نشریه علوم و فنون زنبور عسل ایران
پیاپی 15 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

Different types of saprophytic fungi are able to grow in the bee colonies and in certain circumstances produce dangerous toxins that are dangerous to humans and animals. This article pays the study of saprophytic fungi in bee colonies of Mazandaran province.for this purpose during three seasons, (Spring - summer, fall), From 468 Beehive,1872 Sample (Bees, larvae, pollen and honey) Collecting and to define the level of the contamination, each sample were cultivated in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar.Totally 10 genera of fungi including: Alternaria spp (7.2%), Rhizopus spp (8.3%), Mucor spp (8%), Fusarium spp (16.0%), curvularia spp (16.0%), Penicillium spp (45.0%), Helmetosporium spp (37 . 0%), Acrmunium spp (3.4%), Streptomyces spp (10.0%) and Scopolariupsis spp (16.0%) were isolated and detected. The percentage of the total fungal contamination in the samples studied were20.20%. Depending on the type sample, the percentage of fungal contamination, Bee (20/5%), larva (19.9%), pollen (22.00%) And honey is (18.8%). The difference is not statistically significant. Also the percentage fungal contamination is in the spring (5.7%), summer (25.31%) And autumn (4.25%). The difference is statistically significant.

Dust among the natural disasters intensified in recent years in the west and south of the country and have a significant influence on the beekeeping industry. In this study, library and survey methods were used to collect the required information. In the field studies, required qualitative and quantitative information were collected using various methods such as observation, interviews and questionnaires. Extraction and data analysis were performed by using the SPSS 22 software. According to the Mesdaghi’s formula, a total of 168 beekeepers were selected and Friedman test and bi-nominal test were used for data analysis. Beekeepers with an average of 3.6 of 5 believe that social effect is the most effective security reduction in beekeeping areas. Beekeepers with an average of 3.84 stated that the best supporting program for dealing with the effects of dust is the reduction of the premium amount. Beekeepers with an average of 2.56 stated that the promotion and development of ways to deal with dust have the least effect on the reduction of the effects of dust on beekeeping. 59 percent of beekeepers believe that the negative social effects of dust are high to very high.

The purpose of this study was survey on management conditions and proper management of apiaries located on the east of mazandaran province. This study was conducted out, at 2016, in eastern counties of this province, from savadkooh to galoogah. The statistical population of this region makes up 2027 beekeepers, and 215 beekeepers were selected for getting samples. Needed information collected via questionnaires papers, and data analyzed by SPSS software. The Results of this study show, there is no statistics significant difference between seven counties, for variables pulp of the pollen and swarming (p>0.05). Also results from these seven counties show, there is statistically significant difference, for amount of honey production, number of employers, amount of syrup, annually bee wax consumptions, number of hives, population of the hives in spring and winter death (p

Honeybees are the major pollinators of about 73 per cent of the world.s cultivated crops. Being ectothermic,the temperature of their surroundings determines the activity of bees and hence climate change, characterized by elevated temperatures, could drastically impact their biology, behavior and distribution. Indirectly, climate change affects bees through their floral resources and natural enemies. Differential response of insects and plants to changed temperature could create temporal (phenological) and spatial (distributional) mismatches with severe demographic consequences for the species involved. Asynchrony may affect plant by reduced insect visitation and pollen deposition, while bees experience reduced food availability. Systematic studies to quantify the effects, adverse or otherwise, of climate change are very few. Being involved in a project to understand the impact of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions,we made an effort to compile and review the available literature in this critical but relatively untapped area of pollinator ecology.