مجله توسعه تکنولوژی صنعتی
پیاپی 15 (پاییز 1389)

One of the key stages of technology policy making is the technology capability assessment in national level. This assessment requires the related indices with the suitable technology domain and conceptual framework in such a way that the comprehensiveness and accuracy of this evaluation are maintained. By using an innovative framework and technology special indices، the technology capability assessment is performed in this article. This assessment presents a comprehensive and systematic attitude about the technology status in the country، and it would pave the way for policy making and technology development towards the realization of the goals of the twenty-year perspective of the country.

According to the Iran''s vision 1404، Research and Technology Organizations which have mission to perform research and development activities aimed at improving competitiveness by encouraging firms technological and innovative capabilities، are becoming one of the most important parts of our country''s economy. Nowadays، RTOs have been criticized intensively because of unfulfilling their mission; meanwhile knowledge production have been highly increased and according to some reports reached to five times، but country''s industries are face to several difficulties to procure their technological requirements and usually acquire it form industrialized countries. Hence effectiveness and competitiveness of RTOs is under hesitating، and it indicates that systematic analysis of competitiveness of RTOs according to a right and fit model is mandatory. In order to explaining competitiveness concept and effective factors on it، So many of scientists have developed several theories and modals، which introduce effective factors and categories them. These theories and models are so diverse but some of them are better fit to RTOs. Therefore in this paper some of the famous models of competitiveness which are probably better for explaining competitiveness of RTOs is described and analytically criticized.

Nowadays، the world ever-increasing competition has prevented many industries from the basic and fundamental research opportunity; for this reason، most of the companies have to undertake only the critical and required researches. World communications، generalization of many sciences and knowledge، and the more possibility and comfort in purchasing from their owners، remove the necessity of doing over the researches and generating new knowledge. Money is allocated for knowledge production while the development and innovation process make money and wealth resulting in the development of technology and economy. In this article، along with the introduction of development and innovation، we proceed to state their importance in the development of technology and economy. Thus، the difference among research، development and innovation and their centers along with the features of their required human resources are studied; the subject is followed by some important points which are effective in management of these units.

The present knowledge gap between technology supplier and importer is the basis of technology demand and its transfer in international levels. The profound recognition of this gap can fulfill better the demands for international technology transfer; and by using the information technology، it causes the knowledge management performed more effectively، and the time and expenses of the transfer reduced. In this article، the steps of the international technology transfer along with the type of the knowledge gap are recognized too.

In today''s world، foresight is widely received the acceptance، and in the world moving increasingly towards getting more complicated the different countries، regions، and companies pondering regularly، coherently and coordinately about a desired future. Foresight is an organized and goal-oriented process which causes the key players of science and technology arena to come together in order to illustrate a possible future and the ways getting to it. Foresight activities at different organizational، regional and national levels are performed in a country. Undoubtedly، performing foresight in each of these cases has important differences with the other one، but we should use the experiences of foresight in each level for the other ones to have a successful foresight in each of them. Foresight at organizational level is looking for illustrating the activity trend of a company in a short، middle، and long term future، and strengthening its competitive capabilities. Regional foresight is the application of regional methods in order to inform and direct the decisions taken at sub-national level. Foresight at national level accounted as the most important manifestation of foresight activities، and has allocated most of the related activities to itself up to now، is looking for illustrating the national perspective and forming the process of national policy and decision making.

Whereas the use of computer simulations in engineering science began over half a century ago، only in the past decade simulation theory and technology have made a dramatic impact across the engineering fields. That remarkable change has come about mainly because of developments in the computational and computer sciences and the rapid advances in computing equipment and systems. There are other reasons. For example، a host of technologies are on the horizon that we cannot hope to understand، develop، or utilize without simulation. In this article، we explore the potential impact of advances in Simulation-Based Engineering Sciences (SBES) on science and technology and identifies the challenges and barriers to further advances in SBES. We can expect dramatic advances on a broad front; such as medicine، materials science، homeland security، manufacturing، engineering design، and many others. Because of the lengthy issues، the article is divided into two parts. The first part includes: The importance of SBES، as a priority for tomorrow''s science and engineering، some of its remarkable applications having great benefits for the society and some suggestions in this respect. In the second part of the article the subjects such as below are explored: The greatest barriers، challenges، and opportunities in SBES including: «The challenge of multi scale modeling and simulation; the methods of uncertainty quantification، model validation and verification; dynamic simulation systems، sensors، measurements، and heterogeneous simulations; new vistas in simulation software; the emergence of Big Data in simulation، and the role of visualization in SBES; the next-generation algorithms and computational performance»، and finally the effect of SBES on educational system for tomorrow''s engineers، scientists، and experts.

The Independent Research and Technology Organizations، established for technology development and commercialization، undertake the mission of technologically and innovatively support of the industries through the development and commercialization of the technology. One of the requirements for commercializing and marketing the developed technology is the know-how pricing. Know-how valuation and pricing are among the most difficult activities. Many of the technology developer and owner organizations have changed their minds about the scientific pricing because of the complexities related to technology and know-how. On the other hand، using the other creditable scientific methods for pricing has made these institutions to use them in order to gain more success in know-how commercialization. In this article، by using a hybrid approach، the know-how is first evaluated through a systematic model. Then، based on the computation of the technology development expenses and its combination with quantitative amount obtained from the performed evaluation، the pricing is done. This method is based on the experiences and the innovation of the experts in this field and is developed based on the logic of the theory taken from the data. Finally، the model is applied for a case study، and for its credit assessment the pricing of a few know-how already sold، is used.