مجله توسعه تکنولوژی صنعتی
پیاپی 21 (بهار و تابستان 1392)

The increasing growth of energy demand and the fossil fuels exhaustion from one hand، and the increasing of the environmental pollutants from the other hand، have provided an incentive for the researchers and investors in energy sector to be attracted towards controlling and supplying the energy by the renewable resources. Among these resources، the solar energy has more attractiveness، considering the high potential of radiation in vast areas of our country. In a simple classification، the technologies of electricity production of the sun are divided into three groups: photovoltaic، solar heat concentrator، and innovative technologies including updraft tower. Photovoltaic technology which functions on the base of changing sun light to electricity has the greatest growth among these groups، and many countries utilize it in the form of power plant and otherwise. Between the other two technologies، the solar heat especially the method of linear parabolic is developed more. Also، the statistical analysis of the largest built power plants with photovoltaic and solar heat technologies is an indication of the absolute superiority of photovoltaic one from the point of view of construction cost، surface area occupied، and also installation flexibility among the types of solar technologies.

Depletion of fossil fuels and their inappropriate influence on climate change have lead to rapid substitution of them with clean and renewable resources throughout the world. Iran، due to suitable geographical location and high solar irradiation potential، has an ideal opportunity to grow its solar industry، particularly photovoltaic systems. PV cells and modules are the most important and costly parts of PV systems which must be supplied through foreign and/or domestic manufacturers. Quality assurance of these products is essential to reach high efficiency and lifetime of PV systems. A reference laboratory، as a responsible entity to obtain this goal، facilitates quality testing of equipments and quality assurance of production lines، as well as contributing to the research and development. This paper، according to these tasks، focuses on feasibility study and conceptual design of establishing a photovoltaic cell and module reference laboratory. This research includes listing of standard tests procedures and equipments، assessment of domestic potential for PV tests، determining methods for procuring equipments، suggesting organizational structure، estimating assessment of laboratory space، and finally، assessment of time and cost of establishing a PV reference laboratory

Granting a license from the related organizations is the first step to develop and construct photovoltaic power plants. These licenses include the study of the technical and economic feasibility of power plant construction from renewable energy organization of Iran (SUNA)، and the license of connecting to network from the Ministry of Power. The aim of this article is to study the technical feasibility of photovoltaic power plant construction with the capacity of 1. 5 megawatt in Yazd city which would be worthwhile to present to SUNA in order to get the license. First، the regional conditions and the solar radiation energy of the power plant construction site are studied. Second، the suitable module and invertor are selected، and the technical studies of the power plant are done by using the Sunny Design software، confirmed by SUNA. In this study، by using the PVSyst software the optimum arrangement of the panels and minimizing the shadowing effect of them on each other are performed. The results gained in the considered region were the use of 3 invertors of 500 watts، two rows of vertical panels of 250 watts، with the rows separated of each other by 5. 23 meters in order to obtain the optimum output power of the power plant. Finally، the report of the performed simulations by Sunny Design، and PVSyst softwares are presented too.

The present apprehensions about the exhaustibility and also environment pollutions resulted from fossil fuels، the price fluctuations and energy crises can be removed if the solar energy as one of the most important types of innovative and renewable energies is used as an alternative. Besides، the governments’ success and the countries’ development are due to utilize and attract today’s knowledge and technology in the era of knowledge-based economics. Thus، national strategies for a solar power plant construction which is one of the new and effective technologies in societies with sustainable development are compiled in this article considering SWOT pattern as a logical، objective and systematic method for great decision makings. After recognizing and classifying the economic، political، security and sovereignty، social and cultural، scientific and technical، and environmental effective factors، then the strength or weakness، and the opportunity or threats of each of them are studied. Among the most important suggested strategies in different arenas are: the maximum capacity utilization of our universities and research centers in Iran، indigenization of the most equipment of the solar power plant، and service licensing to private sector.

Uncontrolled emissions of greenhouse gases and global warming phenomenon have led to unfavorable effects on climate changes in the past few decades. Electrical power plants، which mostly consume fossil fuels and are responsible for the release of about 37. 5% of carbon، are one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. However، the installation of 100 kW photovoltaic solar plants can prevent emission of 100 to 140 tons of CO2 per year. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)، is one of the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol aimed at partnership of developing countries in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the three phases of the approval of projects، the registration of project proposals، and emission reduction certification. The most important document in three steps is the project design document including technical، economic، social and environmental issues. Projects dealing with renewable energy constitute more than 67% of the CDM projects، about 5% of which are related to solar technology (mainly photovoltaic). Statistical analyses on large-scale photovoltaic projects (above 10 MW) show that the emission reduction potential of this technology is 1369 tCO2/MW on average. In addition، revenues from the sale of emission reduction certification can supply more than 70% of the annual maintenance cost of the power plant.

In today''s world، EPC (Engineering، procurement، construction) is one of the types of common contracts، especially when the state sector decides to use the skill of the internal and external contractors in designing and constructing the infra structure projects. In this paper، first we proceed to study the types of EPC contracts and state their specifications; the required precision in selecting the appropriate EPC model is emphasized، because the type of the selected model has a great impact on the duties، the rate of risk and assigned responsibility of the both sides، the price offered by the contractors، and finally the rate of taskmaster supervision on contractors'' performance. Second، for each model some criteria are defined which the taskmaster can give privilege to each criteria to select the suitable model considering his strategies and macro policies. Finally، based on the ranking of these criteria which have been done by the elites and experts، the best suitable model for solar power plant construction project in Iran is also suggested.

Solar energy is the most abundant renewable energy resource of the world، but the trend of technologies development of generating electricity from this source has been slow up to now. The specifications such as the possibility of utilization in vast areas of the earth points، compatibility with environment، productibility in the place of consumption، the supply possibility in remote areas، suitable lifetime and high reliability، the ease of installation and utilization، have led to the remarkable targeting of the countries in solar electricity and the increase of the noticeable leap possibility in the related industries and technologies. The compilation of the national programs and priorities such as roadmap provision of solar electricity in the country are inevitable، considering the desired future of solar electricity in the world and the global investment growth in the field of development of production capacities and utilization of renewable energies. In this article considering the present requirements، first a brief of the theoretical base of the roadmap and the study results of the upper hand documents of renewable energies are stated. Second، the present status of the country solar electricity industry، solar electricity technologies، types of solar power plants، and the drivers are presented. Finally، while stating the future global scenarios of solar electricity and the future alternatives of this energy، the roadmap compilation process of the solar power plant and its different layers are suggested.

Global Community tendency to renewable energies، especially solar energy، will be dominant trend in 21st century. In the case of solar energy، photovoltaic (PV) systems are considered as the most commonly used and widely accepted approach. Likewise in Iran، various research and executive projects have been defined in the field of PV power plants construction. National standards compilation is the main requirements for development of domestic PV power plants industry in every country. In this regard، several measures have been done in Iran over the past few years. However، most of them are related to design and construction of PV cells rather than power plants systems. To resolve this deficiency، and as a first national movement، Academic Center for Education، Culture and Research (ACECR) -Sharif Branch began to compile national solar energy standards focusing on PV power plants with regard to creditable international standards. The first part of this article deals with collection and analysis of international creditable photovoltaic standards and the second part is dedicated to prioritization and selection of appropriate options (standards) in order to be offered to Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). Based on criteria and analysis of this research، twenty most prioritized standards were selected and proposed to ISIRI، which some of them have been scheduled to be compiled in this Institute.