مجله پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی
سال نهم شماره 8 (1392)

The effect of interventions in forms of changing body posture on Pelvic Floor Muscles (PFM) function is discussed in recent years. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of changes in pelvic posture, also PFM and Transversus Abdominis Muscle (TrA) contractions on some continence ultrasonic parameters in women with and without Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI). Twenty-one women with SUI and twenty matched incontinent women, (mean age 42.7 and 39.2 years, respectively) were recruited to the study. We assessed some continence ultrasonic parameters via Trans Labial Ultrasonography (TLUS) in neutral standing position, during anterior and posterior pelvic tilt, PFM and TrA contractions. Shapiro-Wilk, Student t-test, Repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc paired comparisons, and Pearson tests were performed to analyze the data. The significance level was set as P < 0.05. Regarding ultrasonic assessment, the main effect of intervention was significant on the angels of Alpha, Gamma and Levator plate (P < 0.05) with no significant effect on the Beta angle (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference in effect, of posterior pelvic tilt on Gamma and Levator plate angles between the two groups (P < 0.05). Anterior pelvic tilt resulted in an increase in Gamma angle in both groups ((P < 0.05). Posterior pelvic tilt results in changes in ultrasonic parameters towards increasing pelvic floor stability in comparison to the anterior pelvic tilt.

The problems of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) are permanent, long-term and understanding their challenges, require awareness of the environmental and cultural context. To explore the handling challenges as experienced by children, mothers and occupational therapists (OT), this study was conducted in Iranian context.

This qualitative research is a part of big Grounded Theory study. Two children, four mothers and four OTs participated in this study. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling followed by theoretical sampling. The data collected via in-depth semi structured individual and group interviews and two observations at home and clinic. A conventional content analysis approach was conducted to analyze data.

In Total, 1275 initial codes were extracted. The results were categorized in four central themes that were identified as; (1) handling at home, (2) handling at clinic, (3) handling at school (4) handling at society. And 11 sub-themes were recognized.

Lack of practical handling training, Focus on to exercise therapy, non care centered handling and child abuse were the major challenges for participants in handling at home, clinic, school and society; respectively. More investigation will be needed about home modification, caring for children with CP and handling training at home, clinic, school and society to cover the gaps.

The loss of lower limb due to any cause led to many individual and social problems for amputee. It seems that correct care of postoperative stump with various types of dressing, have effective role to obtain optimal results and decrease problems, and prepare stump to receive prosthesis immediately. However there is different results about the best type of dressing in studies. Therefore in this study we review the articles to introduce the best type of dressing. In this study to gather the purpose, using the articles published in the databases of Pub med, Google scholar and Science Direct about types of postoperative dressing and management on stump preparation in the below knee amputation and their results were analyzed.Then use of Downs and Black for evaluation of articles. After searching based on keywords, one hundred and twenty-three articles were obtained that eventually according to selection criteria fifteen articles were accepted for the final analysis. This study has examined the various articles included RCT and Case Report. The results have shown that rigid dressings have better effects in below knee stump preparation and improve problems compare to soft dressings. Most of studies focused on care of postoperative stump, obtain optimal results and decrease side effects in the shortest possible time. However, there is very limited information about performance retrieval and the ability of walking with prosthesis, therefore according to importance of this topic, it is recommended to future studies will focus on these options.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common problem among adults living in the community and it is more frequent in women. Its incidence increases with age, the number of pregnancy and BMI. Conservative management is recommended as the first-line treatment. Physical therapies, particularly pelvic floor muscle exercise, are the mainstay of such conservative management. The purpose of this study is to summarize current literature and describe trends in the use of pelvic floor muscle exercise in the management of urinary incontinence. Expression of these data will help physical therapists to engage in more effective treatment for this problem. the current researcher tried to gather and present the data using the articles published in the last two decades data bases of pubmed, science direct and PEDro. The results obtained from articles published during the past two decades show that the use of pelvic floor exercise is very effective in the treatment of urinary incontinence in women. In most studies, the effectiveness of Pelvic floor exercise was evaluated only during the treatment times or immediately after it. It seems to need more research about the long term effects of treatment.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive abnormality in the developing brainrequiring extensive and longtime rehabilitation. For people with CP, rehabilitation experience is a major part of their life experiences.Understandingthese experiences from rehabilitation services is very importantto improve the attitude of the service providers. To find qualitative and quantitative studies, Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Eric, Psychinfo, OVID, Cochrane library, CINAHL, Web of Knowledge, PEDRO, OTseeker, Rehadata, Rehadat, SID, Iranmedex, Noormags, Medlib, Magiran and Irandoc databases in a range between 1980 and 2012 were searched. Finally, 15 related articles (13 qualitative and two survey studies) were found. Two main extracted themes included “perceived experiences of treatment” and “experiences of treatment effects”. The former subthemes include physical and psychological feelings from treatment; treatment environment and used equipment; enjoyment, motivation, meaningfulness and goal in treatment; safety; client-centered treatment; usual and unusual treatments; role of other in treatment experience; and treatment system. The latter subthemesinclude physical outcomes; psychological outcomes; and effects of treatment on different aspects of life. To reach treatment satisfaction and satisfactory results of treatment, perceived experiences of treatment, and experiences of treatment effects should be considered. More research on experiences with different treatments for people with CP is required.

Cochlear implantation has considerably improved oral language in prelingually hearing –impaired children. The main objective of this article is review of articles about speech and language development in children with cochlear implant. In this article we reviewed articles between 1997 and 2013 about speech and language development in pre-lingual deaf children after cochlear implantation. We searched Science direct, Medline, and Google scholar search engines with the cochlear implant, speech and language keywords. Cochlear implantation in prelingually deaf children result in acquire oral language skills. Early diagnosis of hearing impairment, Early cochlear implantation, length of hearing,monolingualism,involvement of the parents in rehabilitation processes are important factors that influence on language development in deaf children. Cochlear implantation under 24 months of chronological age decreases of the interval of hearing age and calendar age for speech reception and production.

From the time of OAEs detection, significant development has been made in the response recording in different clinical populations and for studying cochlea physiology. One of the most important applications of OAEs is studying auditory efferent system. This article includes auditory efferent system, and consequences of its disorder in different clinical populations. Unlike afferent system, there is not a lot of information about efferent system and that has limited clinical application of this wonderful test. This article is based on reviewing 40 comprehensive articles related to OAEs test and efferent suppression. Pubmed, sciencedirect, google scholar and proquest was used for searching articles and comprehensive articles with accurate methodology which included efferent system evaluation in clinical populations, were selected for this review article. Little information is available about The performance and features of LOCB (Lateral Olivocochlear Bundle). Recently Has been suggested that LOCB is important in establishing and maintaining normal cochlear function. Efferent system as a regulator system, provide the higher centers control of the brain on the active processes of the cochlea (as electromotility OHCs). Also activation of COCB has the anti-masking effect and increases signal to noise ratio in hearing system. Thus improves hearing in the presence of background noise. OAEs is non-invasive, simple and effective for evaluation of cochlea function integrity and contralateral suppression of OAEs is a non-invasive and objective clinical test for evaluation of auditory efferent system and application of this test is growing in patients with hearing disorders. Clinicians with understanding the results of this test in different hearing disorders can help patients in early detection and rehabilitation.

Scoliosis is a three dimensional spinal deformity characterized by lateral curvature and rotation of the vertebrea. Various methods have been used to investigate the function of trunk musculature during walking in scoliotic patients wearinganorthosis however, thebiomechanical aspects of the effects of the orthosis onthe length and force production of trunk muscles has not been studied yet. Therefore, the aim of this research is to determine the effect of Milwaukee orthosis on length and force production of some trunk muscles of anscliotic patient during walking. A 12 years old scoliostic girl was recruited in this study. The forces production and length of some trunk musculature and the joint reaction forces of the hip and lumbar joints were studied with and without Milwaukee brace. Open SIMM and Visual 3D software were used to model the subject. The results of this research showed that the length of erector spine muscles increased follow the use of orthosis) 13/27%(.Moreover, the force produced by trunk muscles was different during walking with and without orthosis and also between right and left sides)table 5). Since Open-SIMM software was used for measuring muscle length of peripheral muscles and has not been used for estimating length and force of the trunk muscles in scoliosis cases, the results of this research approved that it can be used to determine the length and active and passive forces of the trunk muscles of scoliotic patients. Therefore, further researches on various samples of patients suffering from scoliosis and on more number of scoliotic subjects is encouraged.