پژوهشنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی کاربردی
پیاپی 13 (بهار و تابستان 1390)

AGRP is a neropeptide released from Arcuate Neucleus of hypothalamus which plays an important role in energy balance، weight control and feeding. It has been reported that negative energy balance circumstance causes AGRP level to increase. It is also stopped by the creation of positive energy balance circumstance (energy sources restoration). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of oral sugar (glucose) consumption after circular resistance activities on AGRP، insulin and plasma glucose. For this purpose، 16 young free wrestlers (age، 22. 29 ±. 9 weight 75. 45 ± 12. 9 and body mass index BMI 26. 23±2. 60) were randomly selected and then randomly divided into two sugar (1 gr per kg body weight n=8) and water groups (n=8). The subjects were asked to run wrestling Technique Based Circuit Exercise (WTBCE). Blood sampling was obtained in three stages، before، immediately and after 90 minutes after feeding by glucose solution. For the measurement of plasma AGRP commercial ELISA kits were used. The data was analyzed by repeated measurements and LSD test in the significant level of P <0. 05. According to the results، a significant difference was observed in plasma insulin levels (F=40. 43، P<. 001)، AGRP (F=1. 12، P<. 001) time points، and time between groups. This changes in plasma glucose levels only were significant in time point (F=36. 6، P<. 033). The statistical analysis showed that the sugar group has lower AGRP levels and higher levels of insulin than water group. Therefore، increasing plasma AGRP levels immediately after exercise indicates that the designed acute activity was able to produce energy consumption and negative energy balance. It has also been shown that feeding of oral glucose (1 gr per kg body weight) caused increasing plasma glucose and increasing releasing of insulin could inhibit increasing levels of AGRP created due to sever activity. Thus، it can be claimed that elevatedlevels of AGRP in severe activity increases appetite which could be necessary to rebuild lost energy source.

In order to study the cervical curvature in forward head posture compared to healthy people, 300 students of Razi University (150 males and 150 females) were randomly selected. They were evaluated and screened by the use of PPV (Posture Pro V) software. Finally 14 students with forward head posture (with 23±2.32 years old and 163±4.6 cm height) and 14 healthy students without forward head posture (with 22.8±2.35 years old and 171.64±6.8 cm height) were selected who with great satisfaction participated in other phases of the research. In this descriptive study of cervical curvature, cervical spines were radiographed from lateral view and then evaluated for anterior head transition (AHT), cervical lordosis (C2-C7), and superior cervical curvature (C1-C2) were meticulously evaluated. Mean differences of healthy and FHP subject’s variables were analyzed with independent t-test. For analyzing the relationships between variables, Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was used at p<0.05. The results showed that: 1. there are significant differences between cervical lordosis, anterior head transition, and amounts of overload on cervical spines among two groups, but the differences of superior cervical curvature’s amount are not significant. 2. FHP has a significant relationship with AHT and cervical lordosis. A significant relationship also exists between AHT and amounts of overload on cervical spines, but FHP and cervical curvatures were not significantly related. There also exists a weak relationship between cervical curvatures and lordosis which is not significant. The results revealed that FHP causes cervical kyphosis and an extreme forward head position may cause an S-form curvature which is due to decreasing inferior cervical spine curvature and increasing superior cervical spine curvature. In this situation, in fact, inferior muscles of neck’s anterior are shortened and the superior portion of muscles is stretched. On the other hand, posterior inferior muscles of neck are stretched and in the extreme cases, superior muscles of neck are shortened. With this in mind, it can be declared that the forward head posture can cause a decrease in normal lordosis and occurrence of cervical kyphosis.

This study designed for understanding the nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices of college’s students of Payam Nour University of Gourgan. The target population consisted entirely of college student of Payam Nour Universities. Standard questionnaire (K Parmenter and J Wardle 1999) which was developed to measure subject’s nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices distributed among 415 students randomly. After translation, questionnaires were evaluated by professor’s faculty of physical education and sport sciences. The reliability analysis yielded Cronbach Alpha values of 0.78 for the knowledge and 0.74 for the attitude scales. The collected data was analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient (P<0.05). Results show that nutrition knowledge score in physical education student were highest and in business management student were lowest. ANOVA show that there were no significant differences among nutrition knowledge of all majors and between genders. Also nutrition attitude scores for business management were highest and for education science were lowest; but difference between nutrition attitudes among all majors was not significant. There were significant positive correlations between nutrition knowledge and attitude; and between nutrition attitude and practices of male and females students. According to our results, we suggest that student should more attention to nutrition. Also study in college as a golden period for learning, can affect on promote nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices of students, therefore the importance of nutrition in various college curriculums and improvement of the learning environment, related to nutrition need to be emphasized on college campuses.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of fatigue on strength gain in resistance training by comparing high fatiguing and low fatiguing training protocols. Thirty healthy adults (age 21.26 ± 2.14 yr, height 174 ± 4 cm, weight 71.80 ± 5.83kg) with a history of greater than 6 month weight training, were matched and then randomly assigned to either a high fatigue (HF: four sets of 10 repetitions with 30 seconds rest between sets), low fatigue (LF: 40 repetitions with 30 seconds between each repetition) or control (C: without training) groups. Subjects in the two training groups undertook bench press training three times a week on average 75% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM), for 10 weeks. The 1RM loud was determined at the end of each week. Results indicated that bench press training causes a significant increase in pectoral muscle strength in Both HF and LF groups compared with C group (p≤0.01). But, Both HF and LF resulted in similar strength gains in 1-repetition maximum bench press. It seems that fatigue in each set does not appear to be a critical stimulus for strength gain in weight training and we can reach the same results without severe discomfort and acute physical effort.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of anaerobic exercises on lung functions in polluted weather. In this study, 20 healthy men (22.8  0.554) were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group did the anaerobic exercise (lasting 21 minutes with the power of 285 watts for one minute, and 2 minutes break for 7 times) on the ergometer bicycle in polluted air. Lung function tests were performed before the exercises, right after the exercises (first post-test) and 24 hours after the exercises (second post-test). The data analysis was done using AVOVA with repeated measures and independent t, in order to determine the difference among the groups and the training methods. The findings indicated that anaerobic exercise in polluted air did not significantly affected the FVC and FEF25-75% factors in the first and second post-tests and FEV1 factor did not cause any significant effect in first post-test, too. With regard to the findings of the previous studies while aerobic exercises in polluted air decrease lung function factors, it seems that anaerobic exercises in polluted air also cause a decrease in lung function factors including FVC, FEV1 and FEF25-75% in the first and second post-tests.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different intensities of resistance exercise on apoptosis of circulating lymphocytes in trained men. Subjects were 15 men (age 23.8 ± 5.53 years, height 177.53 ±5.69 cm, body weight 76.13 ±8.91 kg, WHR. 85 ±.33) who had regular resistance training at least 3 times a week for more than 3 months. Study design was crossover. The subjects participated in three states of control, moderate resistance exercise and high resistance exercise modes, in 5 sessions. Blood samples were taken before exercise in fasting state, immediately after and 1h after protocol administration. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measurements and MANOVA. Values were corrected for plasma volume changes, and then it was observed that resistance exercise until exhaustion with moderate and high intensity had no significant changes in the percentage and the count of apoptotic lymphocytes in each of the three times. Therefore, it can be concluded that resistance exercise until exhaustion with moderate and high intensity, did not induce changes in immune system function until 1h after exercise from apoptosis induced circulating lymphocytes in the trained men.

This investigation has been performed to identify the effects of two warming programs with different intensities on the best male soccer player's cardio respiratory criteria.10 of the best juvenile male soccer players were chosen from Tehran gyms. They were with the average of 20±1 years old, 1.78±0.04 meters length and 21.65± 2.05 kg/m of body mass indicator (BMI). The members performed two warming protocols with the intensity of 50 and 70 percent of maximum heart beat in two sessions with a 72 hourtime off between them. After that, they took part in a maximal exercise on treadmilluntil they reached fatigue. Vo2 max, vVo2max, lactate threshold heart beat, heart beat as reaching vo2 max, oxygen pulse, and lactate threshold Vo2 were the criteria measured by a respiratory gases breath by breath analyzing machine. The results showed that intense warming as compared with moderate warming does not have a significant effect on cardio respiratory criteria. Nevertheless, vo2 max, vVo2max, lactate threshold heart beat, and heart beat as reaching vo2 max were higher during intense warming. On the other hand, Peak O2 pulse was lower during intense warming.

The objective of this study was to compare physiological profile of Iran and South Korea soccer players. For this purpose, 23 people were selected as samples from Iran Olympics soccer players having average 20.6±1.3 y, height: 181.3±6.11 cm, weight: 78.73±7.2 kg, and BMI: 23.53±1.6 kg m², while they attended in Olympics elementary games preparation camp, Beijing 2008. of total individuals, aerobic power, anaerobic power, speed, agility, and flexibility were conducted and then obtained results were compared with information related to 23 people selected from South Korea Olympicssoccer players having average 21.8±1.9 y, height: 180.32±5.4 cm, weight: 73.76±6.9 kg, and BMI: 22.7±1.1 kg m².Acquired data were analyzed by Independent t- statistical method and the following results were obtained: According to BMI (23.53 versus 22.7), aerobic power (42.42 versus 51.16), Speed (4.85 versus 4.7), and agility (16.15 versus 15.65), there was the meaningful difference between Iran and South Korea Olympics soccer players (p< 0.05) and South Korea players obtained better result, while in anaerobic power(66.30 versus 64.17), despite dominance of South Korea players and in flexibility (36.65 versus 35.56), despite dominance of Iran players the meaningful difference was not observed (p> 0.05). Considering results obtained from present research, probably one of possible reason for not attending Iran Olympics soccer team in Beijing 2008 Olympics games can be unsuitable conditions of physical fitness of Iran Olympics soccer players physiological relative to teams such as South Korea that has been participated in 3 successive periods in Olympics champions.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Recovery period on the rate of exertion perception (RPE) time after sub-maximal exercise in non-elite young female swimmers. In this study 18 female swimmers aged 16.05±1.43 years, with 2.38±0.5 years swimming experience were selected through simple non-probability sampling. They participated in a selected sub-maximal weight power exercise (80-90% of maximal heart rate) and completed perceived muscle pain scale (PMPS) immediately, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after the exercise. The result of this study showed that the passage of time causes significant changes in RPE. That is, RPE increased until 24 hours after exercise and then went down. Maximal RPE was observed 24 and 48 hours after exercise, respectively. Findings showed that non-elite young female swimmers with low BMI (23> kg/m2) experienced more muscle pain. Further analysis on the relationship between BMI and RPE reveals that RPE is negatively correlated with BMI except 48 hours after the exercise. We concluded that BMI in non-elite young female swimmers could potentially predict muscle pain response in this population.

Increase glycogen content of skeletal muscle and liver after endurance-trained has beensuggested. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of endurance training atdifferent intensities on liver and skeletal muscle glycogen content. Forty male Wistarrats were randomly assigned to control (n = 10), low (18 m/min)(n = 10), moderate (26m/min)(n = 8) and high (34 m/min)(n =10) intensity groups. The training group ranfor 60 min/d, 5d/wk and 0% grade for 12 weeks. 36 hours after the last exercisesession,overnight fast rats were killed liver and gastrocnemius muscle were collectedand measured by spectrophotometeric method. One way ANVOA, appropriatefollowing test were performed, and significance was accepted at P≤0.05. Regardless tointensities, data demonstrated that trained groups had higher liver and lower muscleglycogen contents when compared with control group. Higher liver and muscleglycogen were pronounced in moderate exercise group. It seems that moderate intensityexercise suitable for liver and muscle glycogen improvement.

Postural deformities are unpleasant changes that one of their creating factors is having wrong habits and unsuitable instruments during daily life. The aim of this research was to study the relation between postural deformities of vertebral column and sleeping postures and used mattress and pillow by middle aged females between the age of 40 and 60 resided in Tehran. In this research that was performed via correlation method, first 167 people as available samples have completed the questionnaire containing resting styles that its reliability has reported 0.83. Then out of which 75 people with age mean of 49/03±5/93 year, weight mean of 71/5±11/87 kg and height mean of 158±5/6 cm have been voluntary evaluated for assessment of lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis and flat back by observation Adams test and flexible ruler that its validity was reported 0.89. SPSS statistical software and chi-square test in 95% assurance (α=0.05) have been used for analyzing data and studying relation between deformities and sleeping posture and mattress and pillow. Obtained results showed that there was no meaningful relation between lordosis and kyphosis and sleeping on stomach, scoliosis and side lying posture and flat back and sleeping on back (in all cases p>0.05). Also findings showed no meaningful relation between any of these deformities and type, height and fundamental materials of mattress and pillow. Moreover, findings showed that there was meaningful relation between subject's weight, backache and lordosis and sleeping posture (respectively r=-0.35, r=-0.27, r=-0.24 and p≤0.05) and there was meaningful relation between walking amount and lordosis (r=0.28, p≤0.05). In this respect, paying attention to other various effective factors in creating deformities and studying probable efficacy of special characteristics of the research samples (sex, age and life style) are necessary.