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پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی - پیاپی 102 (زمستان 1396)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 102 (زمستان 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/01/06
  • تعداد عناوین: 14
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  • مقاله علمی پژوهشی
  • مصطفی محمدی ده چشمه *، محمدعلی فیروزی، سعید حیدری نیا صفحات 733-753
    امروزه با شهری کردن فضای نبرد به خصوص در شهرهای بزرگ و کلان شهرها، توجه به امر پدافند غیرعامل به عنوان یک راه حل جهت کاهش آسیب ها و افزایش توان ها حائز اهمیت است. در این راستا، یکی از راه های حفاظت از کاربری های ویژه (حیاتی، حساس و مهم)، توزیع مکانی مناسب این نوع کاربری ها است. کلان شهر اهواز به دلیل موقعیت ژئواستراتژیک، ژئواکونومیک و ژئوکالچر جایگاه ویژه ای دارد. هدف اصلی از نگارش پژوهش، پس از بازشناسی اصول مکانی پدافند غیرعامل شهری و استخراج استانداردهای مکانی استقرار کاربری های ویژه، مدل مکانی استقرار و همچنین وضعیت همجواری این کاربری ها در کلان شهر اهواز است.
    نوع پژوهش حاضر، کاربردی- توسعه ای است و با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی به انجام رسیده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، تمامی کاربری های حیاتی شامل پنج دسته تاسیسات و تجهیزات شهری، مراکز مدیریتی، نظامی– انتظامی، پشتیبانی و حمل ونقل کلان شهر اهواز است و برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از برخی فرمول های کمی و نرم افزار Arc GIS استفاده شده است. مطابق نتایج، حدود 80/0 درصد از کاربری های حیاتی به لحاظ رعایت اصول همجواری در وضعیت مناسبی قرار ندارند. 69/0 درصد از کاربری های حیاتی از لحاظ جانمایی در سطح ناسازگار نسبت به سایر کاربری اراضی قرار دارند و 13/24 درصد از کاربری های حیاتی موجود کلان شهر اهواز در فاصله ای به نسبت سایر کاربری های ویژه قرار گرفته اند که تراکمی ناسازگار را به وجود آورده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: پدافند غیرعامل، توزیع مکانی، کاربری ویژه، کلان شهر اهواز
  • محمدرضا احدی *، الناز غنی زاده حصار صفحات 755-767
    آرام سازی ترافیک، یکی از اقدامات مهندسی محسوب می شود که می تواند با صرف هزینه های نه چندان بالا سبب کاهش قابل توجه سرعت وسایل نقلیه شده و در نتیجه، در کاهش نرخ تصادفات و تلفات ناشی از آنان تاثیری مشخص بر جای گذارد. ازآنجایی که اجرای طرح های آرام سازی می تواند روند ترافیک معابر به خصوص خیابان های محلی را با تغییر مواجه کند، باید در انتخاب ابزارهای آرام سازی و تعیین مقاطع مناسب جهت اجرای آن ها برای تجدیدحیات محله دقت لازم اعمال شود. آرام سازی ترافیک محلات مسکونی، موضوعی است که جهت حفظ کارکردهای اجتماعی و فرهنگی و جلوگیری از تعادل نداشتن زیست محیطی محلات مسکونی پیشنهاد می شود. هدف اصلی از نگارش پژوهش، بررسی امکان آرام سازی ترافیک محله یورد شاهی ارومیه با رویکردی در جهت تجدیدحیات این محله است که با استفاده از مطالعات اسنادی و کتابخانه ای به شناخت و ارزیابی وضعیت موجود محله یورد شاهی ارومیه پرداخته و نتایج به دست آمده را در قالب روش تحلیلی-کاربردی با استفاده از جدول SWOT و اولویت دارترین عوامل در محله را مشخص کرده و به ارائه راهکارهایی در راستای موضوع مورد بررسی خواهیم پرداخت. در نتایج به دست آمده، از پژوهش راهبرد تهاجمی SO به عنوان اولویت دارترین راهبرد شناخته شده که عوامل تهاجمی نشان می دهد و محله یورد شاهی که توان لازم برای برنامه های سامان دهی و آرام سازی ترافیک را دارد، استفاده شد. در انتها نیز براساس یافته های پژوهش، با تاکید بر محله یورد شاهی شهر ارومیه و دستورالعمل مشارکت های اجتماعی در محلات مسکونی، راهکارهایی پیشنهاد شد.
    کلیدواژگان: آرامسازی، تجدیدحیات، ترافیک، محله، SWOT
  • ابوالفضل مشکینی*، الهام امیرحاجلو، ابوالفضل زنگانه صفحات 769-789
    این مقاله نگاهی فلسفی بر مطالعه نابرابری در سطح عاملیت و ساختار در توسعه صنعت گردشگری و کاستی های دانش گردشگری دارد. در این راستا، به بررسی دیدگاه ها و الگو های اساسی دانش گردشگری می پردازد و ضرورت تغییر روش شناختی در این زمینه را مطرح می کند. هدف این مقاله، مبنی بر مطالعه نابرابری ها در توسعه صنعت گردشگری در ایران در دو دوره کلی قبل و بعد از انقلاب اسلامی، رئالیسم انتقادی، رویکردی متمایز در مطالعه نابرابری در توسعه صنعت گردشگری ارائه می کند. در این مطالعه، روابط بین عاملان که تولیدکننده نابرابری در توسعه هستند در سه سطح طبقه بندی شده است: سازوکار یا سیاست های گردشگری (سطح واقعی) که دستورالعمل هایی را ارائه می کند و عاملان و ذینفعان (سطح بالفعل) که دستورالعمل ها را به روش های مختلف برای تولید نتایج مختلف بیان می کند و درحال حاضر، در فضا (سطح تجربی) تجربه شده، تفسیر می کنند. این پژوهش نشان داد که رویکردهای پوزیتیویسم در مطالعه نابرابری گردشگری در ایران مشارکت گروه های ذینفع را در سیاست شهری درنظر نمی گیرد و به نیروهای اجتماعی-فضایی گسترده که فراتر از سطح محلی عمل می کنند، توجهی نشان نمی دهد. همچنین نشان داد که فرصت برابر برآمده از سیاست های توسعه گردشگری، پتانسیل مورد نیاز برای ترویج توسعه پایدار گردشگری را دارد. برنامه ریزی توریسم منطقه ای با درنظرگرفتن نواحی، ذینفعان و کنشگران درگیر برای تعادل بخشی، همگرایی سرزمینی و کاستن از نابرابری اقتصادی و اجتماعی-فضایی، امری ضروری است.
    کلیدواژگان: ایران، نابرابری، رئالیسم انتقادی، گردشگری، گردشگری پایدار
  • فرامرز بریمانی*، غریب فاضل نیا، زهرا صیادی صفحات 791-805
    زنان عشایر همواره در فعالیت های روزمره نقش شایان توجهی داشته اند، اما با اجرای سیاست اسکان و دگرگونی زندگی عشایر کوچنده، و به دنبال آن نقش و کارکرد زنان عشایر نیر تغییر و تحول کرده است. آنچه در عمل اتفاق می افتد، فروپاشی از یک سو و اسکان خودجوش و هدایت شده از سوی دیگر است. در این روند، به طورکلی نه تنها وضعیت کوچندگان، بلکه نقش زنان عشایری به طور خاص، به دلیل ماهیت زندگی شان وخیم تر شده است و نقش زنان در تامین معاش خانواده نیز به شدت کاهش می یابد. این تحقیق از نوع توسعه ای-کاربردی است. جامعه آماری، شامل پنج سامانه اسکان یافته شهرستان زابل واقع در سیستان با 250 خانوار است. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران از طریق نمونه گیری تصادفی، همسران 141 سرپرست خانوار انتخاب شد، که به دلیل دوری سامانه ها از هم و مشکلات ناشی از دسترسی به آن ها از 124 زن پرسش شده است. برای جمع آوری داده ها دو پرسشنامه طراحی شد. پرسشنامه اول توسط زنان عشایر و پرسشنامه دوم توسط خبرگان محلی پر شده است.با توجه به بررسی تطبیقی از دو مقطع قبل و بعد اسکان، وضعیت عمومی عشایر اسکان یافته نامناسب است و نقش زنان عشایر در تولید فرآورده های لبنی و صنایع دستی پس از اسکان تضعیف و درآمد خانوار نیز کاهش یافته است. به عبارتی بین تضعیف نقش تولیدی زنان و درآمد خانوار، رابطه معنی داری وجود دارد. براساس یافته ها می توان گفت که سیاست اسکان عشایر در سامانه های مورد مطالعه موفقیت آمیز نبوده است.
    کلیدواژگان: اسکان، درآمد خانوار، زنان، سیستان، عشایر، مشارکت
  • سید مسعود پورصفوی*، شاهین جعفری صفحات 807-820
    در دهه های اخیر، با تسریع فرایند جهانی شدن و افزایش گستره اقتصاد مبتنی بر دانش اطلاعات، مفهوم رقابت پذیری و سنجش آن در بین شهرها و مناطق، توجه زیادی از برنامه ریزان و تصمیم سازان شهری و منطقه ای را به خود جلب کرده است، اما علی رغم گستردگی اهمیت این مفهوم، ابهامات زیادی نیز برای تعریف و سنجش آن عنوان شده است. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با توجه به ادبیات نه چندان گسترده در کشور، با استفاده از آرای صاحب نظران، تعریف روشن و جامعی را از این مفهوم ارائه می کند. سپس، مناطق شهری عملکرد استان مازندران را با استفاده از تحلیل خوشه ایمی سنجد و پیشنهاد هایی را برای ارتقای رقابت پذیری مناطق ارائه می کند. یافته های تحلیل خوشه ایدر سه سطح و هفت عرصه رقابت پذیری شامل ترکیب و تخصص گرایی صنعتی، محیط کارآفرین، ظرفیت نوآوری، نیروی کار ماهر، استخدام پذیری، سن و اندازه بنگاه و بیانگر برتری سه شهر بزرگ استان که شامل ساری، آمل و بابل در سطح یک است. این خوشه، با ایجاد صرفه های تجمع لازم توانسته جریانی از سرمایه گذاری ها را به سوی خود جلب کند و درنتیجه، محیطی کارآفرین را خلق کند. در سطح بعدی قائمشهر، تنکابن، بابلسر، بهشهر، چالوس قرار گرفته اند. مهم ترین فرصت های رقابتی این گروه، دسترسی به نیروی کار ماهر و استخدام پذیری و عمده ترین ضعف آن ها در نبود پشتیبانی اقتصادی و جمعیتی این شهرها در ساخت محیطی کارآفرین و جذب سرمایه گذاری ها است. به نظر می رسد پیوندهای همکارانه، برای ارتقای کارایی فضایی استان می تواند پشتیبانی برای توسعه اقتصادی مناطق گروه دوم و سوم، برای پوشش ضعف ها و تقویت فرصت های رقابتی استان مازندران باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: استان مازندران، تحلیل خوشه ای، رقابت پذیری منطقه ای، مناطق شهری عملکردی
  • افشین متقی *، جهانگیر حیدری، ایرج نیکجو صفحات 821-839
    نیروهای همگرا و واگرا که در تعیین چگونگی و کیفیت انسجام ملی نقش عمده ای دارند، مفاهیم جدا از هم نیستند، بلکه متغیرهایی هستند که دارای پیوندی معکوس و تاثیرپذیر از هم هستند. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با تکیه بر مدل ابداعی سه منظوره، وضعیت همگرایی و واگرایی در استان کردستان را تحلیل و تجزیه می کند. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه است و پرسشنامه ها برای دو دسته از پاسخگویان (مدیران سیاسی و شهروندان استان کردستان) در چهار شاخص، تقسیمات کشوری، مشارکت سیاسی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی طراحی شده است. براساس روش نمونه گیری هدفمند در اختیار 54 نفر از مدیران سیاسی و به روش خوشه ایدر اختیار 189 نفر از شهروندان استان کردستان قرار گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که براساس نیازسنجی مدیران سیاسی، مردم کردستان در مدل سه منظوره در مسیر همگرایی هستند. از طرفی براساس مطالبات شناسی و با توجه به مطالبات مردم کردستان در صورت پوشش و پاسخ مثبت به مطالبات، مدل سه منظوره هرچه بیشتر به سمت تعمیق همگرایی پیش خواهد رفت. از دیدگاه مدیران سیاسی، شاخص های مشارکت سیاسی در رتبه اول، اقتصادی در رتبه دوم، اجتماعی-فرهنگی در رتبه سوم و تقسیمات کشوری در رتبه چهارم قرار دارند. از دیدگاه شهروندان و مطالبات شناسی آن ها، شاخص های اقتصادی در اولویت اول، اجتماعی-فرهنگی اولویت دوم، مشارکت سیاسی اولویت سوم و تقسیمات کشوری در اولویت چهارم هستند.
    کلیدواژگان: قومیت، مطالبات شناسی، نیازسنجی، واگرایی، همگرایی
  • مراد کاویانی راد *، حسن مالداری صفحات 841-855
    بخش عمده ای از راهبرد ملی کشورها، تابعی از موقعیت ژئوپلیتیک آن هاست. با فروپاشی اتحاد جماهیر شوروی، ژئوپلیتیک درون مایه ای اقتصادی شد. از این رو، کدهای ژئوپلیتیک کشورها ناگزیر از همراهی با تحولات اقتصادی در مقیاس محلی، منطقه ای و جهانی است. این دگرگونی در روی آوردن کشورها به منطقه گرایی و همگرایی منطقه ای که عموما جهت گیری اقتصادی داشته اند، موثر است. در دوره حاکمیت گفتمان دوقطبی، کشور ایران به دلیل پیوند به دریای آزاد، اتصال با هارتلند و قرارگرفتن میان دو قدرت خشکی و دریایی در راهبرد جهانی، وزن ژئوپلیتیک دارد. جنوب خاوری ایران با داشتن مزیت ژئوپلیتیک بالا،کارکردهای تولید قدرت را داراست. مزیت های ژئواکونومیک ناحیه یادشده، در حوزه ژئوپلیتیک شبه قاره هند، جنوب آسیا، افغانستان، کشورهای آسیای مرکزی و قفقاز فرصتی را برای کدهای ژئوپلیتیک کشور فراهم می کند تا نقش آفرینی کنند. پژوهش حاضر ماهیت توصیفی-تحلیلی دارد و بر این فرض استوار است که راهبرد اتخاذشده از سوی ایران در منطقه جنوب خاوری کشور با ظرفیت های ژئوپلیتیک و ژئواکونومیک آن سازگار و هماهنگ نیست و در تولید قدرت ملی ایران کارایی نداشته است. یافته های پژوهش نیز با تاکید بر داده های آماری، نشان دهنده ناکارآمدی کنونی این بخش از کشور در تقسیم کار ملی است و به دلیل ضعف زیرساخت های توسعه منطقه ای در همگرایی منطقه ای برای ایران، فرصت آفرینی نکرده است.
    کلیدواژگان: جنوب شرق ایران، راهبرد ملی، ژئواکونومیک، ژئوپلیتیک
  • محمدرضا حافظ نیا*، احمد طاهری، منوچهر فرج زاده اصل، حسین کرمی نژاد صفحات 857-868
    پدیده گرد و غبار به عنوان یکی از مخاطرات حاصل از تعامل انسان و طبیعت، به دلیل مسائلی از جمله سیاست های غلط مدیریتی و کنترل ناصحیح منابع آب، تغییرات اقلیمی، خشکسالی و همچنین تخریب های گسترده محیط زیست و منابع آب وخاک، شکل و ابعاد گسترده ای به خود گرفته و به صورت مشکلی جدی درآمده است. براین اساس پدیده گرد و غبار از عوامل مختلفی از جمله عوامل سیاسی تاثیر پذیرفته که در جنوب غرب آسیا و در حوزه رودخانه ای دجله و فرات گسترش یافته است. این مقاله به بررسی عوامل سیاسی پدیده گرد و غبار در حوزه رودخانه ای دجله و فرات می پردازد. پرسشی که در این مقاله - به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی و مبتنی بر اطلاعات کتابخانه ای- بررسی شده، این است که: «عوامل سیاسی موثر در تشدید پدیده گرد و غبار در حوزه رودخانه ای دجله و فرات کدام اند؟». نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهد جنگ و درگیری نظامی، ضعف مدیریت سیاسی فضا و شرایط امنیتی-سیاسی در تشدید پدیده گرد و غبار در حوزه رودخانه ای دجله و فرات تاثیرگذار است. جنگ و درگیری نظامی با تخریب پوشش گیاهی، بی ثباتی سطح خاک در تشدید این پدیده تاثیرگذار هستند. به طورکلی، از دیگر عوامل تاثیرگذار در تشدید پدیده گرد و غبار، ناتوانی و ضعف مدیریت سیاسی فضا و مدیریت آب به طور خاص است. در سال های اخیر، شرایط امنیتی منطقه نیز به گونه ای بوده است که در کشورهای منطقه، به ویژه در عراق و سوریه ماهیانه صدها نفر از غیرنظامیان کشته شده اند. این وضعیت در ناتوانی مسئولان برای مدیریت و کنترل گرد و غبار تاثیرگذار است.
    کلیدواژگان: جنگ و درگیری نظامی، حوزه رودخانه ای دجله و فرات، شرایط امنیتی، سیاسی، ضعف مدیریت سیاسی فضا، گرد و غبار
  • سمیه زیاری*، رحمت الله فرهودی، احمد پوراحمد، حسین حاتمی نژاد صفحات 869-883
    هدف از ارائه این مقاله، بررسی وضعیت شاخص های مسکن و روش تامین مسکن برای گروه های کم درآمد در شهر کرج است. روش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی است. گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق متون منابع و آمار مرکز آمار و بلوک های آماری به دست می آید. کلان شهر کرج از سال 1335 تاکنون، رشد جمعیتی و فیزیکی شتابانی را به علت مهاجرت های ورودی و کم درآمد و آسیب پذیر سپری کرده که نیاز به تامین مسکن آن ها باید در اولویت برنامه ها قرارگیرد. در این شهر 1/44 از واحدهای مسکونی به صورت مستاجری و نحوه تصرف به صورت مالکیت 5/52 درصد است. نیمی از واحدهای مسکونی زیر صد مترمربع مساحت دارند. 1/23 درصد از کل واحدهای مسکونی مستاجری در اختیار گروه های آسیب پذیر و 4/43 درصد متعلق به گروه های کم درآمد است. برابر محاسبات انجام شده در افق 1395، 1400 و 1405 به ترتیب 65،647 واحد مسکونی، 47878 واحد مسکونی و 33637 واحد مسکونی تازه ساز برای تامین مسکن گروه های کم درآمد نیاز است. خانوارهای کم درآمد با توجه به دریافت تسهیلات قرض الحسنه همچنان نیازمند کمک دولت هستند که دولت باقیمانده هزینه مسکن را به عنوان کمک بلاعوض پرداخت کند، یا از طریق پرداخت یارانه از محل یارانه مسکن یا از طریق خط اعتباری بانک مرکزی تامین شود، اما با توجه به توان مالی محدود دولت ضروری است، این کمک بلاعوض روی زمین متمرکز شود. الگوی تامین مسکن گروه هدف یا کم درآمد، تهیه زمین مورد نیاز از طریق دولت یا شهرداری، تامین وام و تسهیلات بانکی به متقاضیان، پرداخت باقیمانده بهره وام، تامین آورده متقاضیان، تامین زمین از بافت های فرسوده و حاشیه شهر کرج و شهرک های اقماری اطراف به دست می آید. سایر نیازهای آب، برق، تجهیزات و تاسیسات شهری از طریق شورای عالی معماری و شهرسازی تامین می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: برآورد مسکن، تامین زمین، تسهیلات بانکی، شهر کرج، مسکن گروه های کم درآمد
  • مصطفی توانا *، فرشاد نوریان صفحات 885-900
    در سال های اخیر، پایداری اجتماعی به عنوان یکی از اجزای اصلی توسعه پایدار به شکل فزاینده ای به رسمیت شناخته شده است. پژوهش های پیشین درباره توسعه پایدار به طورعمده بر مسائل مربوط به محیط زیست و مسائل اقتصادی متمرکز بودند، اما در اواخر دهه های 1990 و پس از تدوین دستور کار 21 و راهبرد اتحادیه اروپا در لیسبون 2000 و جلسه شورای اروپا در شهر گوتنبرگ در سال 2001، پایداری اجتماعی در دستور کار مباحث پایداری، یکی از مهم ترین ارکان توسعه پایدار در شهر و محلات شهر معرفی شده است. هدف این مقاله، سنجش عوامل موثر بر پایداری اجتماعی در محلات پراکنده روی شهر (محله شادآباد تهران) است که بر اثر توسعه افقی شهر تهران در سال های اخیر به وجود آمده اند. بدین منظور، از روش تحلیل عاملی و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون در نرم افزار SPSS برای تحلیل داده های به دست آمده از تعداد 308 پرسشنامه و برداشت میدانی از محله شادآباد استفاده شده و عوامل موثر بر پایداری اجتماعی از دو بعد عینی و ذهنی ارزیابی شده اند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل داده ها نشان می دهد که عوامل زمینه ای مانند مهاجرت و ناتوانی اقتصادی که از ویژگی های ذاتی شکل گیری محله شادآباد هستند، در پایداری اجتماعی محله شادآباد نقش اساسی و تعیین کننده دارند. همچنین براساس نتایجی که از تحلیل عاملی به دست آمده، سطح پایین پنج عامل سرمایه اجتماعی، رضایتمندی فردی، رضایت از محله، کنش اجتماعی و حس تعلق در محله شادآباد، به عنوان عوامل اصلی پایین بودن پایداری اجتماعی محله شناسایی شدند.
    کلیدواژگان: پایداری اجتماعی، پراکنده گویی، توسعه پایدار، سرمایه اجتماعی، شادآباد
  • صفر قائدرحمتی، منصور رضاعلی*، سودابه هاشمی زهی، فرهاد جوان صفحات 901-915
    پارک ها جزئی از نظام کالبدی شهر به شمار می روند که انسان ها همواره با آن در تماس هستند و هدف از طراحی آن ها، توجه به نیازهای انسانی، فرهنگی جامعه و نیز جستجوی عوامل ضروری در ایجاد پارک های مناسب شهری است، درواقع، پارک ها پس از خانه مکانی هستند که فرد، بیش ترین برخورد و رفت وآمد را در سطح آن دارد. فضاهای عمومی عنصر مهمی در شکل گیری تعاملات اجتماعی در میان ساکنان آن است؛ بنابراین، در این مطالعه عوامل موثر بر ارتقای تعاملات اجتماعی در میان پارک های شهرستان زابل بررسی شده است. روش تحقیق، تحلیلی و مبتنی بر مطالعات کتابخانه ای، اسنادی و میدانی است. همچنین در تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات، از نرم افزار SPSS برای تعیین مولفه های موثر در ارتقای تعاملات اجتماعی پارک های شهرستان زابل، همچنین برای رتبه بندی پارک ها از مدل تصمیم گیری VIKOVER استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که تمامی شاخص های مطرح شده در پژوهش به جز شاخص ورزش و فعالیت های جسمی، در ارتقای تعاملات اجتماعی پارک ها در شهرستان زابل موثر است. درجه تعاملات اجتماعی در پارک های مورد مطالعه متفاوت است؛ به طوری که پارک یعقوب الیث با Q 509/0 در رتبه اول، پارک ملت با Q به دست آمده 502/0، پارک معلم با Q 454/0، و پارک الغدیر با Q به دست آمده 450/0 به ترتیب در رتبه های بعدی از لحاظ شاخص های تعاملات اجتماعی قرار گرفتند.
    کلیدواژگان: پارک های شهری، تعاملات اجتماعی، شهر زابل، مدل وایکور، مشارکت
  • فضیله خانی*، سمیه سادات موسوی صفحات 917-934
    توسعه به منزله تغییر، از طریق پذیرش شیوه های نوین و توسط انسان های نوآور روی می دهد. از این رو، نوآوری ابزاری مهم در راستای تقویت بنیان اقتصادی روستا تلقی می شود. به طورعمده جوامع محلی، واکنش های متفاوتی در برابر میزان و سرعت پذیرش، یک نوآوری از خود نشان می دهند. از این رو، پژوهش حاضر درنظر دارد عوامل تسریع کننده و محدودیت ساز در پذیرش نوآوری را شناسایی کند که با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و برمبنای هدف، کاربردی طراحی شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش را تمامی پذیرندگان کارآفرینی به منزله یک نوآوری، ساکن در 4 روستا از دهستان سولقان، تشکیل می دهند. برای گردآوری داده ها، از روش کتابخانه ای و میدانی استفاده شده و ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات، پرسشنامه محقق ساخته با استفاده از طیف لیکرت است. داده های به دست آمده در محیط نرم افزاری SPSS و با استفاده از آزمون رگرسیون گام به گام و چندگانه توام، تجزیه و تحلیل شده است. نتایج بیانگر آن است که دو دسته از عوامل بر پذیرش نوآوری موثرند که شامل ویژگی های نوآوری و دیگر خصوصیات پذیرندگان هستند. از ویژگی های کارآفرینی نوآوری است که بر میزان و سرعت پذیرش موثر هستند. سادگی و جذابیت، سازش پذیری با تجربه، مهارت و نیاز پذیرنده، هزینه، سودبخشی (اقتصادی بودن)، بازار فروش خوب و از جمله ویژگی های فرد نوآور انگیزه پیشرفت، روحیه نوگرایی، اعتمادبه نفس و خودباوری (باور توانایی)، بیشترین تاثیر را داشته است. اگر شرایط فردی و محیطی، همزمان در به کارگیری کارآفرینی و الگوی پذیرش مورد توجه قرار گیرد، می توان به دستیابی به کارآفرینی پایدار در جامعه امیدوار بود؛ چراکه میزان پذیرش و سرعت آن را تنها خصوصیات نوآوری تعیین نمی کند بلکه ویژگی های پذیرندگان نیز بسیار مهم و موثر است.
    کلیدواژگان: پذیرش، توسعه روستایی، کارآفرینی، کن-سولقان، نوآوری
  • الهه کولایی*، مسعود رضایی صفحات 935-950
    پس از فروپاشی شوروی، به دلایل مختلف و از جمله نبود مرز مشترک میان دو کشور، وزن اندک گرجستان در عرصه منطقه ای و نیز بی علاقگی ج. ا. ایران به ارتباط با این کشور، روابط ایران با گرجستان پیشرفتی نداشت و اولویتی در سیاست خارجی ایران نیافت. در چند سال اخیر، به ویژه پس از حمله نظامی سنگین روسیه به گرجستان در اوت 2008 و برقراری رژیم لغو روادید میان دو کشور در نوامبر 2010، سطح مناسبات دوجانبه تهران-تفلیس ارتقا یافت. همین تحول در توسعه روابط میان دو کشور نیز، تا حدودی به عوامل بیرونی و پاسخ گرجستان به کم توجهی غرب بود و به فهم ضرورت گسترش روابط تفلیس با تهران ارتباطی نداشت. بر این اساس، بازیگرانی مانند روسیه، آمریکا، ترکیه و همچنین اسراییل، به گونه ای متفاوت بر روابط دوجانبه تهران-تفلیس اثرگذار بوده اند. هرچند این کشور جایگاه مهمی در سیاست منطقه ای ایران نداشته، اما در آینده اهمیت گسترش روابط ایران با گرجستان از جنبه های مختلف و به ویژه اقتصادی و ملاحظات جغرافیایی تغییر پیدا می کند. در این راستا، نویسندگان در این نوشتار با رویکردی توصیفی-تحلیلی، بر آن هستند تا با نشان دادن محدودیت ها و نیز موانع موجود (با تمرکز بر عوامل خارجی)، به تبیین نقش آفرینی چهار بازیگر یادشده در روابط دوجانبه بپردازند و در پایان، چشم انداز همکاری ایران و گرجستان تجزیه و تحلیل می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: اسرائیل، آمریکا، انرژی، ایران، ترکیه، روسیه، قفقاز جنوبی، گرجستان
  • میثم ارگانی * صفحات 951-960
    در سال های اخیر، شبکه های حسگر بی سیم در کاربردهای متعددی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته اند. یکی از مسائل مهم مورد مطالعه در این شبکه ها، جایابی بهینه حسگرها به منظور دستیابی به بیشینه مقدار پوشش شبکه در ارتباط با کاربرد تعریف شده شبکه حسگر در شهرهای هوشمند است. اطلاعات متنی (CI) حسگرها از جمله مشخصات و وضعیت حسگر در شبکه، نحوه ارتباط بین حسگرها، اطلاعات محیط پیرامونی آن ها در جانمایی و انجام ماموریت حسگر و نیز پدیده های فیزیکی مرتبط با شبکه حسگر در شهرهای هوشمند که می توانند موجب اختلال در انجام ماموریت محول شده به شبکه حسگرها شوند، به همراه ارتباطات بین آن ها، از عواملی هستند که مطالعه آن ها به جایابی بهینه شبکه های حسگر منجر می شود. پیچیدگی محیط مورد سنجش توسط حسگرها، با وجود موانع گوناگون، ممکن است به عدم پوشش مناطق مختلف در شبکه های حسگر منجر شود. از این رو، یک مسئله اساسی در یک شبکه حسگر، بهینه سازی پوشش مکانی آن است. در گذشته، چندین الگوریتم بهینه سازی محلی و سراسری توسعه یافته در این رابطه، به کار گرفته می شدند. در این مقاله، برای بهینه سازی جانمایی شبکه حسگرها از یک الگوریتم محیط آگاه با مزیت درنظرگرفتن انواع مختلف اطلاعات متنی یا محیطی و براساس کاربردهای خاص شبکه، به صورت مستقل از هر CI، استفاده شده است. درنهایت، نتایج به دست آمده در آزمایش انواع مختلف CI، بیانگر کارآمدی الگوریتم پیشنهادی در جانمایی بهینه سنسورها با استفاده از جنبه های مختلف اطلاعات متنی است.
    کلیدواژگان: اطلاعات متنی، الگوریتم محیط آگاه، بهینه سازی، جایابی حسگر، محیط شهری
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  • Mostafa Mohammadi Deh Chshmeh*, Mohammad Ali Firouzi, Saeid Heidarinia Pages 733-753
    In most wars in the world today occurs on both sides of the war to the enemy to strike and destroy the special account of the cause of the crash provide. Today, especially in large cities and metropolitan urban battle space, according to the passive defense as a solution to reduce vulnerability and increase power is necessary.The Special One way to protect land uses , this application is distributed to the right place. metropolis Ahvaz city due to the geo-strategic , geo Economic and geo Calcher a special place , a place of recognition of non-defense after the establishment of specific urban mining standards in place , the location - proximity to critical applications , as well as the spatial distribution of land uses in the metropolitan Iran have been studied.
    IntroductionAhvaz metropolis of modern life as the center of the oil and gas industry in the southern region of nearly half a century ago and one of the major metropolises that have the potential to be attacked. Due to the passive defense because the city has been neglected , it also has political importance ( centrality of Khuzestan province , north -south highway, transit , etc.), Security ( near the western border of the country , there are separatist groups , history of aggression , etc.) , economic ), a factory , several strategic industries such as steel , gas , oil , sugar , etc.) , socio-cultural ( diversity tastes and ideas and sensitivity to ethnic and linguistic diversity , etc.) isAnd the upper part of the influence and impact nationwide plays, So from the perspective of urban passive defense in the form of defensive necessity of the use of passive defense , urban planning , with emphasis on distribution and use proper layout critical to Metropolis Iran is inevitable. Finally, this study seeks to answer the following questions:- Zoning Risk critical applications in metropolitan Ahvaz how?
    - Vital status of land adjacent to the other in terms of what level of compatibility are passive defense?
    - What are the risks of Ahvaz most metropolitan areas ?
    methodology This research is based on the objective of development ( applied ) and the nature and methodology of the approach is descriptive - analytic and research approach of the place where the method of quantitative and qualitative applications such as Arc GIS and Excel is used. In this study, the entire metropolis Ahwaz is considered critical applications. After identifying the critical applications in five categories ( five applications ) can be divided and then in ARC GIS layers are prepared . The research focus is on the following
    Objectives
    A) Assessment of location - proximity to critical applications
    B) examine the spatial distribution ( consistency and density ) critical applications
    In line with the objectives of the present study is a linear process in the form of steps as follows:Step One: Prepare vital Land use Layer
    Second step : correction and change layers and maps prepared Step Three: standardization of criteria mapat
    Step Four: Integrating Maps Maps proximity factor and making use of five
    Step Five : A critical assessment from the perspective of the land use adjustment of passive defense
    The establishment and use of urban spaces are classified on the basis of a defense perspective , it should be robust measure of proximity.In this regard, it can be in the form of passive defense compatibility matrix to evaluate the logic of urban land intensive use. From the perspective of two or more adjacent passive defense , besides being annoying and should not prevent each other , they must also create vulnerabilities. It should also trigger the vicinity of the incident and the increasing risk of damage but should complement each other and prevent the spread of risk and vulnerability.
    ConclusionThe outcome of this research was found near the 69% A total of 58 % of the critical Land use 40 Land use adjacent to a totally incompatible, Due to this fact in the event of an accident it also increases the vulnerability of the area, also5 Land use relatively adverse conditions , only 1 of 12 Member relatively consistent and critical account of the situation is fully compatible with existing applications in the defined range. This indicates an incorrect location for critical applications are compatible with neighboring uses, So if attacked, taking account of the vulnerability of life and property will be more, For compatibility with the existing range of vulnerabilities ,, residential and other uses will transfer, and the amount of human and financial costs in the form of a stepped increase. In examining the distribution of critical applications , each land use 's position relative to other members of the special life were studied, This means that the number of critical applications and residential area in the space designated for each critical use , density and distribution will be determined. A total of 14 Members to the special account within the desired density is a totally inappropriate and a distance of 400 meters from the sanctuary for the desired application does not complyAnd each of these critical applications or other sensitive located in the neighborhood of at least 3 Land use critical density formed entirely inappropriate, improper distribution of critical applications leads to a special account of the risks to the land use picks from the passive defense is at a point, the result is high vulnerability of these vital centersand a desire to attack the enemy's enemy and increases the likelihood of success. Also a member of the relatively poor 12 , 19 and 13 land uses account in relatively good condition are quite good. Essentially passive defense approach is efficient urban management in crisis situations and facilitate the deterrence effects of the crisis and its negative result.
    Keywords: Passive defense, metropolitan Ahvaz, special land use, spatial distribution
  • Mohammad Reza Ahadi *, Elnaz Ghanizadeh Hesar Pages 755-767
    Traffic calming is one of the engineering actions which can decreases the significant speed of vehicles , by spending not so high expenses , and as a result it could leave definite effects, in decreasing of the rate of accidents and fatalities. Since carrying out of calming projects can change the process of pathway traffic especially in local streets. So it should be acts with enough accuracy in choosing the traffic calming tools and determination of suitable sections for performing it. Traffic Calming in residential neighborhoods, is a subject that suggested for protection of social and cultural functions and preventing ecological imbalance of residential neighborhoods. IN this regard, the main purpose in publication of this research is the possibility in traffic calming in Urmia Yurdshahy neighborhood with approach to of revitalization in this area. So , by using the document and library studies we are recognizing and assessing the present situation of this area an then determine the result by using SWOT model and then we try to perform the ways about the research.According to our findings of this research the offensive strategy (SO) has the highest priority, that shows Yurdshahy neighborhood have requisite potential in traffic calming and reformation programs. Finally, solutions were suggested based on the findings of this research with emphasis on Urmia Yourdshahy area, and instruction of social association in residential neighborhoods .
    IntroductionNowadays, transport is a subject that all people are in direct contact with it and Parallel to the development of cities , need for public services and facilities is increased and this, in turn, will add a new dimension to metropolises public issues, particularly transport as traffic. traffic calming is account as one of the engineering proceedings that can cause a significant reduction in speed of vehicles by spending not so high expenses and thus it has significant effect on reducing the rate of accidents and fatalities. Since the implementation of the traffic calming projects can change street traffic process especially on local streets, so it should be acts with requisite accuracy in choosing the traffic calming tools and determination of suitable sections for performing it. Followed by problems of old areas of city especially the central areas of city that have affected various aspects of urban life˓ government have paid special attention to the old areas of city. This need cause to design an approach for urban revitalization that reflects long term and dynamic nature. (Hatamynezhad˓1388)
    There are may be three reasons for the occurrence of the revitalization of urban life that according to it, three types of revitalization is discussed:a) Imposing revitalization.
    b) Opportunistic revitalization.
    c) Protective or futurist revitalization.
    Mythology Traffic calming means network design and engineering proceedings that are coming together in a way that improve road safety and other aspects of people's living environment. There for we can mention the followings as issues that affect traffic calming:a) Speed of passage.
    b) Black spots and the risk of accidents.
    c) The type and pattern of traffic thoroughfares.
    d) Attractive Land travel position.
    e) Physical and geometrical features of streets.
    f) Pedestrian and vehicle traffic.
    g) Location of pedestrian crossings.
    h) Existence special bus line.
    i) Access patterns in the range
    j) Location of bike paths in the area (ahadi :238-239 )
    Since the issue examined in this study is neighborhood traffic calming with an approach to revitalization, so we examine the components of urban revitalization too. These include four main dimension of economical, social-culture˓ physical and environmental. (Roberts and Sykes, 2000: 15-31). However, we plan to analyze the data in Table SWOT matrix and indexes go so far mentioned above. The matrix has a conceptual framework for the identification and analysis of threats and opportunities in the external environment and internal assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a system.
    ResultsIn order to identify the opportunities and threats that the YurdShahy neighborhood face with them, we explained and analyzed SWOT Table to be addressed. External and internal factors include general economic forces, social, cultural, political, institutional and legal and environment.
    At this stage , for evaluation of obtained component of, obtained and provide guidelines on how best to build and improve the neighborhood, we used the SWOT plot strategy development, according to prioritize strategies of acceptable obtained results, we selected the final strategy. That is the strategy of the SO (aggressive strategy) which is according to the chosen strategy, should act to strengthen the power of the neighborhood YurdShahy to achieve the opportunities in this area. And act to strengthen them.
    ConclusionAppropriate solution for intervention and resolving issues and problem of traffic calming is vary depending on the type of issue, the extent and severity of it. In this research, neighborhood traffic calming with an approach to revitalization was investigated. Yurd Shahy neighborhood is one of the old and central neighborhoods of Urmia that is formed organically in the vicinity of commercial part of town. Due to old age of YurdShahy neighborhood, in many years this neighborhood is preserved local and social cohesion. For objectively evaluation of obtained prior factors of analysis in the first stage and obtained results of comparison of mentioned factors in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the second stage, SWOT fourfold diagram were used and we identified the results of this offensive guideline diagram as the most prior one the offensive factors shows that yourdshahy of neighborhood of urmia have the requisite potential for traffic calming and organization of programs.Also we should not forget the role of people as elements that program done not only for them but also with them.
    Keywords: Calming, Traffic, Neighborhood, Revitalization, SWOT
  • Abolfazl Meshkini *, Elham Amir Hajloo, Abolfazl Zanganeh Pages 769-789
    This paper has a philosophical and epistemological view to examine inequality in tourism development and studies and debates the underlying perspectives and paradigms for exploration of weaknesses of tourism knowledge and studies necessity of methodological change in this field. For achievement to goal of this paper based on studying of inequalities in development of the tourism industry and to understand the effects of tourism in Iran, critical realism is a combination of agency and structure, suggests a distinctive approach to inequality study in the tourism industry in Iran.
    The growing synergy of tourism and culture has been one of the major themes in tourism development and marketing in recent years. The tourism industry, one of the fastest growing at the global scale, generates jobs and income especially in those layers of the job market that are most severely disadvantaged by economic conjuncture of variables including non-specialised work, reputedly low-skills part-time jobs and female work. By investing in cultural attractions and infrastructure, cities seek to secure a niche position in the international tourism map, developing an industry that is sustainable and plentiful in synergies with other strategic sectors of the urban economy. By investing in cultural attractions and infrastructure, cities seek to secure a niche position in the international tourism map, developing an industry that is sustainable and plentiful in synergies with other strategic sectors of the urban economy. Tourism also represents an indispensable source of financial resources for the preservation and restoration of the heritage that otherwise faces shrinking budgets and state transfers.
    According to cultural statue of Iran, Iran has to attention to tourism policy-making in the level of national and regional as well. The main goal of this paper is studying the role of tourism policies in inequlities in tourism industry. The central issue is: urban Manage with using of tools of development planning, by expansion of social justice for all populations can help the growth and improvement of tourism sector to increase economy growth rate.
    MethodologyCritical realism presents a methodological perspective which takes a critical stance towards positivism and hermeneutics on the one hand and tries to integrate strong points from both theories of science on the other hand. Contemporary critical realism is formulated by Roy Bhaskar and his like-minded circle of British colleagues. If we take explanation to be the core purpose of science critical realism seems to emphasise thinking instead of experiencing, and especially the process of abstraction from the domains of the actual and the empirical world to the transfactual mechanisms of the real world. This kind of thinking made Bhaskar talking about ‘transcendental realism’ in his early writings, emphasising the crossing of the divide between the empirical and the speculative activities of scientific work. This is so because the experienced world of events is not explainable in terms of the empirical facts, but only by way of incorporating non-experienced mechanisms incorporated in objects which may be within or outside our domain of investigation.
    In this study, relationships between agents that are producer of result of development classified based on critical realism into two categories and three levels: mechanisms or policies for tourism (the real) provides guidelines for the tourism industry, and agents and stakeholders (the actual), that instructions in different ways to produce different results that have already been experienced in cities (the empirical) explain.
    Results and DiscussionThis shows that Positivistic Approches in study of tourism inequlities in Iran ignore participation of stakeholder groups in urban policy and considers governmental power as a referee for several stakeholder groups and ignore great sociospatial forces that act locally as well. In this respect, these approaches ignores economic-political processes and structures and slures formal and informal relations between governmental and non-governmental actors in preparing urban tourism planning politically, since such agents reflect dominant forms of economic and social inequalities and reproduce inequlity in nature of tourism spaces.
    To borrow useful ideas from three explanatory paradigms, it is clear that a comprehensive explanatory theory can be created that can simultaneously met experimental, interpretational and structural aspects. With the proper combination of these three approaches, critical realism can achieve their merits based on the integration.
    The relation between of actors who produce result of development categories on the basis of critical realism: 1) mechanisms and policies of tourism in national level (Real) suggest agendas in tourism industry; 2) stakeholders in local level (Actual), who suggest agendas in defferent ways for producing various results, which experience in cities at now. Cities play an intermediate role between wider national policies and their results in local level.
    There is close relation between tourism activities and geographical places in their historical background. Since 1977, tourism in Iran has changed for reflecting decisions of authorities in cities on framework of government’s policies.
    ConclusionNo doubt, plans and policies for national development (the real) has played considerable role in development procedure after and before Islamic Revolution in our country. On the other hand, it needs to more serious attention to importance of participation (the actual) in nature of developmental plans that can be effective in change on life people. In this paper, development plans and policies are as an example of social mechanisms in realistic approach and be discuss about values of sustainable tourism with philosophical and epistemological assistance of tourism. This study is based on the idea that opportunity from policies of tourism development has potentials to maximize products and other needed elements to promote sustainable tourism. We conclude by arguing that cities aspiring at becoming international destinations for cultural tourism should not neglect the quality of human capital and training, not only in the lower grades of the job market but also for tourist entrepreneurs and public and private managers.
    With regard to the raised issues in this paper, the desired pattern of inequality in the tourism industry for Iran's society is sustainable critical tourism model and policy-making and planning should be done in this Framework.
    Keywords: tourism, inequality, Critical Realism, sustainable tourism, Iran
  • Faramarz Barimani *, Gharib Fazelnia, Zahra Sayadi Pages 791-805
    IntroductionIt is believed that the reason of the creation of nomads life is because of the adaptation with ecological conditions, but after the industrial revolution (1750) and the progress in technology also nomads life was influenced. Changing of Iranian nomad’s population is also a result of Reza Khan Kingdom and his compulsory habitation (Takhteh Ghapoo) according to his Modernization policy. After Islamic revolution, comprehensive development of Iran’s nomads regions was proposed with improvement aims in the commonwealth; but these projects did not succeed, because the expansion of inner capitalist and pseudo-capitalist systems made nomads society more and more to be fallen in, and this itself made nomads life to be changed. Unlike in the past, this time the tribes have been forced settlement rather severe tendency to have found accommodation. And in some cases, futher of the government's policy to spontaneously settled. Which causes have confused in the political and socio-economic structure of nomadic. This feedback corresponds more with our study case (Sistani nomads), that beside the above mentioned factors, recent droughts (second half of 1377 up to 1386) ruined pasturelands in summering place (south khorasan) and wintering place (sistan plain) of this region. Because of this, Sistani nomads life has been greatly been in danger of breakdown of environmental and humanly threats. Before of these changes, the situation of nomads especially nomad women was worsened and their role in family income was decreased. This paper studies the role of sistani nomads women before and after habitation based on the following hypothesis.
    - The role of Sistani nomads women was weakened after habitation.
    - There is a meaningful connection between the weakness of sistani nomads women role and family income.
    - There is a meaningful relation between the these women participation in family income before and after habitation.
    MethodologyOur statistical society includes 5 inhabited groups with 250 families in Zabol. Using kokran equation, we choose randomly wives of 141 house holder with sampling, and we questioned 124 women because of distance of groups and availability problems. We used a questionnaire in order to collect data. 2 questionnaires were designed, one of them for nomads women and we used 0/8 (goat & kid (yeanling)), 5(cow & calf) and 8 (camel & camel’s kid) coefficients regarding the kinds of livestock and to equalize and changing rank unites. In bestial products matter, we calculated a 100 days of milking period. To compare women’s function before and after habitation, we computed the price of livestock, bestial products and handy crafts with current prices (1389). Second questionnaire belongs to elders of nomad society. In the experience, we also utilized bigeminal comparison and Pierson cohesion.
    Results and DiscussionThe study showed that 31/2 % of husbands are unemployed, and 17/6 % began to laboring. If we add 18/4 % of those who do non-productive works, about 67/2 % do laboring and works like this, in the other words they’re out of the production cycle; and only 32/8 % are in the production cycle (agriculture & ranching). In the other side, 97/6 % of nomad women are house holders and practically they have no role in economy in comparison with before of habitation. And only 2/4 % do dressmaking and broidery which regarding population is somehow natural. But before habitation, these activities were parallel with the main activity (bestial products, handy crafts &…). These facts show that nomad habitation in Sistan regarding its ecological peculiarities and its changing situation was not a good plan.
    Comparing before and after habitation shows that, before habitation all of nomads have livestock; but after habitation 25/6 % have not any livestock. If 100 livestock with other activities can complete family income, before habitation only 33/6 % have 100 head livestock, but after habitation:First, 25/6 % has lost their livestock.
    Second, 54/4 % have lesser than 100 livestock. In the other words, about 80 % have been deprived from livestock for income; although we see 33/6 % before habitation.
    Before habitation 57/7 % of ranchers have 100-499 head livestock, but this number decreased to 8/8 % after habitation. And the share of ranchers with more than 500 head livestock decrease from 8 to 1/6 %. These numbers show tendency from a middle point to a lower point from livestock point of view and subsequently this affects economic situation and life quality in the studied nomads. We compared their activity before and after habitation using t-test, and the results approved our hypothesis.
    ConclusionSistan region has located in dry zone of north hemisphere and there has been distance between water consumption and water making areas and because of this, the region has confronted with two important phenomena periodic flood and drought. The drought sometimes made Hirmand River to stop and hamoons became waterless and canebrakes were destroyed. In such conditions Sistani nomads are in danger and have 3 solutions:Quitting this profession and beginning another one Keeping up nomads life and doing another works Spontaneous habitation, these three solutions have been practiced in some tribes. But one of Government’s policies is guided habitation to improve nomad’s life. Family peculiarities of the statistical sample shows that, this policy was not successful; especially after habitation, the participation of Sistani nomad’s women has decreased and subsequently the family income reduced. This approach, not only created problems for nomads families, but also adaptation with environment was ignored and another studies also showed the same result, and government’s aim to make house with low price, financial aids, making new work opportunities for them has not been realized.
    Keywords: Nomad Habitation, Participation, Sistani Nomad Women, Family income, Iran
  • Seyed Masoud Poursafavi *, Shahin Jafari Pages 807-820
    Introduction
    In recent years, investigation of the cities and regions competitiveness and their ranking in the regional scale has become prevalence in the both academic literature and political plans. These studies always examine the regions on the basis of the existing sources (like human capital, financial capital, investments in research and development, and infrastructure) and/or the results of competitiveness process (population, occupation and income). The increase in the popularity of regional competitiveness regards to decision maker and experts understanding of the absolute competitive benefits - rather than relative benefits - as a motive for regional economic development.
    However, the term “competitiveness” is needed to precisely define for its application in the ranking of regional competitiveness, while the experts’ disagreement over its meaning, made it as one of the most confusing issues. Hence, the current study, tries to present a clearer and a more comprehensive definition of this concept by employing the specialists’ viewpoint given the shortage of the domestic academic literature in the ground. To achieve this goal, it investigates the functional urban-regions of Mazandaran Province (Iran) and represents some suggestions on the basis of main factors and stimulus of competitiveness in the province’s functional urban-regions.
    Methodology
    According to theoretical research, three conceptual models of regional competitiveness are described, and the benefits and drawbacks of an economic development strategy based on competitiveness are discussed. Three studies that benchmark competitiveness are described in detail. this article uses the same conceptual frame work as the pyramids presented by Gardiner (2003) and Ireland’s National Competitiveness Council (2007). The administrative input is the key characteristic of regional competitiveness pyramid, which is to purify the competitiveness process for development by local environment. The economic development strategies interact with regional economic structure and the quality of these interactions determines the outputs of competitiveness processes. The base of the pyramid is the major inputs for competitiveness in new economy recognized in the previous tests that are including innovative inputs, knowledge base workers, clerks’ employability and entrepreneurial working context. These competitiveness inputs might be affected by the economic development policies. The middle layer aims to influence the development environment at the aspects of structure and industrial heritage involving age of foundation/selling shares, measurement/competitiveness of work, industrial combination and industrial specialization. The competitiveness inputs are purified by the environment in order to generate regional competitiveness outputs which include income, jobs, living quality and sustainable development. Each section of figure 4 shows one element of competitiveness that is recognized in the studies about indicators of regional development.
    As a research methodology, the article benefits the descriptive and analytical method considering the research nature and the problem type. It applies the documentation method for data gathering and cluster analysis for ranking and classification of the province’s functional urban-regions. To define the functional urban-regions the results of Mazandaran’s territorial planning document analysis were utilized (2009) besides the other data sources such as the document of the province occupation and investment development and the 2012 statistical yearbook of the Province of Mazandaran.
    Indices are selected in three stages: 1. at first, theoretical indices are selected from the literature review. 2. Then, the resulted indices (of the first stage) are compared with and tailored to the conceptual framework to cover all of its elements (table 1). 3. Finally, the theoretical indices compared with available data in the province and its counties and some of them are altered due to the lack of data. In result, some equivalents are opted as the study’s final indicators.
    Results And Discussion
    Based on the data analysis, the province’s functional urban-regions are evaluated in three levels. As the cluster analysis shows, three most populated and central functional urban-regions including Sari, Amol and Babol are located in the first cluster respectively. It seems that the economic inheritance and structure account for these cities flourishing when the industrial role of Amol, the commercial importance of Babol and the political and administrative significance of Sari made complementary nexus between them in the region by which their positions are reinforcing in a mutual manner, that can be observed obviously in the professional labor market and innovation capacity.
    The second cluster consists of the functional urban-regions located in the second class of province’s population centers including Qaemshahr, Tonekabon, Babolsar, Behshahr and Chalous. No specific pattern of spatial and geographic dispersal is identifiable among the above-mentioned hubs and it appears that locative and urbanization privileges of them in line with their socio-economic heritage are the most decisive factors in achieving this position.
    The third cluster is the host of centers with lower producing power. Not only is their little size responsible for their restriction, but also the lower administrative capacity limits their benefits from the synergistic and network privilege by cooperating with each other. For instance, the mono-functional urban-regions which are unable to diversify the tourism related activities.
    Conclusion
    It seems that is the enhancement of spatial efficiency backing the economic development must be placed in the priorities of the province’s policy making and concerned as the most important issue considering the competitiveness nature. Therefore, specialization of the functional urban-regions -particularly in the second and third levels- and reinforcement of transportation structure could lead to functional and spatial integration in all over of the province. Consequently, it integrates the complementary connections and expands the geographical market of demands for each functional urban-region in an exclusive activity belongs to it. This process resolves the weakness of the smaller population centers in undertaking the roles and activities of the centers in the upper spatial level. Moreover, the spatial division of labor force and specialization in this level would improve the region’s industrial diversity and combination that in turn would be effective in employability of labor force, creating a more entrepreneurial environment and accessibility to professional workers and experts.
    Keywords: reginoal competitiveness, functional urban region, Mazandaran province, cluster analysis, institutional perspective
  • Afshin Mottaghi *, Jahangir Heidari, Iraj Nikjoo Pages 821-839
    The convergent and divergent forces with a great and essential role in determining the quality and situation of the national integrity and unity are not two separate concepts, but they are variables with a reverse bond and affected by each other. This study has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and based on an innovative triple-purpose model. The study has concentrated on convergent and divergent situation in Kurdistan province. Data collection instruments of were two questionnaires prepared for two groups of people (political managers and Kurd citizens). Both questionnaires consisted of four indicators: provincial divisions, political participation, socio-cultural participation, and economic participation. The results of the study revealed that Kurdistan province’s citizens are in the route of convergence in the triple-purpose model, based on the managers need assessment.
    IntroductionAt the next level of abstraction up from ethical systems sits meta-ethics. In a sense the buck stops here. Philosophers use meta-ethics to criticize and compare ethical judgments, to criticize, compare, and justify ethical systems, and to discuss and classify ideas within meta-ethics itself. We are going to be doing meta-ethical theorizing here in analyzing these theories of convergence of AI goal systems as convergences of ethical systems. And, for the next few paragraphs, we will try to classify this approach; to show where it fits within meta-ethics more generally. n essence, we all tell stories and tell them truthfully, as best we can. This is our purpose, our mission, our profession, be it in stills or video. So much of what we hold as ethical precept is actually convention – merely socially agreed upon norms, not commandments come down from the mountain. However, all photojournalists believe that the purpose of what they do is to provide truthful information to the reader or viewer. This is the ethical rule; this is the guiding principle. How we accomplish this in many ways is subject to evolution, interpretation of symbolism, and arbitrary regulations.
    It is impossible to remain far from cultural and ethnical differences, in the modern communities of the world. Cultural and ethnical diversity is among characteristics of the Iranian societies. Such diversity has been appeared in various periods among the micro and macro identities and followed by some difficulties. Such difficulties and convergent and divergent challenges have made modeling, surveys and recognition of the effective factors inevitable. Therefore, both forces play a crucial role in the Iranian nation integrity and their study is of great importance. Regarding the importance of the problem, we have studied ethnical divergence model, based on the need assessment of the political managers and racial demands among the Kurd people in Kurdistan province. The suggested model for analysis of the above mentioned factors is in the forms of convergent, divergent and neutral.
    MethodologyThe present research is an applied one, concerning the purpose, and it uses descriptive-analytical method. The researcher has attempted to provide a model for demonstration of the mutual influence of the effective factors in convergence and divergence, with regard to the analysis of these two forces. For this purpose, and to implement the model, two questionnaires were prepared. The sample population consisted of Kurd citizens and political managers at decision making level. Sampling methods were clustering for citizens and purposeful for managers.
    Findings and resultsInteractive model or converging model of the cycle of producing convergence in a political system, with regard to the factors’ mutual effects
    The model represents the fact that if the ethnical policies are predicted in provincial divisions, social and cultural policies are predicted in provincial decisions, social and cultural policy makings and if the amount and the way of ethnical groups participation at the apex of political power and economic concentration are realized based on the recognition of the racial demands, then a top-down decision making will be formed by the legal and ethical groups’ elites and the result would be convergence and national integrity.
    Neutral model keeps the current situation of the cycle of equal interaction among the effective factors in convergence and divergence
    In the neutral model, if the ethnical policies assume roles for citizens in some occasions and deny it in other cases, without precise investigations, and if these policies attempt conservatively to keep the current situation and use military powers or power demonstration, then racial issues would appear as fire under the ashes, and whenever power vacuum is felt, it will erupted and caused divergence among the races.
    Interactive model as a diverging cycle, which diverges a political system, with regard to the mutual effect of the factors
    This model represents the fact that if the ethnical policies are practiced in provincial divisions, social and cultural policy makings, and if the amount and the way of ethnical groups participation at the apex of political power and economic concentration are realized, based on political dictation, then a down-up decision making will be formed; so that the local and ethnical groups’ will lose their efficacy in policy making.
    Using surveys and field studies, this model was applied to assess the situation or amount the Kurd divergence and convergence among people; and as a case study, Kurdistan province was selected. The findings of the study revealed that: situation is convergent, concerning the provincial divisions (with the average of 31.96), political participation (with the average of 36.46), socio-cultural (with the average of 33.44) and economic (with the average of 35.09) indicators.
    ConclusionGenerally, based on the political managers need assessment and recognition of the racial demands, the dominant situation in Kurdistan province tends to be convergent; however, the considerable point is that “the political managers and citizens of the province have different priorities. For instance, priority of the political managers is political participation indicator, while the first priority of the citizens’ demands is economic indicators.
    Keywords: Convergence, Identification of Receivables, needs assessments, ethnicity, Divergence
  • Morad Kaviani Rad *, Hasan Maldari Pages 841-855
    A major part of national strategy of the countries is contingent upon their geopolitical position. Each position can have its own geopolitical codes by which a country can take some measurements to make policies and also formulate the strategies. Considering these codes can determine the geopolitical weight of a country in its composite spatial-geographical structure and order and arrangements of geopolitical system underlying the world. Due to their geographical location, United State (USA) and Russia selected land strategy or sea strategy. The lack of consideration of the former Union of Soviet Social Republics (USSR) to geopolitical codes arising from the geographical location caused that during 1957-1979, this country besides bearing heavy costs to penetrate the sea borders was finally collapsed. Thus, considering the geographical position is of great importance in its appropriate formulating of the strategies. Iran is the only single wall country between land and sea powers and due to its geographical location in Rimland margin, it's been into the center of attention of political geography theorists; and in various periods had various roles as passage, borderline and penetration region. The southeast of Iran is one of the important geography locations in Iran as it linked Iran to geopolitical structures of some areas as Indian Ocean, southern and Southeast Asia and high sea. This coastal region is of great importance as it gives Iran the opportunity to select policy making in related sea and land strategic fields. The present study investigated geopolitical position of Iran namely in the southeast region and also it answered the following questions:1- What is the effect of Iran geopolitical position on national strategy of Iran?
    2- What are the strategies of geopolitical codes of southeast region in Iran?
    The main hypothesis of the study is mostly based on the fact that the taken strategy selected by Iran in south east region was not in accordance with the geopolitical and geo-economic potentials of the region and didn’t have the required effect in national power production of Iran. The present study determined the effect of geographical space and place in formulating strategy which is based on geopolitical views, and as the present study has got a subjective-objective design, the methodology of the study is based on Experientialism school and descriptive-analytic research method. It can be said that geopolitical codes of Iran due to the geographical position of south east of Iran at local, regional and global levels are as followings:•To be a passage way country at international level and linking geostrategic land and sea fields, eastern Asia and geopolitical structures of Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Indian ocean, Caspian sea, APEC and southwest of Asia to each other.
    •The investment on navy and also being included in the position of powerful navy countries
    •Taking marine strategy and associated economic policy making.
    •Absorbing domestic and foreign investments to take out southeast region from geopolitical isolation and development of commercial-industrial free zone infrastructures of Chabahar to improve their geoeconomic position.
    Geopolitical opportunities as were mentioned along the strategies based on above codes are including:1- Making Iran as powerful in the field of seafaring and sea and improving the navy power of the country.
    2- Chabahar harbor is turned onto an important and international harbor to present various services to international countries in the form of using fuel, repair and maintenance, equipment and construction of different kinds of ships and creation of geopolitical dependency of the countries in the region to these services.
    3- Coverage and providing the required system for sea transportation of other countries
    4- Making north-south road as active
    5- Improving the role of Iran in the regional convergence
    6- Changing Iran to a stable passageway country
    7- To have the strategic depth and increase the military power and control and supervision role of these coasts to Persian Gulf and also extend it to its opening.
    8- The creation of the suitable path to transfer inter-continental energy to the market of south east of Asia and also the reduction of dependency on Persian Gulf.
    9- The preparation of the ground to have an access to the countries that are surrounded in land to the high water
    10- The construction of international airports for the aim of having access to the various countries
    11- The development of Tourism industry
    The results of the study showed that the associated authorities didn’t understand the importance of geopolitical codes of southeast of Iran. Maybe, one of the relevant reasons is the weakness of economic infrastructures in the region. It seems that five-year plans in Iran are not executed completely in this field. To avoid geopolitical challenge, Iran should consider south region potentials and capacities after finishing oil reservoir. South east of Iran can be turned into an effective national and regional land and by absorbing foreign investment can be improved to an economic and population developed region. The development of transportation system, advanced technology and economic centralization caused that the deserted areas of this region are also used efficiently. Iran should improve south-north path, south and east roads with the support of energy trading. These approaches in Iran national strategy cause that Iran can be turned into its real position as passageway region linking geostrategic and geopolitical regions and the result is the a move toward specialized convergence and stable development of Iran. Islamic Republic of Iran in its strategic policy making in upstream documents considered its geographical position and regional conditions and in the first stage of its strategy is attempted to achieve the first rank in various fields. What is considered as a weakness is that unfortunately this view is not considered in five-year plans and the geo-economics view to these regions is not considered.
    Keywords: national strategy, Geooconomics, Geopolitics, South East of Iran, Oman see
  • Mohammad Reza Hafeznia *, Ahmad Taheri, Manochehr Farajzadeh Asl, Hosein Karaminejad Pages 857-868
    Dust phenomenon is one of dangers made by human and nature interaction that has expanded and become a serious problem due to issues such as wrong management policies and incorrect water resource control, climatic changes, drought and wide destruction of environment and water-soil sources. Dust phenomenon is influenced by many factors including political ones which have expanded in Southwestern Asia, in particular in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin. The present study investigates dust phenomenon in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin. The research question is “which political factors has intensified dust phenomenon in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin?” The results show that war, the status of political management of space and political-security conditions have been effective on intensifying dust phenomenon in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin.
    IntroductionDust storms in the arid regions of the world and in particular in the deserts have been imagined as a usual event, but these years have taken widespread facets and have become as a significant problem because of the climate changes and environment destructions resulting from human activities.
    Dust storms in the Middle East have affected wide areas of the region. Many factors have affected the emergence of natural phenomenon, directly or indirectly. Based on this idea, dust is influenced by different factors such as political ones which have expanded in different areas, especially in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin.
    MethodologyUsing library findings, the paper intended to investigate the role of political factors creating dust in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin. The research question based on “descriptive-analytic” method is “which political factors has intensified dust phenomenon in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin?” The results show that war, the status of political management of the space and political-security conditions have been effective intensifying dust phenomenon in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin.
    Results and discussionWar and armed conflicts: Library findings show that political factors have been effective intensifying dust phenomenon in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin:Iraq and Iran war (1980-1988), Iraq’s invasion to Kuwait on August 1990, the US and its coalition forces’ invasion to Kuwait in order to drive out Iraq’s forces and the US and coalition forces’ invasion to Iraq in 2003 has made the space of Iraq more critical. Iraq’s deserts have been faced with martial conflicts and consequently widespread destruction due to transportation of army vehicles. In 1991, the movement of the US tanks toward desert damaged the protective layers of soil. In Persian Gulf War in 1990, 375000 shelters, trench, ammunition caches and the holes made by arsenals were made in Kuwait and in Iraq. Totally, 35000 tanks, 2500 armored personal carriers caused a considerable disorder in dust and sand and soil layers of deserts.
    To facilitate army forces mobilization and increase in the maneuver power, Saddam regime started drying the marshlands to control their residents. Then the army performed a big attack on wetlands residents using mortars, and land attacks. Wetlands were deprived from its input water and today less than 10 percent of wetlands have been remained.
    Weakness in political management of the space: Weakness in management of water sources is one of the most important reasons of dust problem. This variable which includes change in the passage of rivers, dam establishment and over-use of water sources, is among the factors that causes plains to get dry. So, destruction of wetlands in central Marshes, Al-Hammar marshesand, especially Hawr Al Azimin Iraq is the main source of dust since wetlands destruction is in relationship with water amount and management of the water sources (SIWI, 2012:24).
    In 1997, Turkey launched a project called southeastern Anatolia project. The main elements of the project were 22 dams and 19 hydraulic powerhouses to irrigate 17000 square kilometers of the lands. The deadline of this project was 2010, but it has not been finished due to technical and financial problems. The total volume of the saved water is nearly 100 cubic kilometers which is three times more than the total capacity of Iraq and Syria reservoirs.
    Management of the water sources in Iran, Iraq, turkey and Syria has provided the conditions for dust creation in wetlands. Dam establishment is an obvious example having hydro-political dimensions. With decrease in inputted water to downstream, the soil loses its moisture, vegetation gets pruned and dust is formed with wind blowing.
    security and political conditions: Iraq and Syria are not desirable and the number of citizens and civilians death due to fights, bombing, domestic upraise, religious-sectarian conflicts show the political insecurity and instability. These conditions cause dust phenomenon do not get priority in the policy and management of these countries. Basically, the weakened government cannot manage the geographical space of the country, properly.
    ConclusionDust phenomenon is one of dangers made by human and nature interaction that has expanded and became a serious problem due to issues such as wrong managerial policies and incorrect water resource control, climatic changes, drought and wide destruction of the environment and water-soil sources. Dust phenomenon affected by many factors like political factors have expanded in Southwestern Asia, especially in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin. The present study investigated dust phenomenon in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin. It was shown that there are many factors which intensify dust phenomenon in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin. Political factors include armed conflicts and war, inability and weakness in political management of the space and instable political- security situations. Martial forces have paved the way for dust through changing in river paths. Inability and weakness in political space management in general and water management in particular are among factors intensifying dust. Dam establishment on the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin is an example of incorrect water management. In recent years, security conditions of the area have caused death of hundreds of civilians, especially in Syria and Iraq. These conditions affect authorities’ ability to manage and control dust phenomenon and cause this issue do not get priority over Syria and Iraq’s policies.
    Keywords: Dust, Political Factors, Euphrates–Tigris River Basin
  • Somaye Ziari *, Rahmatollah Farhoodi, Ahmad Pourahmad, Hosein Hataminejad Pages 869-883
    IntroductionRapid urban growth and huge migrations into metropolitan areas including Karaj City make the need for housing more and more complicated. The housing is a durable, multidimensional, non - homogenous, immoveable, very expensive good, and the main factor signifying the sociability of people within the universe which is accompanied with symbolic values as the sign of status and lifestyle of people. Based on this, the current paper has aimed to evaluate the state of the houses of people of different income classes, to suggest plans for preparing people of low income with appropriate housing at different city spots of the province of Karaj city, and to reveal more about the poor quality of the construction of houses, inappropriate urban planning pattern, and improper materials used for building urban houses, in order to attract the attention of the authorities and managers. Housing is one of the elements of the permanent development. Unlike everyday used goods, housing would become a kind of investment since it gets value continually. Other than its economic value, it increases in value and demand due to its social, cultural, physical, psychological, and health aspects. Most of the immigrants are from low income and vulnerable classes. Thus, there are many low income and poor families in Karaj City. They are sometimes urgently in need for a house for living. The policy of inexpensive houses is not greatly used in Iran metropolitan areas; although after the Islamic Revolution many attempts have been made to provide the public with social houses. The main issue in this research is to investigate the existing state of the housing indices and the ways to supply the housing for low income residents. . All the above mentioned reasons have caused housing a serious question so that homelessness, and home-badness is slipping towards higher Deciles.
    MethodologyThis is a fundamental-developmental research by a descriptive-analytical method. The study area of this research is Karaj City as center of Alborz Province in the vicinity of Tehran, as capital of Iran. The variables included in the research are deciles, foundation surface, family dimension, percentage of ownership, percentage of tenants and occupants, cost of house, and bank accommodations. The data have been obtained from Iran Statistical Center. The methods used include statistics techniques of population tenths. In order to estimate financial states of the groups, the indirect function method is being used. Also, in order to define the opportunities, threats, power points and weak points of the low - income groups.
    Quantitative analyses are performed through indirect method functions and Stone-Garry Function. At last, to estimate and calculate the absolute line of poverty EVIEWS software, and for the relative line of poverty SPSS and Excel software were used.
    Results and discussionInvestigation about the index of the area owned by urban families in the province demonstrates that in the studied period, we have witnessed a drastic decrease. The number of housing units in the Karaj City in 2012 was up to 485565 units. The ownership was also 42.1 % and the percentage of occupants was 42 % in the city. Half the foundation of the buildings was less than 100 square meters. The cost of housing of a family out of the total basket cost in Karaj was 29.3 % and the cost of the low incomes families was 26 %. With a population growth prediction and family dimension of 3.3 people in each family, in the horizons of 2016, 2021, and 2026 we would require 65647, 47878, and 33637 new houses, respectively, for the low income families. The land area for each building is considered as 75 square meters and in 4 floors of 115 square meters.
    ConclusionThe pattern of supplying houses for low - income families would be achieved by getting difference of expenses by government payments, the aids from government housing subsides, or by the credits from central bank. The municipality can give the required urban lands to the builders of the residential units. The cash from the people demanded for the houses, bank credits, and philanthropic aids without lands and the aids with the lands can be useful to achieve the goal. The lower tenths of the residents of urban areas in Karaj city are of the highest rate of tenancy the value of which reduces as we move towards higher tenths. Hence, regarding the volume of housing needs, the first tenths of the society are of higher needs for the tenancy percentage in the city.
    To investigate financial capability of different Deciles regarding house provision, indirect function has been applied. It suggests a large amount of difference among different income Deciles according to the function results so that the first six Deciles, literally, cannot afford house provision. The results of the study suggest that there are numerous principal problems in the realms of housing economy and market. Furthermore, one can witness the impacts of several factors in housing sector such as major economic condition, inflation rate, the growth in the price of land, the growth in the price of construction material, growth in the gap between effective demand and potential demand, the low amount of government bestowed facilities for either purchasing or building house, and applying rigid rules and regulations regarding house construction. All the above-mentioned factors have caused a harsh situation for low-income groups of people to obtain appropriate house. In addition, as time passes, it has been becoming worse. A Based on what has been discussed, applying some proper strategies, policies, and decisions seems necessary in order to provide the required (economical, legal, cultural, and urban civilization) factors for low - income groups.
    Keywords: Patterns of Supplying Housing, Low Income Groups, Housing Indexes, Banking Facilities, Karaj City
  • Mostafa Tavana *, Farshad Noorian Pages 885-900
    During the past two decades, the concept of social sustainability has been discussed as one of the new models of development. This paper identifies those effective factors which contribute to social sustainability of neighborhoods, such as Shadabad in the City of Tehran, which have experienced urban sprawl. First, it reviews the literature on the concept of social sustainability and related concepts such as “urban good governance”, “social capital” and “community based organization” aimed to identify effective factors which contribute to social sustainability of neighborhoods which have experienced urban sprawl.
    Introduction
    Here, there is an emphasis on human dimension and the community of people as the main axis of sustainable development. The goal of sustainable development, as is considered in this paper, is to lead to comprehensive development which is made possible through social development. Objectives such as cultural identity, social cohesive, establishment of public organizations, citizen participation, and empowerment of people are central to this discussion.
    This paper attempts to contribute to the definition of social sustainability in a comprehensive and coherent manner and develop a theoretical framework within which this concept can be analyzed. There is a shortcoming of this framework in the available literature today since it requires a rearrangement of multidimensional elements, combining social, economic and environmental issues into a single independent body.
    In addition, the concept of “social sustainability” can be observed through a qualitative lens since it deals mainly with qualitative concepts such as human life and well-being. Thus, “social sustainability” preserves and promotes social capital, i.e. realization of a unified and comprehensive society with mutual benefits for all residents, greater interaction between groups of citizens, accompanied by greater sense of compassion, patience, flexibility, and affection. Social capital, in this manner, values “human rights” and “cultures”.
    In developing a comprehensive definition of the concept of “social sustainability”, we have considered people within their living environment and the physical as well as their ability to reproduce within such structure. As shown by previous studies, understanding the concept of social sustainability is better achieved by understanding and accepting the importance of other concepts such as “quality of life” and “social welfare”. These are evaluated with criteria such as accessibility to services, decent housing, security, appropriate income, and lower levels of deprivation.
    Another concept which is discussed in this paper is “urban sprawl”. This takes prominence here since it has been one of the major topics of discussion within the literature on sustainable development in recent years. Planning based on the theories of sustainable development has been critical of urban sprawl from different economic, social and environmental perspectives. The main criticism relates to the low levels of social sustainability in the neighborhoods which have been created due to urban sprawl. Advocates of sustainable development believe that urban sprawl leads to problems such as, diminution of social justice, negative consequence for public health, weakening of sense of community in inner cities, greater social segregation, polarization, and inability to cope with distinctions and variations in life styles. Thus, this study aims at assessing the factors which affect the level of social sustainability in one of the sprawl neighborhoods of Tehran (Shadabad).
    Methodology
    A questionnaire was used to gather data from 300 residents of the Shadabad neighborhoods. Here, factor analysis and Pearsons correlation coefficient are used to analyze the data obtained through questionnaire and field survey.
    As the first step of analysis, indices of social sustainability are discussed. The indices are classified into objective and subjective ones. It should be noted that the subjective indices are more focused in this paper than the objective ones.
    In the next step, factor analysis is used. KMO test is 0.719, which made it possible to continue with use of factor analysis. Five factors which affect “social sustainability” are developed here using the factor analysis: "social action", "neighborhood satisfaction", "individual satisfaction", "social capital" and "neighborhood attachment"
    The last step of the analysis relates to identifying the underlying factors which affect the extent of social sustainability. These factors are evaluated through the use of other criteria such as the expanse of migration to the neighborhood and level of economic hardship. For this purpose Pearson correlation was used.
    Results And Discussion
    The analysis of findings suggests that the most important factor for the low level of social sustainability in the Shadabad neighborhood is low rate of social interaction among neighbors. The next major factors are dissatisfaction with residential environment and housing, lack of jobs, and low incomes. There are other significant variables at play here; such as lack of social capital and poor sense of belonging to the community among citizens. Statistical analysis shows that all the mentioned variables, which are primary elements in the discussion of “social sustainability”, have a low rate.
    Also, it can be concluded from the coefficient tables that the correlation between the two factors of migration to the neighborhood and economic hardship have a significant effect on the social sustainability. In fact, migration to the neighborhood shows significant correlations in the three factors including social action, social capital and sense of belonging, and economic hardship. These are meaningful in the discussion on individual satisfaction.
    Conclusion
    Finally, we conclude that the factors such as migration to the neighborhood and economic hardship in the context of urban sprawl, such as in Shadabad, are contextual and indispensable factors which affect the social sustainability levels. These lead to lower social action and less inclination and disposition to participate in public activities at the community level. In general, results show that concepts such as “migration to the neighborhood” and “economic hardship” play a greater role in social sustainability than others. Five other factors, i.e. social capital, individual satisfaction, neighborhood satisfaction, social interaction, and neighborhood attachment are also significant in sustainability of neighborhood.
    Keywords: Social Sustainability, Sustainable Development, sprawl, Social Capital, Shadabad
  • Safar Ghaedrahmati, Mansour Rezaali *, Soudabeh Hashemzehi, Farhad Javan Pages 901-915
    IntroductionCity parks had a social, economic and ecological are, With advantages such as the treatment of mental illness, the optimal environment for raising children, social integration, maintain comfort and the like, The environment at the same time a measure to improve quality of life and community development are considered. The establishment of urban parks on the one hand due to its impact on urban quality and sustainable development are On the other hand, due to the financial burden with no return on investment and profits that are put in place for municipalities,
    Extensive evaluation of their value. In this respect, the use and allocation of public spaces is an issue that should be in the daily lives of those who live in ShhrHa be examined. In the view of experts, public spaces such as parks are defined as open and accessible places. Because that is where the urban parks of the house, and most of the traffic is on its surface. Public spaces are an important element in the formation of social interaction among its residents. In the city of Zabol best place for spending leisure time, which borders Afghanistan, which is the park's heart drug production, which can be effective in promoting the social interactions of young and middle-aged people. In this study, the effective component in promoting social interaction has been Zabol city parks. In this regard, the questions that are explored in this manner is raised, Among the components involved in the promotion of social interactions which have the greatest impact? And which of Zabol city park dedicated to most social interactions?
    MethodologyThis study was a descriptive analytical method, although other methods have also been used in studies. The analysis for which relates to reviews And analyze the factors affecting the promotion of social interactions in city parks Zabul, In order to do this documentary methods and field research to provide information and analysis, and combining them is. The documents to collect information from books, journals, statistics, maps and Internet sites have been investigated. To select the number of samples questioning, Cochran sampling the most effective methods is to select the sample size was used. The population of the city of Zabol residents. Based on a sample of 384 students were selected as sample. And also to analyze the data, spss software to determine the factors affecting the promotion of social interactions city parks Zabul, Also to rank parks decision-making model used VIKOVER. Finally, extract and analyze data and combining them with findings from the survey results would be compiled documents.
    Results and DiscussionPark as open and accessible places defined. Because that is where the urban parks of the house, and most of the traffic is on its surface. Public spaces are an important element in the formation of social interaction among its residents. In order to study the factors affecting the promotion of social interaction among the city parks Zabul, according to the theoretical foundations developed indicators, And reflected in the form of a questionnaire and the subjects in which 384 people were distributed in the city of Zabol, Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, the results showed, Among the proposed measures are indicators, distance and type of access with an average of 94/3 access to parks, creating social events in the sense of place with an average of 59/3, Social power with an average of 46/3, promotion opportunities to participate in collective life with an average of 09/3, social trust with an average of 08/3, social security environment, with an average of 00/3, sports and physical activities with an average of 99/3 , the highest and lowest scores were assigned to. To investigate the factors affecting the promotion of social interactions in Zabol city parks indicators are available and type of public access to parks, social class and economic status, social events create a sense of place, be social, promotion opportunities participation in public life, social trust, social security, environmental and sport and physical activities were used. Which is expressed in all aspects, above the average of the middle third number is the average index of sport and physical activity 99/2, The results showed that all components are effective in promoting social interaction parks in the city of Zabol.
    ConclusionThis study aimed to identify factors contributing to the promotion of social interactions has been Zabol city parks. Average results obtained from the answers of respondents indicated that the proposed indicators to the indicators, The distance and the type of access the public access to parks with an average of 94/3, creating social events in the sense of place with an average of 59/3, social power with an average of 46/3, promotion opportunities to participate in collective life with an average of 09 / 3, social trust with an average of 08/3, socio-environmental security, with an average of 00/3, sports and physical activities with an average of 99/3, The highest and lowest scores were assigned to. According to the results of Table 2 in all the raised, above the average of the middle three is the number one indicator of sports and physical activities with an average of 99/2, The results indicated are all factors in promoting effective social interactions parks in the city of Zabol. Finally, using the model decision Vaykvr ranking city parks Zabul using indicators has been effective in promoting social interaction. The results showed that the highest number Alys Q belongs to Jacob Park is ranked 509/0. And obtained Mellat Park with Q 502/0, 454/0 park obtained Q teacher, and park obtained Q 450/0 Reservation with the highest and lowest ranking is allocated.
    f 00/3, sports and physical activities with an average of 99/3, The highest and lowest scores were assigned to. According to the results of Table 2 in all the raised, above the average of the middle three is the number one indicator of sports and physical activities with an average of 99/2, The results indicated are all factors in promoting effective social interactions parks in the city of Zabol.
    Keywords: urban parks, VIKOVER, social interactions, taking part, Zabol city
  • Fazileh Khani *, Somaye Sadat Mousavi Pages 917-934
    Introduction The study is on the entrepreneurship as a factor effecting on rural development in Iran.Generally Rural development is seen as process by which community increase and maximize its control and use of the material resources with which led to change in quality of their life. Changing people standard of living, particularly upwardly, is often considered an indication of a government success in reaching rural development, particularly in traditionally rigid structures.
    Many rural families need to diversify their sources of income and employment in view of increasingly smaller parcels of land, low agricultural productivity, volatile weather conditions and soil erosion. Entrepreneurship promoting strategies to diversify rural economic activities, including the development of non-farm economic activities and facilitating the transition of informal activities into the formal growth sector is a very important tool to developing the rural communities in Iran. Local communities often show different reactions to the extent and speed of adoption of an innovation. These reactions depend on the characteristics of innovation and the people who accept these innovations. Basically, these factors affect the rate of diffusion and acceptance of entrepreneurship between target populations.
    Theoretical frameworkRecognition of the facilitator factors and constraints for adopting of the innovation has an important role in accelerating the process of development in the society, thus, this study intends to use this aspect to study the diffusion of entrepreneurship in rural communities.
    Methodology The aim of the empirical research is to evaluate the main factors which are effecting on extension of innovation adoption and finally to apply a certain entrepreneurship in a rural area. So the research method which has been conducted in Kan-Souleghan rural district which ia located in North –West of Tehran is Descriptive and analytic on the base of applied method.
    The research mainly concentrated on research in villages such as Ksharolya, Ksharsofla, souleghan, Kan that have considerable amount of entrepreneurs. The data has been collected by questionnaire on the base of Likert model and the documentary method as well, interviews with sample population also has been used to complete the questionnaire data. All entrepreneurships in the research area have been chosen, so no random selection is used.
    The research statistical population is 2,713 people, which include 667 households in the study area. All recipients of entrepreneurship and innovation that living in the 4 villages of Kan- souleghan are included in the sample population of the research ,that they are about 102 households.
    The data which has been collected were analyzed by SPSS software, using multiple stepwise regressions and combined model.
    Result and
    Discussion
    Innovation is the base of entrepreneurship that can led to changes in the society, but it must have properties that are accepted. But it must have some features that make it attractive for people to accept the new activity. However, people also need to have some characteristic to accept a new phenomenon.
    Entrepreneurship in the rural area is mainly based on local knowledge and living conditions of the villagers and their livelihood, As it became clear gardening in the area was started about 50 years ago, and it developed over time. In this study, two categories of factors along with admission's elements have been investigated, which are: Characteristics of entrepreneurship and characteristic of entrepreneurs. To determine the contribution of each factors in accepting entrepreneurship by rural people, regression analysis was used and to analyze the characteristics of entrepreneurship stepwise regression method, is used. Among all the characteristics of entrepreneurship, attractiveness and simplicity have the greatest impact on admission, and other characteristics of entrepreneurship such as compatibility with the experience and needs of entrepreneurs, start-up costs for market sales and profitability and availability, have secondary importance.
    In relation to the characteristics of an entrepreneur, entrepreneur's motivation has more effect than other elements on the adoption of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial characteristics that affect the amount and rate of its acceptance by local people are: Easiness and Attractiveness of innovation, its compatibility with local people's experience and the level of skills which are needed for entrepreneurs, Cost of application, Profitability (economy) and well selling in market. Also the entrepreneurial characteristics that effect on rate innovation's acceptance by entrepreneur are: Achievement Motivation, Confidence and self-esteem and the spirit of modernism. In general, there is a systematic relation between the characteristics of local people so each character has led to the emergence of the next character and finally it caused the acceptance of an innovation.
    Finally, based on the findings of this research and the opinions of the acceptor it has been found that when an entrepreneur is very attractive and simple. in the other word, does not have complicated methods and technologies, and be compatible, with the knowledge, skills and experience of the acceptors with a low cost for its commissioning, and as a result it is economically o profitable, So that it will be acceptance by the local community quickly Because profits can be achieved with minimal cost and it can provide a good market. But these characteristics alone are not effective at speeds of acceptance of innovation. But also the characteristics of the accept or determine the acceptance speed. Based on the research findings in people who have high achievement motivation, morale of modernism also was high
    Conclusion
    So it is suggested for discovering and creating of an entrepreneurship and innovations in the rural community, Seminar sessions and participatory approach method should be used to explore the problems and potentials of the local community. Also the entrepreneurship should be adjusted with natural and human nature of the countryside, rural as a result of their creativity.
    activities, facilities and local knowledge. So under such conditions the speed and entrepreneurial acceptance will be increased.
    Keywords: Innovation, Entrepreneurship, Diffusion Theory, Rural development, Iran
  • Elaheh Koolaee*, Masoud Rezai Pages 935-950
    The article examines the limits of Iranian foreign policy toward Georgia, outlines the threats from the US and other regional players such as Russia, Turkey and Israeli, and also attempts to identify the main causes and motivations for Tehran’s affiliation with Tbilisi. Since regaining its independence two decades ago, Georgia, a small weak state, has developed close relations with Iran in order to compensate for its weaknesses. In contrast, Iran is a mighty regional power, having big role in the Middle East, although, its influence over South Caucasus is smaller and unsteady. The South Caucasus, as a source of both opportunity and threat, occupies a major place in Iran’s multiregional foreign policy agenda. Besides US factor, this is partly due to the main regional powers in South Caucasus, Russia, Turkey and Israel, creating difficulty for Iran in bolstering its position in relations with Georgia. But Georgia is the only South Caucasian country, which has no border with Iran; and this geographical factor has affected relations between the two countries over more than last two decades.
    MethodologyThis paper has been performed as a field and analytical-descriptive study and has also been analyzed by “Realism theory” in Persian and English resources. The authors of the analysis studies in detail the opportunities for economic and other forms of partnership with Iran, which will help diversify Georgia's neighborhood policy, while balancing the interests of regional players of the South Caucasus. At the end of the research, the possible opportunity for Iran and Georgia that might accompany such a political strategy are discussed as well. The final goal of this document is maximum detection of the potential for improving Georgia-Iran relations and its in-depth analysis, as well as opening a space for discussion and debate on Georgia-Iran relations.
    Results and DiscussionGeorgia has had longstanding ties with Iran, regardless of both countries’ constantly changing political dynamics. But Iran’s strained relations with the US and several other factors have prevented close cooperation between Iran and Georgia, which is discussed in detail in this article.
    One of the most important reasons that hampered the countries’ relations initially was Georgia`s obvious course toward the West and its impact on Georgia`s decision making. From Iran`s point of view, having close ties with the country who wants more contacts with its enemies, appeared to be a factor that hindered relations. Iran constantly had a fear that the US might have used its power to use Georgia as a bridge-head against Iran. Georgia cancelled a free visa regime with Iran in 2013 due to some pressure from the West. Iran is very prudent when it comes to its relations with Georgia, as far as the Iranian political establishment is not willing to be affected by United States’ increased influence. This fear is expected to be diminished when Iran’s relations with Western countries gradually becomes less harsh
    And the other hand, from a Russian perspective, improved Iran-Georgian relations will harm the Kremlin’s strategic interests in south Caucasus, given that the Russian Federation is seeking the absolute hegemonic position in the region and perceives the third party’s increased influence in a negative light. Iran is able to become an alternative energy source for Georgia, therefore take credit in decreased energy dependence on Russia. Showing more interest in the region stems from the fact that Turkey, one of the opponents of Iran, increased its influence and potential in the region and Georgia. In parallel with intensification of relations of Georgia with Iran, it is possible for Russia and Turkey to enhance their impact in terms of Soft power, intensifying special services and their impact on certain political processes. The Georgian authorities must be prepared to meet these challenges.
    The issue of Israel should be considered in the same context. Israel has a long-standing partnership with Georgia including in the sphere of defense. Officials in Tel Aviv openly criticize the nuclear agreement and believe that Tehran the biggest threat to its statehood. Therefore, it should be taken into account that Georgia’s interests towards the Jewish state may be sacrificed to Tbilisi’s close ties with Tehran.
    Georgian-Iranian relations to some extent have generally improved since the P5 countries and Iran signed a nuclear agreement in July 2015. For Iran, gaining an influence on the South Caucasus is one of the top foreign priorities so as to settle in the region as the powerful actor. The main obstacle of achieving its intentions is the West`s politics towards Iran, sanctioning its economic activities, halting its growing potential. Intensifying relations with Georgia seemed prolific for Iran in such circumstances. Thus, Iran's main interest in the Georgia could be defined as follows: first, to reduce the influence of outside powers, the US and Turkey, but also Israel, which is viewed as a security threat.
    ConclusionIran's foreign policy towards Georgia is essentially a pragmatic one, shaped by realpolitik, historical experiences and balance-of-power calculations. So while Tehran may be eager to assert itself as a regional power, it is able to acknowledge the limitations of its own capacity and the constraint of external challenges by regional players (Russia, Turkey and Israel) and trans-regional powers such as United States. Therefore its regional policy is relatively cautious and balanced. Regional stability and security is of particular importance and have often taken precedence over the ideological preoccupations in Iran´s policy choices in the South Caucasus, inherent to a revolutionary and religious behavior. The JCPOA gives a new chance for establishment of good relations between the two countries. The Georgian side has already started talks on import of natural gas from Iran. Iran views Georgia as a transit country, which could bring its goods to Europe. But there is no doubt that even after JCPOA, US-Iranian hostility and Russia, Turkey and Israel factors still will poison bilateral relations between Tehran and Tbilisi.
    Keywords: Iran, Georgia, Caucasus, Russia, USA
  • Meysam Argany * Pages 951-960
    IntroductionA sensor network usually consists of numerous wireless devices deployed in a region of interest of a city. Despite the advances in sensor network technology, the efficiency and performance of a sensor network for collection and communication of the information in the cities may be constrained by the limitations of sensors deployed in the network nodes in complicated urban areas.
    These restrictions may include sensing range, battery power, connection ability, memory, and limited computation capabilities. These limitations create challenging problems for the users of the sensor networks and decision makers, which has pushed researchers from different disciplines in recent years to study various problems related to the design and deployments of efficient sensor networks regarding the smart cities characteristics and requirements.
    However, sensor networks deployment have some limitations when it comes to the modeling, monitoring, and detecting environmental processes. Urban environmental elements are also important to be considered in a realistic sensor networks deployment. Other examples of such elements include contextual information of the sensors environment and urban physical phenomena in distributed area of the network. Using such information in context of urban applications is necessary to perform an appropriate and efficient sensor network deployment. For this purpose, one needs to introduce relevant models of the urban phenomena type, the accessibility or inaccessibility of the observation area in the city, urban environmental conditions, spatial relations between the object as well as sensors, and different level of information availability. The complexity of the urban area as the sensing environment of sensor networks may result in several uncovered areas. Consequently, performing an optimized sensor placement affects how well an urban region is covered as well as the cost for constructing the network and connecting the networks elements. Hence, a fundamental issue in a sensor network in an urban area is the optimization of its spatial coverage. Based on previous studies, several optimization algorithms were developed and applied in recent years to meet this criterion. Most of these algorithms often rely on oversimplified sensors, their characteristics, and network models as well as simulation of the efficient urban model and its relevant elements.
    MethodologyBased on mentioned issues, this paper presents an approach to improve sensor deployment processes by integrating urban contextual information with optimization algorithms. To achieve this objective, the following approach that contains three specific parts is defined.
    First, a conceptual framework is proposed to integrate contextual information (CI) in sensor network deployment processes. CI defines the spatial dependencies between spatially adjacent nodes, nodes and obstacles, and obstacles themselves as well as the temporal dependencies between historical movements of nodes in the deployment process. The so-called CI is used in the proposed framework to find good candidates positions of sensor nodes to fill uncovered areas, and decide about the sensor’s adequate actions in order to guide sensor network deployment.
    Then, a local context-aware optimization algorithm is developed based on the proposed framework. The proposed method is a generic local algorithm, which accepts spatial, temporal, and thematic urban contextual information in different situations. In the proposed algorithm, sensors are ordered in a priority queue, in order to be sorted based on their coverage gain obtained by considering different CI, and following related moves in the network. Then the sensor with the maximum gain is selected, and stands at the top of the queue. The movement types of sensors are related to the local CI as well as sensor network mission. By changing the position of the topmost sensor of the queue, the network configuration is updated. Next, the coverage gain of the adjacent sensors of moved sensor is recalculated and their ordering in the priority queue is updated. This optimization process is conducted iteratively until one of the predefined stopping criteria is reached.
    Next, the accuracy assessment and error propagation analysis is conducted to determine the impact of the accuracy of contextual information on the proposed sensor network optimization method.
    Results & DiscussionThe first category of CI is the terrain model and information on the network. Having this information the elevation of the objects in study area is provided, and as a result the obstacles bared the sensing field of the sensors. Thematic information is the next category of CI used in sensor network optimization. For example, several locations may be legally forbidden for the deployment of sensors. Considering restricted areas in context-aware optimization, sensor action is changed, and new moves are defined. Desirability of coverage is another type of thematic information that can be considered in the optimization process. Suppose that there are some places in the study area, where sensors cannot be set up, but there is a high interest on those regions to be covered. Sensor placement in an environment considering a critical asset is the next thematic CI side of the context-aware algorithm. Let assume a critical asset to be monitored for preventing any undesired access with a slight activity in its environment, which is located beside a street with high level of activities. Thus, there is an interest to monitor any intrusions within the fenced area, but not having the sensor always activated due to the traffic or other activity on the street.
    ConclusionThe purpose of this paper was certainly not to overcomplicate the optimization process, but rather to find a flexible methodology that can locally accommodate all relevant information that would have an impact on sensor placement. To do so, a local optimization framework was introduced. The extended optimization algorithm can come up with different sensor placement configuration according to the various circumstances, environmental information, and/or sensor parameters encountered.
    Consequently, if there are any changes in sensor parameters or environment, the context-aware algorithm can simply take in new contextual inputs and regenerate a new sensor placement design adapted to the new situation. The outstanding advantage of the proposed context-aware algorithm was that it was designed independent of any specific CI. Thus, it is able to take into consideration different types of information based on specific network applications and tasks at hand.
    Keywords: Sensor Deployment, Urban Area, Contextual Information, Optimization, Context-Aware Algorithm