مجله پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (خرداد و تیر 1397)

In many sports movements, and even regular movements, the simultaneous use of both hands results in the successful implementation of motor skills. Considering many problems faced by the patient with autism in learning skills, and their impact on social behaviors, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low-error and full-error learning on bimanual coordination in patients with high-functioning autism disorder. This was a semi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design, and control group. 24 children with high-functioning autism disorder, resulted from with the help of pretest Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (SSRQ) were selected using convenience sampling method, and were homogeneously divided into three groups of low-error learning, full-error learning, and control. The dual coordination pretest was done with the help of the bimanual coordination instrument of the Omide Farda Institute (Tehran, Iran). Then, the training groups did practicing bimanual coordination skills on the same machine in six sessions of 30 minutes. At the end of the sixth session, the posttest of bimanual coordination skills was performed in all groups. Two days later, a retention test was taken from the training groups. The results were analyzed using one way and repeated measures analysis of variance. There were no significant differences between the groups in pretest (P = 0.643). While in posttest, a significant difference was observed between the practice and control group (P = 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant difference between low-error and full-error learning groups (P = 0.001). The retention test, which was performed after two days of rest, revealed a decrease in performance of full-error group. According to the results, it is concluded that these individuals are able to improve their bimanual coordination skills, and low-error learning is not only useful in learning, but also has more sustainability than full-error learning. Therefore, it is recommended to use a low-error learning method to teach bimanual coordination skills in patients with high-functioning autism disorder.

Pelvic floor dysfunctions are common among women referred to gynecology clinics, and almost one third of the adult women population is affected. In this study, we evaluated the frequency and quality of pelvic floor muscle exercises for pelvic organ prolapse in parous women. Using simple random sampling method, 100 women with pelvic organ prolapse referred to women's clinics in Qom City, Iran, were included in this study. They were selected by gynecologists through clinical examination and doing the maneuver of Valsalva, or by reviewing women’s medical records in Shahid Beheshti hospital in Qom. The data were collected using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. The collected data were then statistically analyzed. The mean age of women with pelvic organ prolapse symptoms was 43.41 ± 13.01 years, and their mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.63 ± 4.69 kg/m2. Only, 18.00% of this patient population was trained on using pelvic floor exercises; of them, 38.89% performed exercises after delivery. 72.22% of them had correctly learned pelvic floor exercises. Moreover, 77.77% were under personal training and 22.23% were under group training in pregnancy classes. Only 5.55% of trained women were followed by the trainer to evaluate the correctness of the performed exercises. The present study shows that pelvic floor muscle training in parous women with pelvic organ prolapse was not done adequately and properly. Due to lack of follow-up by the trainers, only few women had done pelvic floor muscle exercises.

Over many years, several methods have been developed to evaluate the facial nerve palsy. Among them, Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS) and modified House-Brickmanne, known as Facial Nerve Grading System 2.0 (FNGS 2.0), grading systems have been the most favored methods to evaluate facial nerve health between therapists and researchers. The aim of this study was to compare these two evaluation approaches. In the present cross-sectional study, the videotapes for nineteen subjects diagnosed with facial nerve palsy were recorded before and after treatment. Then, the videotapes were evaluated using the SFGS and FNGS 2.0 scales by three specialists separately. The inter-rater agreement was reported using Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) scores. The correlation between the two evaluation approaches was determined using Spearman’s coefficient of correlation. The ICC score for scoring by the specialists was 0.969 for SFGS and 0.904 for FNG 2.0. The FNG 2.0 and SFGS inter-system agreement reported as 0.848 (P < 0.01). The coefficient was higher before treatment (0.961), and decreased after treatment (0.777). Although the correlation between two systems was acceptable, the SFGS system was more sensitive than FNG 2.0.

One of the consequences of spinal cord injury is losing job. The goal of the present study was to identify and analyze the factors affecting returning back to work in order to facilitate working, and increase the quality of life (living) in people with spinal cord injury. This was a qualitative research and survey study. Regarding this fact and by using targeted sampling method to reach the data fulfilment, semi-structured interview was done with 15 patients with spinal cord injury in Isfahan City, Iran. The interviews were then typed, performed, and analyzed using inductive content analysis method. The factors affecting returning back to work in patients with spinal cord injury could be divided into 5 main categories as individual rehabilitation, family rehabilitation, occupational rehabilitation, social rehabilitation, and peripheral fitting. All these five category had their own subcategories. Using (applying) different types of rehabilitation such as individual, social, occupational, and family types, as well as peripheral fitting, returning back to work would be easier and possible for those with spinal cord injury. The unemployment rate would decrease, and the quality of would increase, too.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the supporting structures of the knee joint. ACL injuries are very common, and rapid postoperative return to exercise is the most important goal for athletes. Considering the different available surgical approaches, the purpose of the present study was to compare the knee range of motion (ROM) and spatio-temporal parameters during gait after ACL reconstruction using two different surgical methods in elite men athletes. In this quasi-experimental study, 25 elite athletes participated, ten subjects in the healthy group, eight in the allograft group, and seven in the autograft group. They were asked to walk along a walkway at preferred speed. Qualisys motion analysis system (eight camera) at a sampling frequency of 100 Hz was used to measure gait kinematic. Spatio-temporal and ROM parameters were extracted in three groups. One-way analysis of variance was performed to compare these variables at a significance level of P < 0.05. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of spatio-temporal parameters of step length, step time, stride length, stride time, cadence, velocity, stance phase, and swing phase of gait (P > 0.05 for all); however, the allograft group had lower mean values in all variables except for the cadence. In terms of knee ROM, with the exception of the minimum swing flexion that was significantly less in control group (P = 0.01), there was no significant difference between groups (P > 0.05). It seems that there is no functional difference between the two reconstruction types; therefore, it is not possible to make decision about knee reconstruction with regard tospatio-temporal parameters and kinematic pattern. We suggest that knee reconstruction be assessed from different viewpoints such as coordination pattern and muscle coordination.

The human uses vision to detect information about the task environment. Studies have shown that duration of quiet eye, motor performance, and efficiency in a number of tasks has improved using quiet eye training. The current study was to assess the effects of different types of quiet eye training on quiet eye and kicking skill in children with high motor proficiency. In this study, 45 boy students with high motor proficiency with age range of 7 to 10 years by performing a pretest phase, homogeneously divided in to three groups of baseline, and short-term and long-term quiet eye training. The study included pretest, acquisition, and posttest phases. In the pretest phase, the participants performed 4 soccer shots (Modified Christian Moore's Shot Test). The acquisition phase was done in 12 sessions, and 10 trials in per session. At the end of the last training session, the participants performed 4 soccer shots in the posttest phase. In each phase, visual information was recorded by the eye tracking system, and the accuracy of the soccer shot was recorded by the researcher. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. The different types of quiet eye training had a significant effect on accuracy of soccer shot (P = 0.001) and the duration of quiet eye (P = 0.001) of children with high motor proficiency. But there was no significant difference between each of the types of quiet eye training on the accuracy of soccer shot and the duration of quiet eye (P > 0.05 for both).

Spondylolysis is one-way stress fracture in the result of high activity or frequent overload looking for excessive extensions and strong and repetitive lumbar vertebrae, which reduces the balance in patients. This study aimed to assess the effect of eight weeks of Pilates exercise on dynamic and static balance in patients with spondylolysis. Fourteen women with spondylolysis diagnosed by a neurosurgeon were selected, and randomly divided into two equal groups of experimental and control. The experimental group performed selected Pilates exercises for eight weeks, three 60-minute session in a week; but during these time, control group did not participate in any treatment activity, and performed normal daily activities. Dynamic (Y test) and static (Stork test) balance were evaluated among the participants before and after eight weeks of training. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data among the groups. In experimental group, dynamic balance significantly increased in anterior, medioposterior, and lateroposterior dimensions (P < 0.001), but no significant differences were observed in control group in these dimensions, The differences between the experimental and control groups were significant as well (P < 0.001). In experimental group, static balance significantly increased (P = 0.004), but no significant differences were observed in the control group. The difference between the experimental and control groups was significant, too (P < 0.001). It can be concluded that Pilates selected training could improve dynamic and static balance in patients with spondylolysis. So, it could probably be suggested as a useful modality for rehabilitation in these patients.

Lego therapy is one of the interventional programs shown to encourage significant improvement in the social skills of children with hearing loss. The purpose of this study was to investigate of the effectiveness of Lego therapy on the social skills of preschool children with hearing loss in Isfahan City, Iran. The present research was a semi-experimental study with pretest/posttest design and control group. The participants were 24 preschool children with hearing loss aged 4-6 years. Subjects were selected using convenient sampling method from Ava mother child rehabilitation center. They were divided into experimental and control groups (n = 12). The experimental group received Lego therapy program in 8 sessions (45 minutes per session), while control group did not participated in this type program. Data gathering tool was Matson Social Skills Questionnaire. Data were collected before and after the training sessions, and were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Lego therapy had a significant effect on social skills and all subscales (appropriate social behavior, asocial behavior, aggressive and impulsive behavior, superiority and self-confidence, and communication with peers) in the experimental group (P < 0.001). Lego therapy improved the social skills of preschool children with hearing loss. In fact, Lego therapy uses play to develop social skills via creating opportunities to make relationships with others.