پژوهشنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی کاربردی
پیاپی 17 (بهار و تابستان1392)

Background& Although the etiology of frozen shoulder syndrome (FSS) is unknown، several authors have proposed that impaired shoulder movements are related to shoulder capsule adhesions and soft tissues stiffness. The purpose of this research is toconduct a study of massage therapy and PNF stretching exercise effectivenesson the pain، function and range of motion (ROM) patients with FFS. The subjects of this research comprised 24 patients with FSS with an average age of 56. 24; they are divided in two experimental and control groups. Then the control group patients receive the physiotherapy and the experimental group receives the massage therapy and PNF stretching exerciseas well as physiotherapy program. Shoulder pain and disability، ROM and function by shoulder pain and disability index، goniometer، and shoulder functional level questionersare evaluated before and at the end of the sixweek treatment for assessing the effectiveness of the selective treatment programs (massage therapy and PNF stretching exercise). The pain and disability، however، decrease further in the selective treatment groups in comparison to physiotherapy group but research findings do not show significant difference between the two groups. About shoulder ROM، only theexternal rotation of the shoulder joints showed a significant difference between the two groups after treatment. The functional score of patients on the selective treatment group with physiotherapy group showed a significant difference. The findings of the current research show that massage therapy and PNF stretching exercise can help the physiotherapy programand the treatment of frozen shoulder syndrome in shoulder ROM which can hence help a better function.

Background & Adequate nutrition is a prerequisite for an effective improvement of athletic performance، preparation، and refreshment after the activities and injury preventionin active people. However، today، the type and severity of impact of physical activity with exogenous supplementation on the free radicals activity and oxidative stress indicators are not well-known. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of moderate aerobic exercises with vitamin E consumption on the total anti-oxidative capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation and muscle damage in active male students. For this reason، 45 active male students (ages 23. 04 1. 9 yr; height 172. 98 5. 65 cm; weight 70. 13 5. 58 kg) were selected randomly and divided into three groups; practice – placebo (n=15)، practice-supplement (n=15) and control – placebo (n=15). Moderate aerobic exercise program (3 session، 45 minute with 60-65%، HRmax a week) with vitamin E consumption was performed for 8 weeks. Fasting plasma levels of TAC، Creatine Kinase (CK)، Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Carbonyl protein (CP) were measured before and 24 hours after the training period. The results showed that the plasma TAC level in practice - supplement group was significantly higher than other groups (p<0. 05). Plasma levels of CP and MDA in practice - supplement group were significantly lower than other groups (p<0. 05); Alsoplasma levels of CK in practice - supplement group was significantly lower than control - placebo group (p<0. 05); plasma levels of CK in practice - placebo group was significantly higher than control - placebo group (p<0. 05). Moderate aerobic exercise with vitamin E consumption compared with moderate aerobic exercise reduced lipid peroxidation، muscle damage and improved antioxidative defense.

Background & The purpose of this study is to conduct a time- motion analysis of Iranian elite soccer referees during actual games during 2007-2008 seasons. Ten male elite soccer referees (Age; 36. 23±2. 24 years، Height; 180. 1± 4/48 cm، body mass: 78. 18 ± 8. 4 kg، fat mass: 19. 38 ± 3. 3 percent BMI; 23. 98 ± 1. 53 kg. m-2) participated in the study. Motion analysis data were collected during matches using the Suunto t6 device during 2 stages with 10 week intervals. Paired-samples T-test andWilcoxon test were used to compare the first half and the second half data at P<0. 05 level. The average total distance covered was 7872 m (ranging from6720 to 9910 m) in which no significant differences were observed between the halves (p > 0. 05). Referees، on average، covered 93% of the whole match time at low- intensity activities (standing، walking and jogging)، low speed running and moderate speed running accounted for 5. 9% (ranging from 15. 51 to 0%) and 0. 1% (ranging from 1. 18 to 0%) of the total time respectively. There were no high speed running and sprinting. In conclusion، these results provided important data in helping to develop new training programs based on actual match activities.

Introduction And Although، the effect of the acute exercise prior to vaccination on improved the immune system response was investigated، the immune response to an exercise period is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of influenza vaccine on pre-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in prepubertal boy gymnasts. Thirty boy gymnasts divided into 2 groups; vaccine group and control. The exercise protocol consisted of intensity 60-80% of maximum heart rate، 3 days per week، for 8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained in first، 4 and 8 weeks to determine of IL-6، IL-10 and IFN-γ serum concentrations. The results showed that IL-6 and INFγ after four weeks decreased in two groups (P=0. 000، P=0. 001 respectivly). Significant difference in 8th week in the only vaccine group was observed. Decreasing trend of INFγ was continued in the control group، however، this decrease was not significant. Significant difference in INFγ was observed in 4th and 8th weeks in the vaccine group. In compared with pre-exercise، IL- 10 was increased in two groups (P=0. 006). Significant difference in IL-10 was observed in the 4th and 8th weeks، in two groups. These data demonstrate that influenza vaccination has a significant effect on immune system and inflammatory state in prepubertal boy gymnasts.

Background & The utilization of different exercise training programs probably can affect the performance of the athletes. The aim of the present research is to compare the effects of three methods of interval aerobictraining on the performance of adolescent soccer players. For this reason، 27 adolescent soccer players were voluntarily selected، and were randomly divided into three equal groups: 1) circular interval training (type1)، with three bouts of 3 minutes interval training with 2 minutes active resting time between the bouts، 2) circular interval training (type2)، with nine bouts of 1 minute interval training with 30 seconds active resting time between the bouts، 3) traditional interval running training، with three bouts of 3 minutes running training with 2 minutes active resting between the bouts. Aerobic trainings were performed for 6 weeks، 3 sessions per week with the intensity of 65-75% maximal heart rate. Data analyses usingone-way ANOVA show that circular interval training (type1) and traditional interval running training can cause significant increase in VO2max، but circular interval training (type2) did not increase that significantly. The three methods of interval aerobic training can cause significant increase in traveled distances at Hoff performance test، while these methods had no significant effect on Loctat'' levels. The results indicate that this can improve the performance of adolescent soccer playersand help them employ circular interval trainings (type1) or traditional interval running trainings.

Background & Guided imagery is a psychosomatic treatment that uses narratives and storiesas effectivetools on mental images and patterns. Guided imagery is a complementary therapy which may be administered by a physician throughsound or video recording. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of guided imagery on functional rehabilitation of knees injured in male athletes. Eighteen athletes with knee injuries were randomly divided into experimental (N= 9) and control (N= 9) groups. Experimental and control group athletes after anteriorcruciate ligament or meniscus surgery were gradually brought into the research. In addition to physiotherapy exercises، subjects in experimental group received daily guided imagery exercises for a duration of 4 weeks. Maximum strength of extensor and flexor muscles of knees was measured in pre and post tests by Biodex (system 3). Data was analyzed using ANCOVA. Results of this study showed that muscles strength increased in the injured and noninjured knees of experimental group (20. 53% & 18 % respectively)، but for the control group no significant decline was observed (0. 55% & 4. 44% respectively) (P>0. 05). For injured and non-injured knees، muscle strength increased in flexor muscles in both groups، but these differences were not significant (P>0. 05). It can be concluded that guided imagery accompanied by physiotherapy can increases muscles strength in injured athletes; therefore، guided imagery training would be suggested as an appropriate modality for injured athletes.

Multiple sclerosis is a central nervous system disease that can be recognized through different mental and physical signs as quality of life reduction andphysical disabilities. In addition، it leads to some type of stationary life style that could lead to secondary diseases such as diabetes. However، because of neuro-regenerative and neuro-protective characteristics of sport، it seems that it can attenuate or cease the progressive nature of this disease however there is some discrepancies about the type of training. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of interval aerobic training on the quality of life and physical disability status scale in patients with multiple sclerosis during 6 weeks. 25 female patients with multiple sclerosis and with the expanded disability status scale of mild to moderate (EDSS: 1. 5-6) and mean illness time of 4±1years (age 25years) were objectively selected and randomly divided into two groups: Experimental (10n) and control (15n) groups. After pre-test، the experimental group participated in defined training programs on a cycle ergometer. For statistical analysis، the SPSS 19 software was used and the significant level was determined as 0. 05. The result showed that the quality of life as well as physical disability status scale of aerobic interval training showed an improvementwithin 6 weeks، although these changes weren’t significant. As any improvement in MS is so important، it can be suggested that these patients (with relapsing-remitting conditions and denoted physical ability) took part in regular interval aerobic trainings beside social، psychological and therapeutic supports for improving their quality of life and physical disability status scale.