مجله تحقیقات نظام سلامت
سال نهم شماره 14 (1392)

Diabetic foot as a late complication of diabetes imposes high costs to the health care system. The present study aimed to investigate combinatorial educational program based on BASNEF model on foot care in type 2 diabetic patients referred to diabetes clinic of Samirom city. This study is a semi-empirical study, in which 164 eligible patients were selected after the pretest, and randomly assign in intervention and comparison groups. Questionnaire based on ◌ BASNEF structure was used for data collection. Post-test was obtained at three and six months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.11.5 and Chi-Square, T-Test and Repeated Measure statistical tests. Before, three months and six months after the education Knowledge, beliefs, attitude, intended behavior, enabling factors, and the performance variables were significantly different in the intervention group (P <0.05), but not in the comparison group (P>0.05). Subjective norms variable between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results showed that education based on BASNEF model is effective in the promotion of diabetic foot care. Thus, implementation, monitoring and follow-up such educational programs based on this model is recommended in diabetes care clinics.

The quality of communication skills of health care providers has a significant impact on patient treatment consequences. The present research has been conducted to check the relationship of communication skills on the rate of patients’ satisfaction in the clinics of one of the hospitals in Isfahan. This research was a descriptive-analytical study. The used tool was a standard checking list for evaluating the patients’ satisfaction and also the researcher-made checking list for the measurement of effective communication skills. The checking list was completed by the researcher in the clinics by using the comments of patients or their relatives. Sampling was performed by using the regular random sampling method. The researcher-made checking list for the measurement of effective communication skills was confirmed by the experts with the face validity, structure, content, and reliability (α = 87%). After visiting the patient by the physician, the mentioned list was filled by using the patients’ comments, and the collected data was analyzed by SPSS software version 16 with calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient and α2. The study showed that there was a significant relationship between the application of communication skills in the five areas of verbal, body language, effective communicating, establishment, patient privacy and patient participation, except for eye communication of the physician with patients’ satisfaction (P-value < 0.05). Using the communication skills by physicians is associated with patients’ satisfaction, and it is the cause of increasing the acceptance of the physician by the patient. Therefore, it is suggested that the opportunity to improve the communication skills should be provided in addition to clinical skills in continuing education programs for the medical community.

Marriage is a social institution that will form the basis of human communication. Marital adaptability and satisfaction are what important in marriage. Marital adaptability is a situation in which most of the time, the couple’s feelings of happiness and satisfaction are met. Marital adaptability is made through mutual love, care for one another, acceptance, understanding each other and satisfying the needs. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of couple group training using communicative therapy on Qom women to increase adaptability. This study is semi-empirical and used pretest-posttest with control group. Population was consisted of all self-introduced women to Family Counseling Center of Qom in 2012-2013. Sampling method is voluntary and 60 women randomly placed into control and examine groups. To gather data, demographic questionnaire and marital adaptability measurement was used. To analyze data, SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistical methods (ANCOVA) was used. Study results in ANCOVA analysis indicated that communicative therapy approach affected meaningfully marital satisfaction (P<0.05, F=3.01), pair correlation (P<0.05, F=13.26), pair agreement (P<0.05, F=2.62), kindliness expression (P<0.05, F=5.88) but did not have any effect on marital adjustment (P>0.05, F=2.04). Given the importance of communication between partners, this approach can be improved and enhanced by removing barriers to marital adjustment.

According to previous studies, variable percent of nurses suffering from psychological problems or disorders. Identifying preventive factors of psychological disorders to be used more frequently and risk factors of these disorders to eliminate them are essential in improving mental health of staff. The present study aims to assess the relationship between motivational function of head nurses on mental health of nurses in teaching hospitals of Qom. This is a descriptive-co relational study. 275 nurses were selected from 3 teaching hospitals in Qom based on convenience sampling method. A researcher-designed questionnaire for assessment of performance incentive plan of head nurses and the General Health Questionnaire – 28 (GHQ-28) questionnaires based on the Likert scale and cut-off score of 32 were used for this study. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and correlation analysis (Pearson’s correlation) were performed using the SPSS. Study findings indicated that 45.1% of study nurses are mentally healthy and 54.9% of nurses are susceptible to psychological problems. Performance incentive plan of head nurses was scored as good and weak by 37.7% and 19.5% of studied nurses respectively. There was reverse but not statistically significant correlation between psychological problems of nurses and quality of performance incentive plan of head nurses (p.0.05). Performance incentive plan of head nurses is essential but not adequate for mental health of nurses. Further support by hospital managers and national health care system for effective planning to prevent psychological problems, periodic psychological examinations of nurses and treatment of psychological disorders are necessary and recommended.

One of the most important health concerns is dust phenomenon causing adverse effects on health. It often leads to serious problems in the city of Ahvaz. In most communities there are a larger number of schools comparing to health centers, as a consequence we can easily use them for health education and promotion. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine knowledge, attitude and protective behaviors of teachers against dust phenomenon based on the health belief model. This descriptive- analytic study has been conducted on 200 female teachers in different elementary schools in Ahvaz city. The tools for collecting information was a multi section questionnaire consisting of demographic information, knowledge, attitude and behavior. In addition its validity and reliability were ensured previously. Data were analyzed by SPSS software in significance level of P< 0/05. The findings showed the mean age of teachers Was 39/76 ± 6/97 years. The mean score of behavior obtained 33/56 ± 4/45. The mean of perceived susceptibility 27/2 ± 2/66, perceived severity 28/89 ± 2/19, perceived benefits 28/42 ± 2/9, perceived barriers 16/18 ± 4/56 and perceived self-efficasy 12/79 ± 2/34 obtained. It seems necessary to devise and implement various educational and interventional programs in schools to promote awareness regarding protective behaviors against dust.

Pregnancy is a unique experience for woman and her family. Beside her body Physiological changes in pregnancy influence emotion of pregnant woman. Therefore, emotion of mother has changed which is result in anxiety feeling. According to unfavorable impact of anxiety on mother, fetus and outcome of pregnancy, this study designed to consider anxiety in nuliparous women based on HBM constructs. This is a cross- sectional study. Study population was 88 randomly selected women from Dourood health centers. Data gathering tool was a valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire. Gathered information were analyzed with independent T test, Pearson and spearman correlation and ANOVA statistical tests using SPSS -20 software in P<0.05 significant level. This study results showed that, the mean score of knowledge of pregnant women regarding anxiety was 31.1± 24.05. In case of HBM constructs, the mean scores of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self- efficacy, cues to action and behavior were: 35.5±29.90, 29.03±29.36, 42.49 ±26.44, 24.24±31.38, 30.07±31.94, 22.22±33.09, and 29.88±40.21 respectively. Results of this study showed low scores in knowledge and HBM constructs and behavior of pregnant women regarding anxiety. To consider of anxiety in pregnancy because of its different and severe side effects, it is recommended that, related stakeholders try to design and implement educational programs based on HBM to decrease anxiety in pregnant women.

The family as the basis of children’s personality has an important role in creation or prevention of tendency towards anomaly and social damages. This study performed with aimed to determine the role of fathers’ subjective norms, normative beliefs and motivation to comply in prevention of tendency children toward addictive drugs. This was a descriptive cross sectional study. The research community was Yazd fathers in a sample of 180 that were selected in multistage random sampling method. Data collection tool was a questionnaires in three parts, seven demographic questions, subjective norms four items (α=0.78), Normative Beliefs four items (α=0.81) and Motivation to Comply four items (α=88) that completed in self report. Data were analyzed by use SPSS-18 by independent T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression at α=0.05. The age of participants was 30-59 years with mean 40.38±5.34. 98.3% married, 22.8% had a history of addiction in the family and friends13.9% had a BS or higher educational level and 34.7% were self-employed. Points higher were acquired in subjective norms and normative beliefs structures, wife Confirmation and in Motivation, comply of best friends. In subjective norms 78.28, normative beliefs68.67 and motivation to comply 70.57 Percent of The maximum score that Available to Acquisition Was acquired. Significant correlation existed between all of three structures. Fathers with level of education bachelor and were employee had more motivation to comply. Normative beliefs had stronger predictor than motivation to comply and predicted 42 percent the variance of subjective norms. It seems necessary to Emphasis on the role of wife and Friends in Preparation and implementation of educational programs about persuade fathers to perform preventive behaviors of children tendency to addictive drugs.

Low consumption of fruit and vegetable among adolescents has been reported in several researches. Skill has known as one of the determinants of this behavior. This study was conducted in order to survey Tehranian adolescents’ skills related to fruit and vegetable consumption in 201. Present research is a cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytic) that was carried out for surveying Tehranian adolescents’ skills related to fruit and vegetable consumption and correlated factors in 2013. Five hundred adolescents (11-14 years old) participated in this research using multistage random sampling method. The age of 11-14 years, informed consent and voluntary participation were criteria for selection students. Data was gathered using researcher administered questionnaire encompasses demographic characteristics (10 items) and skill questions (3 items) that was validated by face and content methods. Reliability of questionnaire was measured by internal consistency method (α= 0.67). Data was analyzed using statistical software SPSS 18 (descriptive statistics and tests of t, chi square, and one way ANOVA). Findings of present research showed no significant relationship between skill of adolescents and some demographic variables include; gender, father’s job and mother’s job. Based on one way ANOVA test, there was significant relation between skill and mother’s literacy as well as resident region. Also, this test showed no significant correlation between skill and adolescents’ age. Designing and implementation of interventions for empowerment of adolescents and skill building activities on fruit and vegetable consumption with participation of students, families and teachers are recommended.

In any research work the used tools to approach the designed project goals, should be evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to obtain validity and reliability of nutritional knowledge, illness perception and dietary adherence questionnaire. The questionnaire of student ratings of teaching was evaluated in a descriptive study. In thisstudy the views of 11 expert faculty members and 671 completed questionnaires by hypertensive patients were used. To investigate the reliability, three methods of split-half and internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha)and kuder richrdson were applied, and the validity was determined from two aspects of construct validity (factor analysis) and content validity. The Data were analyzed by SPSS-18 software. Spearman Brown coefficient, Cronbach's alpha, Guttman and Kuder richardson indicating satisfactory reliability of the questionnaire, and this questionnaire is desirable. All Questions are highly correlated with the total score and internal consistency inquiries indicate that the questionnaire had acceptable reliability. In factor analysis, all questionnaire items were acceptable in factor loadings and based on factor analysis, all of the questions was important and their validity are appropriate. The validity of the scale was approved by experts. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were appropriate for the measurement of targeted variables in hypertensive patients. Satisfactory reliability and validity of the questionnaire and the overall structure of the questions was approved.

Premenstrual syndrome is mental - neural - endocrinal disorders that lead toimpaired communication, natural activity, physical inactivity, and reduce motivation, careful activity daily living. If the sever it of the symptoms of PMS is excessive, could be affected a person’s life style, health and welfare. This syndrome as a disease can be caused by changes in the demographic and behavior of female students and has a significant impact on academic performance. The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on the parameters of depression, anxiety, and stress related to premenstrual syndrome in female students in university dormitories. This interventional quesi-exprimental study was done in 2011-2012 educational year in female student of Isfahan university dormitories’. Participants of study were 64 female students with premenstrual syndrome were randomly selected and divided in two groups’ trial (32) and control (32). After used 6 sessions progressive muscle relaxation program in trial group and fallow up it for 2 month, demographic, PSST and DASS21 questionnaire completed with trial group. After 6 sessions questionnaires completed by trial and control groups, data analyzed with statistical tests such as independent T test, repeated measurement, chi-square and Mann -Whitney U with spss18. Chi-square and Mann -Whitney U showed no significant differences in demographic variables in two groups (P>0.05). Repeated measurement test showed no significant differences in mean score of Premenstrual syndrome before, after and 2 months after in control group, where as this test showed significant differences in trial group (P<0.05). Independent sample T test showed no significant differences in mean score of stress and anxiety before intervention in two groups, but after and 2 months after intervention, significant differences in mean score of stress and anxiety were existe (P<0.05). Independent sample T test showed no significant differences in mean score of depression before intervention in two groups, but 2 months after intervention, despite mean score of depression decrees, this differences was not significant in trial group(P=0.09). Application of progressive muscle relaxation program for premenstrual syndrome and female students leads to decrease student’s depression, anxiety and stress. With attention to the grade of this students, that is one of the most critical periods of the life cycle of each them and PMS syndrome in this section lead to disabilities in social and academic functioning faces, and according to safety, inexpensive, effectiveness and efficiency of this program, application of this program is suggested for controlling depression, anxiety and stress of female students’.

self-care plays a critical role in successful diabetes management. it is important for health professionals to understand the factors that influence the self-care behaviors of people with diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine Predictors of self-care and its effective factors among women's with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zahedan via health belief model. This is a cross-sectional study carried out on 180 diabetic type2 patients of Zahedan diabetic center. A multiple-stage sampling protocol was used. A questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been assessed and approved was used to record self-care behavior and Health Belief model constructs through interviewing each subject in private. Data analysis performed using t-test and multiple regression analysis, p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The mean age of participants was 47.24±7.16. Self-efficacy, Perceived Benefits/Barriers was significant predating factors for self-care behavior (P< 0.05). The Health Belief model constructs accounted for 33% of the variance observed self-care behavior. Result also revealed the highest weights for Self-efficacy (ß =0.37). The results of this study showed the relationship of Perceived Benefits/Barriers, selfefficacy with self-care behavior. Therefore, this constructs must be reinforced in these patients especially in women's who seem to be weaker in this domain.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers and second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Every year nearly one million new cases of colorectal cancer are recognized around the world and nearly half of them lose their lives due to the disease. Researches shown that in early diagnosis of this cancer 90% of patients can be treated. The fecal occult blood test (FOBT) because of its low cost and simplicity has priority over other screening methods. The goal of this study was assessing the perceived barriers that affecting participating in colorectal cancer screening programs in moderate risk population. A case-control survey of 196 individuals over 50 years old was conducted in Esfahan. 98 of the target group were selected from laboratories while they came for doing FOBT test (Group A). The other 98-Individuals (Group B) were selected with cluster sampling by home interview. The Standardized questionnaire containedquestions about perceived barriers associated with performing FOBT. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics methods using SPSS v14. The mean score of perceived barriers in the first group was 40.9 and in the other group was 56.54 (p<0.001). Also all those people that performed FOBT in last year reported less perceived barrier (p<0.001). Lack of awareness, not being in priority, fear of cancer detection and lack of physician recommendation were some of barriers in non-referred to laboratory group. According to this study, a better understanding of barriers affecting the test performance, removing the barriers can be a useful step to increase rate of early detection and reduce rate of death, costs, and improve community health outcomes.

A positive parenting program with health action process approach was applied for the parents that their children are at the risk of behavioral and emotional disorders, and the aim of this study is to investigate the application of health action process approach for improving mother's parenting skills. The research has done for the mothers of children who aged between 3 and 8 year old. The sample size of 120 was estimated. A random multi-stage cluster sampling was done. For data gathering, a questionnaire was designed based on structures of the health action process approach and OSCE. Content and face validity of questionnaire and check lists are approved by a panel of experts and construction validity was obtained by confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability of measurements is tested by Cronbach's alpha. The collected data were analyzed using SPSSIBM21 statistical software. Chi-square test showed that between intervention and non-intervention groups, there were significant differences about the mean behavior and parenting skills before and after intervention. Independent t-tests indicated that after educational intervention, mean scores for both groups were significantly different and Logistic regression analysis results showed that the structure of the model described 53.1 to 71.9 percent of parenting skills variance, and the model showed a good fit. According to the research, it can be inferred that the intervention that was designed based on the structure of the health action process approach, had a positive impact on improving parenting skills of mothers and has increased their performance affectedly. Thus, this model can be used for educational planning related to family training specially parenting skills.

effective clinical training is a fundamental ad important sector in medical education. Studying the opinions of students in this era as a training core can be an effective step in devising clinical training as well as effective and efficient assessment. Present study is conducted to determine the insights of medical trainees and interns on effective clinical training. In this cross sectional study, all medical trainees and interns at Qom Azad Islamic University (N = 140) in 2012 are participated. Data were gathered by a valid and reliable questionnaire on 6 areas: personal traits, clinical educator, clinical ambience, training planning, clinical assessment and amenities based on Likert five – scale range. Data were analyzed by SPSS software in a descriptive and analytical manner. according to students, the most effective era on clinical training is clinical educator followed by personal traits, training planning, clinical ambience and amenities. Accordingly, the most important affecting factor on clinical training in personal trait area is self-esteem; commitment/responsibility in clinical educator; positive attitude toward student in clinical ambience; students’ training quality in training planning; the existence of a well – established clinical assessment system and inspection room in amenities. clinical educator and personal traits are more important than other areas. Therefore it is important to enhance clinical educators on effective training and students’ interest and self – esteem.

Members of a society are committed to protecting and respecting human dignity. This is particularly important in times of illness. Knowledge and practice of patient’s bill of rights is the basis of health system efficiency. The present study aims to evaluate physicians’, nurses’ and patients’ awareness and attitude about patient’ bill of rights in Qom University of Medical Sciences-affiliated hospitals in 2011. This descriptive-analytic study was conducted during one year in 5 affiliated hospitals of Qom University of Medical Sciences. 283 health care providers and hospitalized patients were randomly selected and were asked to respond to a designed questionnaire consisting questions about demographics, awareness (30 questions), and attitude (2 questions). Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS- 16). A total of 283 complete questionnaires were collected. Mean scores of awareness and attitude were respectively 25.22±8.09 and 63.21±12.16 in nurses and significantly were greater than physicians’ and patients’ scores (P<0.001). The lowest score of attitude among physicians and nurses was related to the question about necessity of explaining daily therapeutic process to the patient. The gap between current and ideal level of awareness and attitude about patient’s bill of rights among physicians and nurses may result in patients’ dissatisfaction. Identifying the problems and finding ways to improve commitment to patient’s bill right is recommended.

The Retention rates are important factors in methadone maintenance treatment. This study was performed with aims to determine the attitude and subjective norms in Methadone Treatment Maintenance among Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad’s province addict who referred addiction treatment centers. This research was a cross-sectional study that done among men’s addicted who are receiving methadone maintenance therapy referred to addiction treatment centers. Sampling was in systematic proportional method among addiction treatment centers in each of the cities. Questioner by referred to addiction centers selected men’s addicted in randomly. Data were analyzed by SPSS-21. Mean age of participants was 33.58±8.94 with range 16 to 53 years. Among attitude structure’s questions respectively, reduce of harm reduction drugs on health, better communicate with people around and reduce the cost of living, and among subjective norms structure’s questions, family approved and number of friends involved in methadone treatment had achieved the highest score average. It seems, increase in beliefs such as harm reduction, reduce the cost of living and improve relationships and effect of family and friends support can be effective for retention on methadone maintenance therapy among addicts.

One of the major health problems of self-treatment and self medication is Because of the sensitive periods such as pregnancy and breast-feeding women and the responsibilities of home and family. It is important to have additional importance. We study the impact of education health belief model health on women's centers Sabzevar to prevent drugs taken. An experimental and quasi-experimental study (controlled) before and after. Where 160 women referred to health centers have participated in Sabzevar (Samples were randomly divided into two groups each of 80 subjects) Data collection methods in the study questionnaire included questions on knowledge, attitude (based on Health Belief Model). Czech list practice and reasons for self-treatment is the use of arbitrary.Before intervention Czech list and questionnaire and reasons for self treatment For both groups completed.The intervention group during the 3-week and in three sessions60-minute training were conducted. Then 4 months after the intervention in both groups, the data were collected and analyzed. According to the research objectives and the quality and quantity of Variables describing the frequency tables and diagrams as appropriate Statistical software SPSS version 16 Paired t-tests to test T-test- Pearson- Chi-square and Wilcoxon tests were used. The results of the (p<0/05) was considered significant. The findings showed that before the intervention, awareness and attitudes women toward self treatment moderate and their performance toward arbitrary use of the drug was poor. And the amount of cases and controls was no significant relationship. There was no correlation between the amount of cases and controls (p=0/72) but after intervention between the two groups Significant difference was noted in all variables were created (p <0/041).The performance women toward arbitrary use of the drug was reduced. training based HBM on knowledge, attitude and practice of women referred to health centers in relation to the prevention of effective self-medication As a result of educational interventions using health education models, especially HBM preventing and reducing the use of drugs and selfmedication is recommended to improve health behavior.

Existence the risk of health problems as well as the environmental consequences of the growing environment to the mental health professionals involved owe in hand to the government in the way of their way to improve of health and environmental facilities societies employ considering the focus sustainable Development of human say serious consideration and careful planning in order to provide a healthy environment in the schools of the important tasks systematic health education system of the country management knowledge and awareness of the health authorities the most important element of safety in the school environment, school health education. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of education on knowledge and attitude of elementary school principals in the area of safety, health and environmental management system. this study has practical solidarity. All elementary school principals were selected as the population for their two-day. Training workshop was held. Before the shop, their attitudes were measured by the questionnaires of Knowledge and the attitude of the work shop was calculated by the same questionnaires and data a achieved by software SPSS -20 testing was analyzed. data on Knowledge and attitude questionnaires in the field of environmental health and safety system was improved compared to pre – intervention training. Thus, the average score of 45 managers before education was improve after intervention 82 In other words, from weak to reach very good level. Attitudes of managers and their scores before the intervention was 73 to 81 was elevated in other words, the sure face was good to very good. the purpose of the safety management system of sanitation and environmental health of an organization is its staff. School as an example of such a system requires a particular critical task that involves education student. In this research clearly the role of education in improving knowledge and attitude of elementary school principals in the area of environmental health safety management system has been shown

Pedestrian injuries are a significant source of mortality and disability among children and Prevention of it requires educational strategies and comprehensive approaches. This study was done to determine The effect of health education based on Planned Behavior Theory (TPB) in promotion of safe Behaviors in crossing the road among students, who are in four-grade in the primary school in Tehran City, in 2010-2011. In this experimental study, 160 students (80 girls and 80 boys) were selected randomly from among schools of Districts 4 of Tehran and were categorized in two group of experimental and control, 80 in each group. After need assessment based on planned behavior theory, suitable educational intervention was designed and implemented for the experimental group. The data were collected by the questionnaire. Two groups were followed-up two-month after completion of intervention. Finally data collected and analyzed by SPSS16 software. There were no significant differences in demographic factors and constructs of model between the two groups before intervention. Significant differences were observed in behavioral intention(P<0/0001), perceived power(P<0/0001), control beliefs(P<0/0001), perceived behavioral control(P<0/0001), motivation comply(P<0/0001), normative beliefs(P<0/0001), outcome evaluation(P<0/0001), behavioral beliefs(P<0/0001), and safe behaviors of crossing the road (P<0/0001) between the two groups after intervention. Our findings showed that educational intervention based on planned behavior theory can be an effective method in promotion of safe Behaviors in crossing the road in students.

In-service educational courses have made the organization employees more capable of solving problems, making decisions and analyzing the job. Educational programs should be based on educational needs. So aim of present research was to determinate Educational need assessments of employees affiliated to Dezful University of Medical Sciences regarding in-service educational courses in 2012. This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 1800 participants affiliated to Dezful University of Medical Sciences. There was a Non-random and purposeful sampling. Data collection instrument was consisted of demographic information, special questions about the three studied domains of skills and Administrative problems of the employees’ duties. Content validity and test-re test was performed to assess validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS15. The results showed that the highest educational need was technical and operational skills with mean score of 4.18± 1.01 and the lowest educational need was theoretical and conceptual skills with mean score of 3.78± 0.89. The most educational need in technical and operational skills domain was related to employees in categories of treatment- health, in theoretical and conceptual skills domain was related to employees in categories of financial- administrative and in communication and human skills domain was related to employees in categories of treatment-health. Technical and operational skills and daily needs of employees are the most important educational needs and educational planners need to consider these in their annual plan.

Reducing drug-related issues less than 18 years of age and increasing population of this group of addiction emphasizes importance of educating social skills for reinforcing drug assistance self-efficiency in this social group. The study was aimed to measure impact of social skills on drug abstinence self-efficacy amongst male students in Ahwaz city, southwest Iran. With semi-experimental method, the first year of high school boys participate in the study from two schools of district 3 in department of education of Ahwaz city in the Sem. 2012- 13 grouped into control and experiment groups. About 60 pupils from each school were sampled by multi-stage sampling. They reply to ASES and TISS scales before and after education. Intervening experimental group was educating drug assistance self-efficiency combined with selfefficiency structure of Bandora’s Social Cognitive Theory via active learning. Independent and paired t tests were conducted to interpretation data. the results indicate that there is no statistical significant within school boys in drug assistance self-efficiency before intervening, but there was a significant difference between means of two groups post-test (P<0.05). It can be concluded that in training intervention has been effective in improving drug avoidance self-efficacy. increasing cognitive and coping skills by education of social skills will reinforce potential of self-efficiency in drug assistance among pupils. Additionally, it impact on tendency to use addictive substances and preventing drug abuse. It suggested that conducting training materials based on introducing social skills with strengthening self-efficiency in drug assistance was taken into consideration of parents and authorities in education policies. The method could be used coping approach in teaching teens.

One of the major challenges in current methadone maintenance treatment retention rates in the treatment and prevention of relapse addiction. The aim of this study was determine the factors influencing relapse based on health belief model. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 patients on methadone maintenance treatment referred to addiction clinic in Hamadan, which was randomly selected with the proportional to size among addiction clinic for participation in this study. A questionnaire designed by health belief model and demographic variable and data were completed by interviews and self-report. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 19 using chi-square, and logistic regression statistical tests. Almost 48.2% of the participants had history of relapse at last one. Temptation, peer pressures, depression and low dose of methadone were most reason for relapse. The best predictors for relapse were perceived benefit, perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy. According to the results, it seems HBM can be used in training programs to prevent of relapse.

people’s Quality of Life plays an important role in their life satisfaction and life satisfaction is an important factor in the mental health of the society. Therefore, knowing efficient and effective methods and techniques that can be effective in increasing the quality of life, is considered as an important step in improving individuals ‘satisfaction and increasing their mental health. The aim of this study was investigating the effectiveness of psychotherapy training based on Frisch's theory on the quality of life of who referred to counseling centers in Isfahan. This study was a semi experimental one with pretest, posttest and control group. The statistical population was the individuals who referred to 3 counseling centers (the counseling centers of Isfahan University of Technology, Boostan and alefabye zendegi) in autumn and winter of 2012. Research sample included 32 individuals who were selected from available samples and then allocated into two groups of experimental and control groups. The experimental groups were trained in quality of life therapy for 8 sessions in eight weeks. At the end, both groups had received posttest. The measurement instrument was World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire. Data were analyzed with Covariance and Mancova Analysis through SPSS-18. The results showed that there were significant differences between the scores of quality of life in experimental and control groups in posttest. It means that quality of life therapy was effective on the referees ‘quality of life (P<0/01).The results also revealed that quality of life therapy has increased the scores of both groups in posttest in physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environmental health dimensions (P<0/05) This study indicated the efficacy of Quality of Life Therapy on quality of life. The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of the psychotherapy based on Friesch’s theory on increasing quality of life and life satisfaction.