پژوهشنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی کاربردی
پیاپی 12 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

The aim of the present study was to compare the interval training with smallside game (SSG) on some selected skills preparation (speed dribbling، pass، and shot) and physical fitness factors (Vo2max، speed، acceleration and agility)، in amateur soccer players. Twenty male soccer players were randomly selected (height 165. 34±4. 75 cm، weight 58. 5±5. 22 kg، and age 15. 7± 0. 7 years)، and categorized into two groups. Speed Dribbling Test، More- Christian Pass and Shot Test، 12-Minute Running Test، 30 m Sprint Test، Four Line Sprint Test، and Illinois Test were used for measuring variably. Both groups، participated in training program (interval or small side game HR Max) progressively. Three times a week for six weeks، in which the % -95%70 intensity of the two training programs was identical. Post-test was performed similar to the pre-test at the end of the period. All data sets were tested for normal distribution using k – s test. The data was analyzed Paired Sample t-Test and Independent t- Test; the level of significance was set at p≤0. 05. Results showed that the 6-week training improved significantly all variables in both groups. However، comparing both experimental groups demonstrated that there is no significant changes between two groups regarding vo2max (p=0. 11)، speed (p=0. 69)، acceleration (p=0. 92); but a statistically significant improvement was found for agility (p=0. 001)، speed dribbling (p=0. 007)، pass skill (p=0. 001)، and shot skill (p=0. 001) variables increased significantly in SSG in comparison to interval training groups. Based on our result، it is recommended to employ small side game in preparatory programs (especially، of in-season) because such training، in a similar amounts of time، improves some physical fitness and skill factors of amateur soccer players; furthermore، they are applicable to the soccer players.

Because of the little understanding about both cardiac function and also physical performance recovery in between the time period among formal wrestling weighing and the first competition following acute weight loss, in this research the efficiency of rehydration on anaerobic power, cardiac function and also Hct and plasma Aldosteron level’s recovery was evaluated similar to wrestling official weighing condition. 6.32 cm, weight: ± 36 elite male free style wrestlers (height: 174.33 3.83 year) voluntarily participated in this study. The ±15.26 kg and age: 22.66±79.53 group was then divided into two (experimental and control) groups for the present study which was conducted for 2 consecutive days. The cardio screen, blood sampling and RAST tests were taken respectively following a standard breakfast (after night fasting) at the first day morning (basal condition). Thereafter, dehydration 0.27% of body weight) was induced using sauna method in between 12 to 16 ±(1.48 pm and the cardio screen and blood sampling were repeated in the following. Finally, rehydration conducted until 24 pm. The second day morning was completely similar to the first one. The plasma Aldosteron and Hct levels measured using Elisa and Microhematocrit methods respectively. ANOVA for repeated measurements and pair samples t test was used to analyze the data at significance level equal to 0.05. There were not significant differences in between the first and second day’s anaerobic power indices (peak, min and mean power). Significant differences was observed only in experimental group with regard to all the measured variables [including stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), left cardiac work (LCW), rate pressure produce (RPP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), left cardiac ejection time (LCET) and also Hct and Aldosteron levels] in between both dehydration rather than normal level and also rehydration rather than dehydration, in exception for the pre ejection period (PEP) and cardiac out put (P<0.05). The cardiac function is affected by acute dehydration; however it is not the case for anaerobic power. The induced changes can be defaulted by rehydration in between the official weighing and the first competition which indicates on poor prevention context toward acute body weight loss.

The aim of present research was to study the lower extremity alignment in the athletes affected by shin splint. Statistical sample included; 12 athletes affected by shin splint and 12 healthy athletes were selected as a research subjects. Foot pronation, supination and neutral position, femoral anteversion and tibial torsion were measured by the foot posture index (IPF) and CT scan. The gathered data has been analyzed by independent t test at the level of (p<0/05) by the SPSS software. Findings showed that significant difference between average of IPF in the two (p<0/05). Also there wasn’t significant difference between average tibial groups torsion and femoral anteversion angle in the two groups (p>0/05). Average of IPF for the subjects affected by shin splint was in the pronation area, therefore the shin splint must be prevented by early intervention before the exercise via examining pronated foot.

The aim of the present study was to examine the rate of central and peripheral contributions in circadian rhythms and gender differences after exhausted sub maximal exercise. 12 healthy male and female subjects (mean age of 23/5±1/37 years, height of 166/83±5/11cm, weight of 59/8±9/15 kg, vo2max of 33/14±4/71 lit.kg/min in male subjects and mean age of 23±6/32 years, height of 165/17±2/48, weight of 56±2/09 and vo2max of 29/05±2/89 lit.kg/min in female subjects) took part in this investigation. Central (Mvc, latency of H reflex, amplitude of H reflex and ratio of H reflex to M wave) and peripheral properties of fatigue (blood lactate and M wave) were recorded before and after an exhausted sub maximal exercise (Storer and Davies 1998) at two different times of day: 8 and 18 oclock which is separated by a week. The result showed that significant differences were found in HR, blood lactate and latency of H reflex before and after exercise. However differences between male and female in Mvc, amplitude of H reflex, ratio of H reflex to M wave and M wave was significant. As induced –exercise central and peripheral fatigue was higher in men in the morning, our results suggest designing suitable training program for men and women is preferred afternoon and morning respectively. However, more study is needed to confirm this result, especially it is recommended to use transcranial magnetic stimulation.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on heart function and structure in diabetic Sprague-dawely albino species male rat. For this purpose 88 two-month-male rats, with mean body mass of 240± 6 gr, randomly were divided into four groups: control and sedentary (CS n = 22), Training (T n = 22), Diabetes and sedentary (DS n = 22), and Diabetes and training (DT n = 22). DT and T groups had 12 weeks aerobic exercise on treadmill. Each exercise bout included: warm up, running (Main training), and cod own. The training time and intensity progressed from 20min, 15 m/min, and reach to 60 min 25 m/ min, respectively at the end of exercise protocol. Five training sessions were included each week. In order to measure the levels of plasma glucose, HDL and cholesterol, Blood samples were taken from tail vein twice (at the start and end of exercise period). Heart tissue was taken from all groups before starting exercising and after it was finished. Then the heart weight, left ventricular weight, ratio of heart weight to body weight and ratio of left ventricular weight to heart weight were measured. Spss-13 software was used for statistical analysis of data. Statically method of ANOVA was used for data analysis and in the case of significant result (α≤0.05) TUKEY test was used as follow test. The results of this study showed an increase of 27% and 50% in mass of left ventricular in DT and T groups respectively. Also significant decrease of cholesterol and glucose variables and significant increase of HDL variable were observed in DT and T groups respectively. The investigation results indicated a significant difference in mean heart rate changes among all groups. According to these findings, it can be claimed that the aerobic exercise can cause some positive effects on the heart’s function and structure in diabetic’s patients (Increased Volume and left ventricular wall thickness and decreased rest heart rate). In spite of the increase in systolic blood pressure as a result of diabetes, exercise trainings can decrease this change to some extent. No significant differences were observed in the mean systolic blood pressure among all groups.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term Creatine monohydrate supplementation on homocysteine concentrations in young active male after exhaustive exercise. Twelve soccer players (age 22.11±2.02 years, vo2max 56.51±2.31, homocysteine concentrations 13.45±0.59 μmol/l) assigned to Creatine monohydrate (n=6) and placebo (n=6) groups randomly. Experimental group received 0.3g per kg of body weight daily Creatine monohydrate for five days. Blood sampling was taken in 12h fasting in both pre and post test. Nutritional status and physical activity levels were similar for all subjects one week before and during the study. There was no significant difference in initial levels of plasma homocysteine, 12 and plasma creatinine (P≤0.5). Homocysteine levels of Creatine -folate, B monohydrate group decreased significantly in base (P=0.017) and immediately after exercise (P=0.013). No significant difference was observed between groups in post test (P=0.542). The difference between the two groups in the changes in homocysteine levels after supplementation and exhaustive exercise was statistically significant (p=0.002). Short-term Creatine monohydrate supplementation and acute exercise may decrease homocysteine levels in young active male.

Exercise increases the production of free radicals, which may damage a number of cell constituents. Organisms have developed a sophisticated antioxidant system for protection against free radicals. This study was carried out to compare the antioxidant and oxidative stress status and lipoprotein profile of sprint runners and non-athlete. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes (CD) and Serum lipid and lipoprotein profile (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol) were measured in 14 male sprint runners and in equal number of age-matched non-athletes. It was found that the plasma values of MDA, CD and TAC were similar in both. groups. Athletes showed lower plasma level of total cholesterol (p=0.02). Also runners had lower levels of LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-cholesterol and LDL/HDL ratio but they were not significant. The result suggests that regular anaerobic training dose not lead to. oxidative stress in sprint runners and also it does not have a significant effect on improvement of their lipoprotein profile.

The purpose of this study was to compare health-related quality of life (HRQOL), body composition (BC), and physical fitness (PF) of active and non-active male individuals. 40 male faculty members of the Birjand university mean age 25 -50 yr. were selected randomly and divided equally into active (at least three session, 30-60 minutes per session/week) and non-active (maximum 1 session or less/week) groups based on weekly physical activity. The HRQOL was measured by SF-36 questionnaire. Also tape measure, caliper, flex board, dynamometer, and Monark’s work bicycle (839 model) were used for measuring BC and PF. We applied MANOVA test for analysis of data and statistical significance was considered if P> 0/05. Results indicated that active participants had higher HRQOL with regard to limitation of physical function (P=0/000), bodily pain (P=0/002), general health (P=0/001), and social function (P=0/01) compared to non-active group. Although BC, strength, and flexibility were not significantly different between groups, the mean maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) of active participants was significantly higher (P=0/01) than that of the non-active group. Generally, 3 session per week and each session 30-60 minutes of physical training can establish better HRQOL and Vo2max, but this amount of physical activity do not seem enough for improved whole PF, BC, psychological health and liveliness.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two resistance programs of daily undulating periodization and reverse linear periodization with the equal volume and intensity on endurance indexes. Thirty untrained, male volunteers 25.38 ± 3.4 years old and 176.23±6.4 cm high were assigned to one of the two groups (under either the reverse linear or daily undulating periodized resistance programs). The reverse linear and daily undulating periodized resistance programs included 12 weeks of training, three sessions per week. The data analysis indicated that body composition, the muscular endurance of the upper and lower body, cardiovascular endurance, resting and recovery heart rate in both periodization programs increased significantly. Generally there are no significant differences between the two training programs. The only difference between the two programs is the significant increase in the muscular endurance of the lower part of the body in the daily undulating periodized program than the reverse linear periodization program. In general daily undulating periodization creates higher adaptation in the muscular endurance of the lower body than the reverse linear periodization.