مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد
سال نوزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 91، امرداد و شهریور 1396)

The aim of this study was to investigate short time effect of spirulina supplementation on serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level.
The study design was quasi experimental with pre and post-test. For this reason, 14 male endurance cyclist (age 20.5±1.4, height 180.21±4.33, weight 66.4±2.16, BMI 20.22±0.7, VO2Max 71.78±2.93) that they are/were member of Iran national team were selected as participant. 1 week before test, Participants were asked to stop all supplements consumption containing vitamins and minerals which they have been using. Resting Blood sample were taken of fasting, for assessing research variable at least 18 hours after last their training session. After exhaustive exercise and body composition assessment at pretest, participates were derived into 2 groups, based on BMI (Spirulina group n=7, control group n=7). Participants used supplements in same way and same principle (6×500mg tablet per day) for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks supplementation, blood sample was taken for resting value of MDA and SOD.
Between and within groups analysis demonstrated significant increase in SOD and MDA levels under effect of exercise and 2 weeks spirulina supplementation reduced and increased significantly MDA levels (P According to results, 2 weeks of spirulina supplementation can reduce oxidative stress in elite endurance cyclist.

Odors are one of the problems of water and wastewater treatment, especially in the vicinity of residential areas. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, mineral compounds in waste water treatment plants are odorous. These gases have unfavoraitable effects on humans and the environment.
This Cross-sectional study was conducted in the Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. After field visits around the plant, the number of 12 sampling stations was determined. Sampling stations are selected in four geographical directions with regard to permanent trade winds that are zero, two and four kilo meters from the plant to Residential settlements. Sampling was performed in the morning and evening during the four seasons and 192 samples were provided.
Results showed that the concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas was more in warm seasons significantly and more odor caused (P=0.011, P=0.004) and the maximum emission is in the summertime. According to the results, the highest concentration of these gases was in the evening during the day.
According to the results, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases in all the seasons except winter is within the threshold. Concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the summer and ammonia concentrations in all the seasons were higher than US. EPA standards and World Health Organization guidelines.

The amount of injected blood in patients with thalassemia is of particular importance and the blood amount is calculated based on the exact volume of Pack cell as well as their hematocrit. The aim of this study was to evaluate pack cells and the factors affecting on the amount of their hematocrit and their association with increase in hematocrit after blood injection.
This is descriptive-analytical study. Characteristics including age, size, type of anticoagulant hemoglobin and hematocrit were recorded and one CBC was taken before injection and as well, one and twenty four hours after injection to assessment hemoglobin and hematocrit. The data were analyzed by SPSS.
The bag containing the anticoagulant substance CPDA-1 has more hematocrit than bags containing anticoagulant CPD SAGM. Bags of low leukocytes have more hematocrit than bags of conventional type (P> 0.05). With increase in Pack cell volume, hematocrit will be decreased (P Packet cell volume, type of anticoagulant and type of cell pack of the most important factors in the amount of hematocrit in blood bags that affects the hematocrit amount after injection.

In every urban waste management plan, recycling and reuse is considered as an economic pattern. This study aimed to economic evaluation of municipal solid waste recycling in Yazd by cost-benefit analysis in 2015.
This research is a descriptive–analytic study which in the data about quality and quantity of municipal solid waste in Yazd city were collected through the sampling and physical analysis and the data about total income and costs from the implementation of waste separation and recycling were collected by interview with recovery officials and field observations and were analyzed through the economic analysis of the cost-benefit.
The results indicated that the mean of waste produced annually in Yazd city was 109679.51 tons per years. The percentage of municipal waste components was organic matter (67%), plastics (7%), paper and cardboard (5%), metals (2%), wood (2%), glass (2%), leather and rubber (1%), textiles (1%) and PET containers (1%), respectively. Also, Only 2 percent of total daily production of waste were separated and recycled at source. The implementation a cost of waste separation at source on a monthly basis was 768,880,000 Rails and the benefits of it was 904,667,400 Rails and as a result, the amount of net benefit derived from the recycling scheme was 135,787,400 Rails.
Considering the economic benefits of waste separation and recycling at source in the city of Yazd, can be in addition to compensate the many of the waste management sector costs and reduced waste disposal and management costs, Preventing environmental degradation and pollution of water, soil and air resources.

Infantile colic is one of the most common problems within the first 3 months of life, which affects as many as 3% to 28% of newborn children. It causes appreciable distress for parents and pediatricians even though its pathogenesis remains unclear. The goal was to test the hypothesis that oral administration of probiotic (Lactobacillus reuteri) in a prospective randomized study was improved symptoms of infantile colic.
This is a case control clinical trial study. Seventy breastfed colicky infants were assigned randomly to receive either the probiotic L. reuteri (108 live bacteria per day) or dimethicone (20 mg/day) three times/day for 28 days.
Seventy infants contain 34 and 36 in the probiotic L. reuteri and dimethicone groups, respectively. Average ages of L. reuteri and dimethicone groups were 41/35 and 43/5 days, respectively. Daily median crying times in the probiotic L. reuteri and dimethicone groups were reduced from initial value about 206 minutes/day on the seventh day to 65 and 141 minutes/day on the 28th day, respectively. Finally, 88% and 9% patients were improved in the probiotic L. reuteri and dimethicone groups, respectively. Furthermore, no adverse effects were reported.
The probiotic L. reuteri has improved colicky symptoms in breastfed infants within 2 weeks of treatment, which suggests that probiotics may have an important role in improving not only criteria of infantile colic but also severity of gas passing of them.

Nanoparticles in a wide range of consumer products (cosmetics, health, industrial, ...) is used. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the nanoparticle Fe2NiO4 and Fe4NiO4Zn on the Hepatic, Renal and Spleen Tissues.
This study of experimental was conducted on 40 male Wistar rats. The average weight was between 200-250g and divided into 5 groups. Group I: control group received 0.5ml saline. Respectively it was injected 0.5ml from second to fifth group with concentration 100 and 200 ppm of Fe4Nio4Zn and Fe2Nio4 nanoparticles. These injections were performed for 7 consecutive days with intraperitoneally injection.
Results of H and E showed that Fe4NiO4Zn nanoparticles (200nm) had effect on the hepatic tissue and caused to damage tissues. Also, upper doze of (200nm) damaged to spleen tissue. Fe2NiO4 nanoparticle with doze (200nm) damaged the renal tissue, but, Fe2NiO4 nanoparticle with doze (100nm) had not no effect on hepatic, renal, and spleen tissues. The results of iron stain in the current study showed that iron has deposited on the spleen tissue in all of groups, but this iron sediment in the spleen in Fe4NiO4Zn treatment group (100, 200nm) was more compared with the control group (groups that contain zinc nanoparticles).
Both of Fe2NiO4 and Fe4NiO4Zn nanoparticles damage on Hepatic, renal and spleen tissues, but, damage in both of them was more in an upper doze, and iron stain showed that Fe4NiO4Zn caused more damage on spleen.

Evidence from laboratory and epidemiologic studies has showed that sleep duration and its quality relate with diabetes and may increase diabetes risk. Sleep disorders in Chronic diseases are prevalent. This study was aimed to compare sleep quality and disorders among patients with controled and uncontroled diabetes mellitus and relationship between metabolic controls of glucose and sleep.
In this case control study160 Type 2 diabetic mellitus patients referred to the Qom and Arak diabete center were selected and according to Glycemic control was assessed by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level divided in to groups with good control (n=65) and uncontroled control (n=95). Data were collected using Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and DSM-IV-TR schedule and analyzed using chi-square, logestic regression and t-test.
In the currentr study, sleep duration and quality were in significant linear corolation with HbA1c level, a key marker of glycemic control and in general, major sleeping disorders in uncontroled diabetes were dissomnia.
According to the importance rule of good glycemic control in type 2 diabetic mellitus patients, adjustment of related factors is important. Life style is one of the most important effective factor for care of diabetic patients. Sleep and rest are the most important components of human life, and for glysemic control. So, optimizing sleep duration and quality and identifying and treatment of sleep disorders should be considered as an intervention to improve glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the other hand, patients with good glycemic control have beter sleep and beter sleep quality.

Hearing loss (HL) is a most common sensory deficit in humans and approximately one in 1,000 newborns has severe-to-profound HL. About 50% of HL cases are inherited and approximately 70 percent of HL cases are Non-syndromic that about 80 percent of this type of HL is inherited in recessive manner (ARNSHL). This is a heterogeneous disease and its prevalence is higher in developing countries. In Iran due to high rate of consanguinity has high frequency, too. The purpose of the present study was to investigate genetic linkage analysis of DFNB39 locus in families with autosomal recessive nonsyndromic HL from Khuzestan province.
In this descriptive laboratory study, to determine type and frequency of HGF mutations 300 individuals of 25 families from Khuzestan province with autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss were examined. Selected families in this study had consanguinity and had at least 2 patients and also they were negative for GJB2 gene mutations. Linkage analysis was performed by 6 markers STR (Short tandem repeats) which were located in or were tightly linked to DFNB39 locus conventional PCR and PAGE.
After examining different families, it was revealed non of the families did not show linkage to the DFNB39 locus. Lack of HGF gene mutations in mentioned family suggests that the HGF's mutations probably have no role in causing HL in the studied families.
Based on the results of this study, DFNB39 locus may not be important role in causing hearing loss of population studied. However, further studies are necessary to determine more precisely the role of this locus in hearing loss in Iranian population.

Type 2 diabetes is an endocrine desease and one of the most common metabolic diseases in the world, and some environmental factors and genetic background are involved in the disease. Genetically, a large number of gene polymorphisms have been identified to be associated with this disease, but few studies have been conducted in polymorphisms miRNA and their correlation with type 2 diabetes. Among miRNAs, miR-27a involves in the predisposition to type 2 diabetes, and mutations can alter the miR-27a function and cause diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of miR-27a (rs895819) with the risk of type 2 diabetes.
In the present case-control study, 100 type 2 diabetes patients and 100 healthy individuals were randomly selected. Polymorphism miR-27a (rs895819) was investigated using PCR-RFLP method. To determine the balance or imbalance in two groups and the relationship between polymorphisms and the incidence of type 2 diabetes, Chi-square test was applied.
Significant differences in the genotype distribution of miR-27a (rs895819) in patients with type 2 diabetes in comparison to the healthy subjects indicated a P value equal to 0.038 (odds ratio: 2.63, 95% CI: 1.07-6.05).
The results suggested that there is an association between miR-27a genetic variants and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the significance of genetic variants in different populations.

Paraoxonase1 (PON1) is a liver-derived glycoprotein that is secreted into circulation. Among individuals in a population, PON1 activity varies widely. Most of this variation can be explained by polymorphisms in the coding region (Q192R) and the regulatory region (T-108C). Q192R has been more widely studied. Many studies (but not all) indicated that PON1 activity decreased in diabetes. In this study, it was investigated serum PON1 activity and its association with promoter -108 C/T and -126C/G polymorphisms in diabetic patients and non-diabetic subjects.
In this cross sectional study, spectrophotometry technique was used to define PON1 activity and HRM(High resolution melt)- Real time PCR technique was used to define -108 and -126 polymorphisms distribution in 96 diabetic patients and 104 non diabetic subjects.
Paraoxonase1 activity in both two groups was not different (P=0.67). Also, significant difference was not found in type and abundance of -108 polymorphism in groups (P=0.277). It was found significant difference in type and abundance of -126 polymorphism distribution in diabetic and non-diabetic patients (P=0.000).
The results showed that PON1 activity is not different between people with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic subjects. -108 polymorphism distributions were the same in groups. Therefore, it can be considered a reason for similar enzyme activity. In spite of similar enzyme activity, significant difference was found between groups in -126 polymorphism. Therefore, it may be related to genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.