نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند
سال بیست و سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 67، تابستان 1395)

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that can result from cytokines activity such as TNFɑ. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pulsed electromagnet therapy on femoral strength and bone microstructure in ovariectomized rats.
In this experimental study, 30 rats were randomly divided into control, experimental1 (ovariectomized) and two experimental groups; namely ovariectomized and undergoing pulsed electromagnet groups. The control and experimental1 groups were kept under controlled conditions, while the two experimental groups were treated with pulsed electromagnet (2.4 mT) from 12 postoperative weeks for 30min, 3days a week, for 10 weeks. Then, the subjects were sacrificed and their femoral bones were removed to determine the strength and the bone microstructure parameters (the trabecular and cortical thicknesses and trabecular distances). In order to determine bone microstructures, the sections were prepared and stained with H&E. Then, Haworth method was used to measure. One-way ANOVA, repeated measurements, and Scheffe post- hoc tests were applied to analyze the obtained data. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 16; Chicago,IL).
Despite equal initial weight of the subjects (P=0.15), they significantly gained weight after12 and also 22 postoperative weeks (P Pulsed electromagnet, can be effective on the osteoporosis improvement.

Organophosphate insecticides such as diazinon (DZN) can disrupt the body's antioxidant defense system. Antioxidants protect cells against oxidative stress.
In the present study, antioxidant properties of N- acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamins E and C in reducing oxidative stress caused by DZN in rat spleen were compared.
In this experimental study,48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight equal groups including. control ., DZN (100 mg/kg), NAC (160 mg/kg), vitamin E (150 mg/kg), vitamin C (200 mg/kg), NACඓ, vitamin Eඓ, and vitamin Cඓ groups. Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal injection.the animals were anesthetized and their spleen tissues were quickly removed. After tissues’ hemogenation superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) ,lactate dehydrogenase activities, as well as glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde levels were determined using biochemical methods.
DZN increased SOD and GST activities , but it decreased CAT activity and GSH content in the spleen. Administration of the antioxidant NAC or vitamin E caused SOD and GAT improvement.
DZN induces oxidative stress in the spleen. NAC ,through increasing the synthesis of GSH , vitamins E ,and C- by removing free radicals- reduce DZN-induced oxidative stress. Comparing the effects of these antioxidants on GSH and GST activity indicates that the antioxidant value of NAC is greater than vitamins E and C.

In the present study the influence of the different sulfate concentration on the anaerobic lagoon stabilization was investigated.
The present study is an experimental research carried out on anaerobic stabilization pond pilot for 7 months in Birjand wastewater treatment plant. After making sure of a steady state sulfate with different concentrations of 200, 300 and 400 mg/L were injected into the pilot. Then parameters including pH, organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, BOD5, COD and nitrate were measured. All of the experiments were carried out according to the methods presented in the book "Standard Method" for the examination of water and wastewater (2005).
It was found that by increasing sulfate concentration from 200 to 300 mg/L all of parameters except BOD5 (10% reduction) had no significant changes., but by increasing the sulfate concentration from 200 to 400 mg/L the removal efficiency of the parameters such as BOD5, COD, Organic nitrogen, total kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate and sulfate reduced to 11, 8, 12, 26, 6 and 10 percent, respectively. PH in the first stage was alkaline and then changed to acidic.
Anaerobic stabilization ponds have different capacities for removal of organic compounds at different sulfate concentrations; so that; in sulfate concentration of 200 mg/L, the proper operation was seen and in concentration of 300 mg/L, sulfate-reducing bacteria get dominant and therefore odor is produced.. Alternatively, by increasing the concentration of sulphate to 400 mg/L, ammonia nitrogen increased 2.5 times (150%) in the effluent.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals in water that mostly enters the water cycle through industrial waste water. Silver nanoparticles have the capacity to remove heavy metals from the water resources through the mechanism of adsorption. The present study aimed at producing silver bio-nanoparticles and optimizing . Cd removal from aquatic solutions.
Silver bio-nanoparticles were extracted via a micro-algae Chlorella vulgaris extract and silver nitrate synthesis. Then, the characteristics of the particles were determined using FT-IR, XRD, SEM devices. In order to optimize Cadmium adsorption by means of silver nanoparticles, parameters including pH, reaction time, initial concentration of Cd and concentrations of nanoparticles were studied under different conditions.
The resulting nanoparticles were spherical, single and crystalline, whose sizes were 10-45 nm. Under the condition of PH = 8, the initial concentration of cadmium 0.5 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.5 mg, reaction time of 10 min, temperature of 300C and mixing speed of 200 rpm, 99% of cadmium was removed. Isotherm of Cadmium-ion adsorption followed Langmuir (R2> 0/96 (and Freundlich (R2> 0/94) models.
Under optimal conditions, silver bio-nanoparticles had the capacity of quick and effective adsorption of cadmium. Thus, with a cheap, non-toxic and environmentally friendly method can remove heavy metals in a short time.

Dialysis patients are prone to various complications such as physical, economic, social and psychological problems which can result in psychopathological complications.. The current study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of psychological rehabilitation using Dohsa-Hou, on reducing ESRD (Hemodialysis) patients’ depression, anxiety, and stress, in Zahdan city.
The present study is a semi experimental research on 30 patients of hemodialysis (ESRD) men, having medical records in Kidney Patient Support Foundation and Private Centers of Zahdan city. These patients were selected through available sampling method. They were randomly divided into two equal groups: experimental and control group.). The experimental group underwent 11 therapy sessions Dohsa psychomotor relaxation for 11 weeks, each lasting 45 minutes. Data collection tool was depression, anxiety, and stress questionnaire (DASS-21). The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software (V:19), applying independent t-test and covariance statistical tests.
Mean score of depression, anxiety, and stress in the experimental and control groups, revealed no significant difference before intervention (P>0.05), but it was significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control (P0.05).
The results showed that psychological rehabilitation using Dohsa-Hou has a significant impact on reducing ESRD patients’ depression, anxiety, and stress. Therefore, not only prescribing medicines for their problems is suggested, but also. psychologic interventions are recommended.

Along with the development of cardiac diagnostic procedures, new risk factors ,such as homocysteine role in cardiovascular disease, have been proposed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of homocysteine and total antioxidant capacity in patients with acute myocardial infarction compared with the control group.
A case-control study was conducted on 45 patients with myocardial infarction admitted to Vali-e-asr hospital in Birjand and 45 healthy people matched with the case group.Total antioxidant capacity applying FRAP method and homocysteine levels were measured using ELISA The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software at the significant level P There was no statistically significant difference in terms of age, sex, body mass index, lipid profile and fasting blood glucose between two groups. Total antioxidant capacity in case and control groups, respectively 837.86±175.07 and 981.91±276.57 µmol/L and average level of homocysteine in the case and control groups, 15.77±8.09 and 12.19±6.75 respectively.Statistical analysis showed that the antioxidant capacity in the patient group was significantly lower than the control group (P=0.004) and no significant difference in the levels of homocysteine in both groups (P = 0.11).
The study showed that oxidative stress and low antioxidant capacity can be associated with the pathogenesis of MI; and more studies are required to confirm the relationship between homocysteine and cardiovascular disease.

Some viruses (including herpes viruses) due to neurotropic properties and latency are considered as a possible factor in many central nervous system disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The aim of the current study was to assess the level of IgG antibodies against Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in these diseases.
In this case-control study, a total of 92 serum samples including those of 46 patients admitted to Iran Psychiatric Hospital and 46 samples of the healthy personnel of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, as a control group, were assessed. The level of IgG antibodies against HSV 1 & 2 and EBV were tested using ELISA kits and the presence or absence of EBV genome (active infection) was examined by Real-time PCR. Finally, the obtained. Data were analyzed by means of IBM SPSS( V:22) software using Chi square test and T- test.
Prevalence of HSV 1 & 2 antibodies in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (case group.) and healthy individuals (control group.) were 80/4% and 82/6% ,respectively. The results showed no significant difference in HSV 1 & 2 antibody regarding P value (P= 0.79). Prevalence of EBV antibodies in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and healthy controls were 100% and 89/1%, respectively. The results showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of anti-EBV antibody titers with P value of 0.02. Besides, in order to detect the genome of EBV virus, Real-time PCR was u sedon 87 samples with positive EBV antibodies in which no EBV genome was detected.
The findings showed a significant association between EBV infection with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but there was no significant association between herpes simplex viruses with the mentioned diseases.

Nowadays, scientific and industrial advances in medical field and pharmaceutics have provided access to various types of medications which, without proper monitoring, can lead to willful drug use. The present study aimed at determining self-medication epidemiology and its related factors in pharmacy visitors in Birjand in 2015.
This analytical descriptive study was conducted on 944 Birjand pharmacy visitors, using stratified randomized sampling in the winter and spring of 2015. The necessary data was obtained by means of a validated and reliable questionnaire. Then, it was fed into SPSS (V:19) software and was analysed using the statistical testes X2 ,independent T, Mann Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis ,and Tukey at the significant level P Mean age of the participants was 32.8 ± 10.8 years. Among them, 84.5% from whom 58% were men, expressed their inappropriate self-medication. Common cold, allergy (61.4%) and analgesics (43.9%) had the highest rate of use. Unavailability of physicians (33%), easy access to medications in pharmacies (44.5%) and similar prescriptions (30.6%) were the main reasons for inappropriate self- medication.
It was found that the inappropriate use of drugs, mainly in common cold, analgesic and antibiotic drugs, was high in the study population. The easy access to medicines pharmacies is probably the most important factor of the self medication.