مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد
سال شانزدهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 74، آذر و دی 1393)

Baker's yeast wastewater is one of the types of food industry wastewaters that contain high organic pollution and color. In this study, the electrocoagulation process using iron and stainless steel electrodes were investigated as an efficient method for supplementary treatment of Baker's yeast wastewater. In this experimental study of laboratory pilot, the effects of operating parameters such as current density (i.e. 80,100, 120 and 140 A/m2), time (i.e. 15, 30, 45 and 60 min) and electrode material types (i.e. iron and stainless steel) on the removal efficiency of COD (chemical oxygen demand), turbidity and color from Baker's yeast wastewater were investigated and the optimum operation conditions were determined for each of these parameters by using Taguchi statistical method. Based on the results, the removal efficiency of COD, turbidity and color increased with increasing of current density and operation time and the efficiency of stainless steel electrodes were more than iron electrodes. The optimal operation conditions of electrocoagulation process for supplementary baker's yeast wastewater treatment were: the current density of 120 A/m2, with retention time of 45 min and the use of stainless steel electrodes. The results showed that in these conditions the removal efficiency of COD, turbidity and color were 54.84, 44.98 and 40.26% and the corrosion rate of electrodes and the electrical energy consumed were 0.086 g/lit and 3.226 Watt/lit, respectively. Considering environmental and economical priorities, this process can be suggested as a supplementary treatment process for wastewaters with high organic pollution and color.

Giardia is an intestinal protozoan parasite in humans and various mammals. Chemical drugs that are prescribed to treat this disease currently have adverse effects and no proven efficacy. So it seems necessary to find a drug with fewer side effects to treat this parasitic disease. Therefore, the aim of present study was investigated the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves and onion of Allium paradoxum on Giardia lamblia in Balb/ c mice. In this experimental study, 2×105 cysts were fed to 50 Balb/ c mice in 10 groups except negative control group. After confirming contamination, they were treated for 3 days with hydroalcoholic extract of leaves and onion of Allium paradoxum (doses of 20, 50, 100 mg/ml) and Metronidazole as a controlling drug. According to the results of this study, Costumes onion extract at a dose of 100 mg/ml is capable of removing G. lamblia cysts. This effect is significant compared to the control group (P<0.05). It also became clear that leaves of Allium paradoxum have no significant effect on G. lamblia parasite, but it may increase the effect of onion of Allium paradoxum. In other words, it has a synergistic effect. Due to good effect of Allium paradoxum in in vivo conditions on the parasite G. lamblia and many side effects of drugs which have been reported, it can be introduced as a natural compound against Giardiasis.

Contamination from the ATM's keyboards and very much users of them cause the bacterial transfer to human. So, destroying these bacteria has an important role in human health. The aim of the present study was to introduce an intelligent system which can reduce bacterial contamination from the ATM's keyboards. In this experimental study, a prototype of an intelligent system was made based on the bactericide effect of the ultra violet (UV)-ray. Before assessing this intelligent system, a sampling of ATM keyboard performed and the number of Escherichia coli bacteria considered for control group. The ability of the system was examined in order to test whether it works based on the number of referrers, and automatic UV-radiation (cut-of DUf). In addition, after UV-radiation for 5-20sec from 10cm, to an Escherichia coli infected ATM keyboard; a seri of bacteriological experiments were performed. The examination of different functions showed that UV-radiation (cut-of DUf) is performing based on identified cases for it automatically. The bacteriological experiments revealed that the system reduced the percentage of the bacteria to less than 1%. Significant differences were found comparing the survived bacteria with the control group (P<0.05). One of the conventional methods for cleaning the contamination of the ATM's keyboards is using antibacterial materials, which is an expensive procedure. The presented prototype is an intelligent system which reduces bacterial contamination of the ATM's keyboards.

P19 cells are a line of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma stem cells, able to grow continuously in serum-supplemented media and can be induced to differentiate into all three lineage, mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm. Foreign DNA can be introduced into these cells using of standard methods of transfection, through which to examine the cell function and differentiation. This study aimed to induce neuronal phenotype in P19 cells transfected with GFP gene, using an antiparkinson drug, deprenyl. In this descriptive study, calcium phosphate precipitation method was used to introduce pML8 plasmid, encoding GFP and puromycin resistance gene, into these cells. The cells were cultured using α-MEM medium, supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum. Here 10-8 M concentrations of deprenyl was used to induce embryoid body differentiation to neuronal lineage. Cresyl violet staining was used to evaluate the morphology of differentiated P19 cells. In addition, immunofluorescence techniques was used to evaluate neuron specific proteins, synaptophysin and β-III tubulin. In addition to production of stable transfected P19 cells, neuronal differentiation of these cells was carried out by the effect of deprenyl induction. GFP-positive neurons derived from embryonic carcinoma cells expressed neuron specific markers. GFP-positive differentiated cells can be used in transplantation studies and basic researches in association with cell therapy and neurodegenerative diseases.

Glycation is a nonenzymatic reaction in which sugar binds to proteins that increases in diabetics with elevated blood sugar. The products produced from this reaction induce and exacerbate complications of diabetes, and are involvement in many diseases. Propolis has been used widely from ancient times in traditional medicine and there is remarkable evidence that it has very strong antioxidant properties because of flavonoids in its combination. The aim of present study was investigating the effects of Propolis extract on the decrease of hemoglobin glycation rate in a. laboratory study. In this experimental study, purified human hemoglobin incubated for 5 weeks in the presence and absence of glucose and 3 different concentrations of ethanolic extract of Propolis. The rate of hemoglobin glycation determined by means of measurement of heme release amount in hemoglobin, Soret band shift, products resulting from the degradation of heme, and was determined of structure with the help of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and was designated evaluation of amyloids structures. Aspirin have been also used as a control since it is a known antiglycation agent. Glycation of hemoglobin was inhibited up to 50 percent in the presence of Propolis extract at the highest concentration. Two other concentrations showed a lower inhibitory effect. Studies on the heme degradation products and fibrillar structures also represent a significant reduction in glycation of hemoglobin in the presence of Propolis extract. Hemoglobin was glycated extremely in presence of glucose and propolis was inhibited this reaction in a concentration dependent manner and decreased glycation of hemoglobin. Propolis probably inhibits glycation of protein by its antioxidant property and hence can be effective in decreasing of diabetes complications.

With regard to the willing and starting tobacco smoking among young people in Iran. The aim of the study was to model the underlying factors in predicting the behavior of tobacco smoking among employed youth and students in Iran (Yazd). In this analytical cross-sectional study, based on a random cluster sampling were recruited 450 high school students. The data of demographic and tobacco smoking related variables were acquired via a questionnaire made by researcher based on Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed for adjusted Odds Ratios. A number of 108 (23.5%) persons were smoker in the study and the mean smoking initiation age was 12.9±3.3. In addition, male sex, smoker father, participation among smokers, adherence to prayer and having moderate satisfaction from the home environment was obtained as independent predictors of tobacco smoking. The education programs on resistance skills against the persistence of the peers, problem solving skills, increasing self-confidence improvement in health programs by governmental interference and policy should be implemented.

The increasing use of productive machines with electromagnetic waves of different frequency and severity has led to perform many studies about the possible impact of the waves on the health of living creatures. The aim of this study was to investigate memory function and reminding in mice, exposed to microwave radiation with a frequency of 950 MHz (GSM signal). In this experimental study, 120 male mices were divided into 10 groups of 12 animals in each group. The exposed 9 groups were under microwave radiation at the power densities of 0.02, 1.3 and 8.6 mW/ cm2 and the time intervals of 2, 4 and 6 hours and one group was considered as control. The analysis of mice’s memory was done with the passive avoidance trial test and by measuring the frequency of animals entering the dark compartment of shuttle box and their entrance latency time in 6, 12, 24, 48 h, 1 and 2 weeks after the last learning stage. The results showed no significant changes among the latency time of animals in entrance to the dark side of compartment, but the frequency of entrance showed significant difference among the exposure groups with the potent of 0, 0.02, 1.3 and 8.6 mW/cm2. Memory function and analysis of animals exposed to mobile radiation show a decrease depending on exposure time and power. The increasing frequency of animal in entrance to the dark field with the memory of electrical shock should be a sign of animal memory impairment with the exposure to the microwave mobile radiation.

The Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a member of the IL-1 family. It was originally described as IFN-γ –inducing factor (IGIF), and is known to influence the balance of Th1/Th2 immune response and could induce the allergic rhinitis (AR) expression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the IL-18 promoter polymorphism (-133 G/C) were associated with AR in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. In this descriptive analytical study, genomic DNA was obtained from the blood samples of 293 AR patients and 218 healthy control volunteers extracted by standard phenol chloroform method. The IL-18 polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The frequency of the GC genotype of the IL-18 gene polymorphism (-133) was greater in allergic rhinitis patients than in control (P<0.05). The rate of increaser distribution was calculated 3.69 by comparing the frequency of the G allele genotype to the genotype a carrier no allele G (CC) in both groups. This study suggests that IL-18 promoter polymorphism (-133 G/C) may be participated as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of AR.

Extra Corporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is the treatment of choice for urinary lithiasis. Majority of patients experienced pain during ESWL. Acupuncture is a traditional method of treatment in which relieving pain is a feature. This study aimed to evaluate its therapeutic effect on diminishing the pain during ESWL. This clinical trial study performed on 100 patients infected to Urinary lithiasis who were candidate to ESWL operation. They were visited by Acupuncture specialist before starting ESWL and randomly divided into two groups of True Acupuncture and Sham acupuncture. In the first group, acupuncture was carried out in 4 special points of acupuncture for 30 minutes and in the second group acupuncture was ineffectively applied to the same points for 30 minutes. Then ESWL was begun and the intensity of pain compared in two groups using the numeric 0-10 VAS scale. Findings in this study showed that the pain rate mean was significantly lower in true acupuncture group (2.74 ±0.92) than Sham group (4.34 ±0.87). Also, stone size in both groups was significantly related to pain intensity during ESWL (P<0.01). As the stone is bigger, the pain will be more. Age and sex did not have any significant effect on pain. Applying acupuncture in patients, who have been under ESWL, reduces the pain during ESWL.

Hyperlipidemia, or increased of blood fat, is known as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Vaccinium arctostaphylos on lipid profile levels in patients with hyperlipidemia. This randomized clinical trial, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study performed with 50 patients in 14-76 years old with low hyperlipidemia participated in the study. Patients were randomly divided into control, consumer capsule placebo (n= 25) and consumer V. arctostaphylos capsules (n=25), and 2 V. arctostaphylos capsules consumed daily. At the beginning and end of the study, serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low dense lipoprotein (LDL) and decrease of level of high dense lipoprotein (HDL) were compared. There was no significant difference about the characteristics of the subjects (age, TC, LDL, HDL, TG, and BMI), between groups at baseline. V. arctostaphylos group compared with the control group after one month showed a decrease significantly for factors (TC: 226.48±32.09 vs 192.04±28.81, LDL-C: 132.80±23.76 vs 121.36±27.46, TG: 226.20±96.99 vs 156.56±46.76) (P<0.05), but it showed no significant differences for BMI and HDL-C factors (p>0.05). V. arctostaphylos consumption during a month led to decrease lipid profile in hyperlipidemia patients. So, this plant can be valuable to prevent the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases.

Dissertations are as scholarly resources and accurate citation to them is important. The present study was done with the aim of determining the accuracy of dissertation citations in medicine and master degree students in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 2006-2012. In this cross-sectional study, 275 medicine and master degree dissertations were surveyed in Shahrekord Medical University of Sciences from 2006 until 2012. Census method was applied for evaluation of dissertations and data was gathered by checklist consist of frequency and type of errors in citations, citation methods, accuracy and types of each error were evaluated. Of 275 assessed dissertations, 27 were master theses and 248 were Medicine dissertations. Only eight (29.62%) of master theses and 74 (29.83%) of medicine dissertations did not have any citation errors. Vancouver citation method was used in all dissertations. The mean of errors in master and medical dissertations was 7.56±6.88 and 8.92±14.23 respectively. In master dissertations, the most common error in citation was related to English books and English articles, respectively. It seems that citation method in medical master dissertations is not desirable. Therefore, planning and training in this field for students and their educators are necessary.

Medications are allocated a large proportion of hospital's budget. Due to increase in healthcare efficacy, much attention was paid to medication's costs. This study was conducted to study drug wastage rate of some medications in ophthalmology, ENT and operating room wards and nurses’ knowledge toward drug wastage in Ayatollah Kashani hospital in Shahrekord. This cross-sectional study, waste rate and financial costs of some medications used in operating room were examined daily during a three-month period. In this study, nurses, knowledge toward drug wastage was investigated using a researcher-developed questionnaire. The data were analyzed using statistical tests: t- test, and ANOVA. In this study, the highest waste proportion was allocated to propofol (22.4%) in ampoules, pilocarpine (94.9%) in drops, and mannitol (59.3%) in drips. The lowest waste proportion was atropine's (9%) in ampoules. Financially, the heaviest burden cost for each patient was propofol (21000 Rials) and the cheapest atropine's (1066 Rials). In this study, the score of respondent's knowledge of drug wastage was 82%. Considering the different doses of different drugs and different ways for consumption, this amount of wastage reported in this study cannot be justified. Therefore, responsible managers should pay more attention to consumption factors like producing.

Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder that affects 100 million people annually. It is considered as an important risk factor for clinical disorders such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cranberry (Cornus mas L.) on blood glucose and HbA1C levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. This randomized clinical trial, double-blind, placebo-controlled performed in the period of 6 weeks. 60 patients aged 41-65 years with diabetes participated in the study. Patients were randomly divided into control, consumer capsule placebo (n= 30) and group use, Cornus mas capsules. At the beginning and end of the study, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured using t-test and ANCOVA. There was no significant difference between the groups at baseline about the characteristics of the subjects (FBS, HbA1c, age). Cornus mas group compared with the control group receiving at the end of 6 weeks, the factors FBS and HbA1c decreased significantly (P< 0.05). Reducing FBS and HbA1c in patients with diabetes consumed Cornus mas for control is valuable. These changes in fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels may be the result of anthocyanin compounds in the level of Cornus mas.

Many organizations emphasize the significance of personnel as their most important asset. Advances and development of psychology science in recent decades, especially in health and spirituality and job satisfaction among personnel of organizations, have had an important and effective contribution. Individuals’ mental health in administrative complexes causes increase in their concentration, vitality, and ability to accomplish assumed duties. Present research was designed to examine association of spiritual intelligence and job satisfaction with mental health among personnel in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences (SKUMS). In this descriptive-analytical study, 364 employees of SKUMS were enrolled by stratified-random sampling. The questionnaires of spiritual intelligence, job satisfaction, and general health questionnaire (GHQ) were given to the participants. Factors such as the general thinking, belief, ability to cope, interactions with ethical problems, self-awareness, love and interest, the nature of the act, illness, medical problems and public health in the staff were measured. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant association and positive correlation coefficient between job satisfaction and mental health (P<0.005, r=0.112), but there was no statistically a significant relationship between mental health and spiritual intelligence (P>0.05, r=0.069). The results were indicative of spiritual intelligence´s effect on the personnel´s job satisfaction rate with a statistically significant association and positive correlation coefficient (r=0.33, P=0.001). According to the current study, educational and briefing programs aimed at promoting spirituality and job satisfaction, creating a healthy, safe environment free from pressures and tensions, providing welfare, recreational, and sports services are recommended to enhance mental health and satisfaction in personnel.