نشریه سیاست نامه علم و فناوری
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، زمستان 1391)

Institutions of higher education were previously thought to be the centre of knowledge production and dissemination, but now they are expected to have a more active role in the development of national and regional economies, as well. Responding to the new expectation has currently led them to internal changes and evolution in how they interact with the social and economic environments. This change has created a new generation of entrepreneurial universities. The leading indicator activity of such universities is the creation of university‘s Spin-off. According to the laws and directives of our country, these companies are supposed to be Knowledge-based, founded by the outcomes of the university researches and acted in the field of high tech. But some universities, in our country, exceed the expectations and establish manufacturing and service-companies of their own. In other words, they’re, little by little, becoming manufacturing firms. Since the traditional mission of universities is teaching and research, some conflicts arose between the main mission of the universities (research and teaching) and the new task of entrepreneuring. This paper examines these conflicts and finally provides suggestions to resolve these conflicts. This paper is a descriptive - analytical study and data is collected by using library resources, electronic research databases, author’s experience and In-depth interview with a technology-park authorities and managers of the company established in above mentioned incubator.

Institutions of higher education were previously thought to be the centre of knowledge production and dissemination, but now they are expected to have a more active role in the development of national and regional economies, as well. Responding to the new expectation has currently led them to internal changes and evolution in how they interact with the social and economic environments. This change has created a new generation of entrepreneurial universities. The leading indicator activity of such universities is the creation of university‘s Spin-off. According to the laws and directives of our country, these companies are supposed to be Knowledge-based, founded by the outcomes of the university researches and acted in the field of high tech. But some universities, in our country, exceed the expectations and establish manufacturing and service-companies of their own. In other words, they’re, little by little, becoming manufacturing firms. Since the traditional mission of universities is teaching and research, some conflicts arose between the main mission of the universities (research and teaching) and the new task of entrepreneuring. This paper examines these conflicts and finally provides suggestions to resolve these conflicts. This paper is a descriptive - analytical study and data is collected by using library resources, electronic research databases, author’s experience and In-depth interview with a technology-park authorities and managers of the company established in above mentioned incubator.

This paper is an intellectual effort to discuss the national innovation system approach as a framework for technology and innovation policy through elaborating its emphasis on inter-firm and inter-industry technological interactions, in opposite to seeing it as an institutional map. On the one hand, the paper tries to show that the linear models has not been implemented and used in the real world, but they have been merely some academic models. Therefore, there is not an empirical justification for applying those models. On the other hand, even if there were such models in the past, we would discuss that those linear models are not suitable as they largely ignores many areas of technological developments, especially in the large firms.

As a branch of applied ethics, environmental ethics studies the interaction between human and nature and the challenges unethical action of human being with regard to its surrounding environment brought about. The aim of this paper is to point out some of the major approaches are taken into account by environmental ethics scholars and review the evolutionary path of environmental ethics in a historical context. Our goal here is to construct a comprehensive and cohesive picture of this field of study to not only draw readers in mind the interest of environmental ethics, but also make them familiar with the most important issues concerned in environmental ethics.

The process of skilled international migration from developing countries to developed ones has considerably grown during two recent decades. In 1970s, most economists agreed that brain drain has resulted in reduction of human capital stock and thus hurt to economy of developing countries; while in the studies of the decades, useful effects of brain drain on the economy of source countries has been controversial. Despite these different studies, total effect of human capital migration on economy of source countries is unknown. In this paper, it is tried to clear effect of brain drain on economic growth of source countries.

The developing pattern of Knowledge Based Economy (KBE) causes essential changes in economic-social structures in which education is one of the important infrastructures. According to The main pillar of this new pattern that is effective use of human capital, all levels of education especially the basic education, which is the main basis of the other levels, become more important than before. But developing countries have serious problems in this level. Investigating this issue includes other important subjects such as the role of institutional framework of economy and the effects in labor market. Therefore this article focuses on the explanation of importance of basic education in achieving KBE in Iran and identifying the related challenges based on institutional theory. Results of this survey -using descriptive-analytical procedure- shows that first; the institutional structure in Iran has not been based on knowledge, so that it cannot lead the economic activities toward it. The second is that although the percentage of employees with basic education degree is higher than other formal educational levels in labor market in Iran, this level and its challenge shave not got enough attention. By continuity of these two, Iran will face lots of problems in achieving KBE.

What the sociology can say about technology? Since the genesis of the sociology and especially since the introduction of sociology of knowledge to last decades, all forms of knowledge was defined as the subject of sociology, expect natural science and technology. In other word, science and technology was considered as a “Black Box” that sociology couldn’t enter into to analyze the internal mechanisms of construction of them. It was so because science was considered as “objective” knowledge and technology as product of it. But, since the second half of 20th century and by appearance the philosophers and sociologists of science such as Kuhn and winch and so on, science and technology “Black Box” was disclosed to sociology and science and technology as “social construction” were subject of sociological analysis. In the domain of science EPOR and in the domain of technology SCOT is the most wellknown formulation of latest studies of science and technology, that in this article, we review them.

This paper is about what governments have done and could do to promote the production, diffusion and use of scientific and technical knowledge in order to realize national objectives. We begin the chapter with “story-telling” based on sketchy historical facts. The aim of the two stories is to illustrate that innovation policy covers a wide set of issues that have been on the agenda far back in history while still remaining important today. We move on to sketch the history of innovation policy splitting it up in the three ideal types: science, technology and innovation policy. We use OECD documents and other sources to do so. Finally we point to future challenges, and highlight research opportunities.