disability. Moreover, findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between the workload and disability of upper limb (P value <0.05). On the basis of the results, it can be calculated that mental workload leads to different levels of upper limb disability in different levels. Furthermore, the reduction in physical workload will result in a decrease in mental workload and disability of upper limb.

Municipal wastewater contains a variety of pollutants and pathogenic microorganisms. Although a high fraction of photogenic microorganisms is removed during wastewater treatment processes, viruses are not efficiently removed by the processes and wastewater effluents may be a potential source for dissemination of viruses in the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of two important enteric viruses, adenoviruses and enteroviruses, in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants. In this study, 30 wastewater effluent samples were taken from two activated sludge municipal wastewater treatment plants. Investigation of the presence of adenoviruses was performed using a molecular method (PCR) and the concentration of enteroviruses was measured with the standard cell culture method. The concentration of bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms) was also determined by the multiple tube fermentation technique. Adenoviruses and enteroviruses were detected in 87% and 40% of effluent samples, respectively. The mean concentration of enteroviruses was 12 and 16 pfu/ml for wastewater treatment plant 1 and 2, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between the concentration of bacterial indicators and viruses. The results of the study showed high viral contamination of effluent samples. The findings also showed that fecal coliforms are not the suitable indicator for viral contamination of wastewater effluent. Regarding to the viral contamination of effluent, discharge of wastewater effluents to the environment or agricultural reuse of wastewater may be a potential route for dissemination of viral infections in the community.

Food Safety Management system (FSMS) is known as a tool to manage the risks in food chain processing. Prerequisite Programs (PRPs) is designed based on Hazard Analytical Critical Control Point (HACCP), International Standard Organization (ISO), Good Manufacturing Procedure (GMP), Good Hygiene Procedure (GHP) and Good Laboratory Procedure (GLP). The evaluation of these principles is performed by a checklist named PRPs that is defined by Food and Drug Administarion of Ministry of Health in Iran. It is mandatory to establish the PRPs principles to implement FSMS. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluation of meat and can food processing plants based on the implementation of PRPs to establish FSMS in Isfahan. In cross-sectional study, 33 meat and can processing plants were investigated by census method in Isfahan in 2016 and 2017. The processing plants were classified in four grades including A, B, C and D after completion of PRPs checklist. Descriptive analysis and comparison were performed in SPSS. The results showed that 39.4 and 42.4% of processing plants were belonged to grade C in 2016 and 2017, respectively. This processing plants had inferior in HACCP and ISO principles. The increasing of PRPs score observed in processing plants in 2017 compared with 2016. Implementation of FSMS is possible with the attention of all principles of PRPs. It is recommended to educate the quality control managers and technical experts of food processing plants for the importance of FSMS implementation.

The aim of this study was determining of the effectiveness of cognitive intervention on improvement of self-regulation and executive functions in children with externalizing behavioral problem. The research design was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, a post test and 2 months of follow-up. The research samples consisted of 30 children 9-12 years old who diagnosed with externalizing behavioral problem based on cut point of Achenbach questionnaire. They were selected through convenience sampling from students in secondary schools of Ahvaz and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. All of participants were assessed in executive functions at the 3 stages. Cognitive intervention was implemented in 12 sessions for experimental group. Data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and through SPSS 21. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that cognitive intervention has a significant effect on emotional and behavioral self-regulation and executive functions including working memory, cognitive flexibility and response inhibition(p<0.001). The effect of this intervention was also sustained for emotional and behavioral self-regulation, working memory, cognitive flexibility and response inhibition in the follow up phase (p < 0.001). Using cognitive interventions can be an effective strategy to reduce children's behavioral problems and ultimately improving their educational and social performance.

In recent years, oil production in Caspian Sea has become a serious environmental impact. In this study, Oil sample sorption, which was explored from Sardar-e-Jangal oilfield in Caspian Sea, by exfoliated graphite, was investigated. A synthetized absorbent was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer– Emmett–Teller analysis (BET), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Absorbance efficiency was investigated by gravimetric and response surface methodology using design expert data analysis. Exfoliated graphite absorbed oil sample from aqueous solution to a great extent due to increasing total pore volume in its structure in comparison with simple graphite. Identified parameters (weight of absorbent and oil) were investigated by response surface methodology and the maximum absorption ratio was 27.6 (gr oil/gr absorbent). Exfoliated graphite, due to being easier to prepare, low cost and high performance in absorption instead of simple graphite and other carbon-based absorbents, could be an appropriate absorbent to remove the oil from the water.

The most important performance of a hand when performing a task is to grip and apply force to do manual work. Grip and pinch strength are the most important factors affecting the performance of hand.The reaction time is the time interval between the stimulus presentation and the emergence of the response.Considering the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders due to the disproportion of work with the worker and the engagement of a large number of workers in activities that require gripping, we decided to study the relationship between reaction time, age, gender and body mass index and their influence on grip and pinch strength. This cross-sectional study was performed on 60 public affairs staff of Isfahan School of Health by using simple random sampling. To determine reaction time and grip and pinch strength, respectively, reaction timer, dynamometer and pinch gauge were used. Finally, data analysis was done using SPSS 20 software, Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman correlation coefficient were used and P < 0.05 was considered as meaningful. The findings of the study indicate that there is a reverse relationship between simple reaction time and gripand pinch strength in both hands (P < 0.05) and discriminative reaction time with grip (P = 0.047) and pinch (P = 0.03) strength in right hand. There was also no relationship observed between discriminative reaction time and grip (P = 0.10) and pinch (P = 0.07) strength in left hand and there was no relationship between choice reaction time with grip and pinch strength in both hands (P > 0.05). Also, with the increase in body mass index, the left hand grip strength (P = 0.049) and left (P = 0.02) and right (P = 0.01) hand pinch strength have increased. The mean force of grip and pinch strength was significantly higher in males than in females in both left and right hands (P < 0.001), but there was no significant relationship between age and grip and pinch strength in both hands (P > 0.05). According to the results, in occupations that require high grip and pinch strength it is preferable to use men and people with a high percentage of attention to prevent WMSDs.

Traffic accidents on Iran’s roads cause thousands of deaths and injuries every year. Because traffic behaviors vary in different sociocultural settings. It is useful to explore factors that facilitate risk-taking behaviors among motorcyclists within their own sociocultural settings. Therefore, the purpose of the present study appraisal of social factors affecting to exacerbation and modification of motorcyclist's risky driving behavior. This cross-sectional's descriptive-analytic study was performed from December 2016 to February 2017 using simple random sampling on 138 motorcyclist referred to the Tehran's Committee discharge that their motorcycle was impounded because of a traffic violation. Data were gathered from the questionnaire that has been extracted from previous surveys. To analyze the data, the chi-square test was used in SPSS Software Version 16. The mean age of participants was 26/35 ± 7/5 years with an age range of 16–56 years. 63/4% of them were single and all were male. The 40/3% of them were high school graduates. Chi-square test showed that between police behavior and reduce risky behavior among motorcyclist was a significant relationship. But In association with the friends and family was not a significant relationship. Since, The participants was believed that social factors had an effective role in exacerbation and modification the risky driving. Hence, By intervening in these elements can reduce motorcyclist's risky driving.