مجله پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (خرداد و تیر 1396)

Acquisition of a skill is affected by constraints. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of task constraints manipulation on motor skill learning in children.
This quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design was conducted on 20 primary school children of 10-12 years of age. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups (training with scaled equipment and standard equipment). Acquisition phase included 5 sessions and each session consisted of 50 trials. Tests were performed with ball sizes of 5, 6, and 7 and ring height of 2.60 m, 2.80 m, and 3.05 m, respectively. Transfer test was performed 10 minutes after the last trial on the last day of acquisition phase using a size 6 ball. The retention test was conducted 24 hours after the last session of acquisition. Data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA, and paired and independent t-test at the significance level of 0.05.
Significant differences were not found between the 2 groups in terms of accuracy in the retention and transfer tests (P > 0.05). However, the pattern of throwing with scaled equipment was better in the practice group compared to the standard group.
According the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of scaled equipment leads to better learning of movement pattern in children.

Depression is the second most prevalent psychological disorder in the elderly. This study was designed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) in the elderly population afflicted with dementia in Isfahan, Iran.
This psychometric study was performed on 110 elderly individuals who were selected randomly from among individuals who were referred to the elderly clinic of Isfahan and were diagnosed as a case of dementia based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) criteria. All participants completed the CSDD, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The collected data were analyzed descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, factor analysis, and the Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software.
Total scale reliability coefficient was 0.85 and the reliability of the factors of depression, psychotic depressive symptoms, sleep disorders, somatic symptoms, and anxiety was 0.77, 0.63, 0.79, 0.62, and 0.47, respectively. The correlation coefficient of GDS and MMSE with total scale of CSDD was obtained as 0.47 (P The Persian version of CSDD contained acceptable psychometric properties in this sample of Iranian elderly individuals with dementia.

Motor learning studies on adults have shown that directing the learners’ attention to external cues is more effectual than internal cues. In this study, we investigated if this could be applied to children with and without developmental coordination disorder.
20 men, 20 normal boy students, and 20 boy students with developmental coordination disorder were selected using motor observation questionnaire for teachers. The task was stork balance test that was measured in two experimental conditions including internal (focus on minimizing movement of the foot) and external (focus on minimizing movement of the disk) focus of attention. For data analysis, ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc, and paired t tests were used at the significant level of P According to constrained action hypothesis, adults performed better in condition of external focus of attention, whereas for normal children, using internal focus of attention was more useful. In children with developmental coordination disorder, no significant difference was found between the two conditions.
According to the results of this study, therapists and coaches should adjust their rehabilitation methods and instructions based on age, experience, and developmental conditions of clients.

According to previous studies, weakness in maintaining balance is one of the main problems in people with congenital hearing loss; and balance is also an important factor affecting the quality of life. Strengthening and improving equilibrium functions must be emphasized to reduce the problems of this group of people and bring their quality of life closer to normal. This study purposed to assess the effect of a combination of core stability and neuromuscular training on postural control in students with congenital hearing loss.
This semi-experimental study with pre/posttest design was performed on 24 students with congenital hearing loss who were randomly assigned to two equal groups of experiment and control. The control group continued their daily routines, while the experimental group performed a combination training of core stability and neuromuscular ones for six weeks in three sessions of 60 minutes per week. Subject's ability to maintain a standing position was measured in different sensory states. The changes in maintaining the standing statuses in different sensory states were measured before and 6 weeks after of exercise. Paired t test was used to analyze the data via SPSS software at the significant level of P After the exercise intervention, experimental group experienced a significant decrease in the number of first mode errors without any sensory interference (P = 0.009), second state error, and visual system predominance (P = 0.002), number of errors in the third state, and predominance of the body sensory system (P = 0.001), and number of faults in the fourth state, and the prevalence of the vestibular system (P = 0.001). However, no significant reduction was observed in any of the balance occasions in the control group.
Combination form of core stability and neuromuscular exercises seems to improve postural balance in hearing impaired and can be used in conjunction with other training programs. However, this research has its own limits and further research is needed.

Ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries in sport activities. Hip abductor and external rotator weakness may compromise lower extremity alignment and balance, and increase the risk of lateral ankle sprain. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of hip abductor and external rotator strengthening on non-contact lateral ankle sprain in male soccer and futsal players.
This randomized controlled trial study was conducted on 200 soccer and futsal players which were randomly assigned to two groups. Control group participated in pre-season physical conditioning program which were 1 hour, 4 days a week for 8 weeks. Experimental group participated in the same program for 45 minutes and 15 minutes of selected hip abductor and external rotator strengthening program at each session. Hip abductor and external rotator strength was measured before and after 8 weeks of training. All the players were under surveillance for non-contact lateral ankle sprain during the one season of competition.
8 weeks of selected hip abductor and external rotator strengthening program significantly improved hip strength more in experimental group compared to the control group. In addition, the experimental group significantly experienced less non-contact lateral ankle sprain compared to the control group.
Adding isolated strengthening of hip abductor and external rotator to general physical conditioning program decrease the risk of non-contact lateral ankle sprain in male soccer and futsal players.

This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of training the dialogic-based storytelling on language skills of girl students with educable intellectual disability in elementary schools, Isfahan City, Iran.
Semi-experimental method with pretest-posttest design, and control group were used in this study. The target population included all the girl students with educable intellectual disability in elementary schools in Isfahan City. 30 students with educable intellectual disability were selected through purposive sampling technique. The experimental group was trained for 8 sessions of dialogic-based storytelling based on Whitehurst's techniques. Test of language development-primary, 3rd edition (TOLD-P3) was used assess the participant's language skills. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance method.
Subtracting the effect of pretest score, the difference between experimental and control groups was meaningful in such components as spoken language (F=155.58, P Dialogic-based storytelling is a context for learning language by children of low intelligence, through group interactions. As well as the participation and interaction during storytelling, repetition, practice, feedback, and reinforcement could improve children's language skills.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy on depression among the adults with stuttering.
This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population included all adults referred to speech therapy clinics in Karaj City, Iran, in 2016; among them, 40 respondents diagnosed with depression were selected via available sampling and randomly assigned in experimental and control groups. The depression level was assessed among all the patients using the Beck Depression Inventory (pretest). Interventions were administered based on cognitive therapy in 10 sessions for the experimental group. At the end of intervention, all the participants were assessed again for depression level (posttest). The data were analyzed via SPSS software using ANCOVA test.
Comparing the mean pretest and posttest scores in both the experimental and control groups, the mean posttest depression score decreased significantly in experimental group (P Our results provide the evidence to suggest that cognitive therapy is an excellent method for treatment of depression in adults with stuttering. In addition, regarding the effectiveness of intervention, it can be widely used for treatment of mental disorders in clinics.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) are associated with voice disorders, which cause changes in the structure of the vocal cords and subsequently changes in the voice quality and unpleasant feelings. Since LPR is stronger and has more direct impact on the laryngopharyngeal mucosa and vocal cords than the GERD, it is supposed to create more stable sensory symptoms and acoustic features. Therefore, this study aimed to examine and compare patients with LPR and GERD as well as their acoustic features and vocal tract discomfort (VTD) symptoms.
This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study included 17 patients with GERD and 18 patients with LPR. The voices of patients were recorded in an acoustic room (noise 28 dB). Besides, both groups of patients were asked to complete the VTDs. Then, acoustic features were analyzed using praat software. In addition, the frequency and severity scores of the VTDs were analyzed via SPSS software.
Baseline frequency, jitter (local), and shimmer (local), and also harmonic-to-noise ratio were not significantly different between the two groups. Meanwhile, the severity of soreness and the frequency and severity of pain were significant between the two groups.
The severity and the frequency of pain and the frequency of soreness are more prevalent in patients suffering from LPR than the patients with GERD. LPR has more destructive effects on the acoustic features and the vocal tracts of patients with LPR, due to its stronger involvement with the laryngopharyngeal space. Therefore, patients with voice disorders indicating higher scores than normal in VTD must be examined for LPR, although they do not show symptoms of heartburn or acid reflux.