مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 62، زمستان 1390)

Background and Ethanol is known as anticonvulsant and proconvulsant but sometimes has no effect on seizure. There is no report about the role of ethanol on the anticonvulsant effect of Valproic acid (VPA). In this study, we explore the effect of ethanol on the anticonvulsant effect of VPA. Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, eight groups of mice (25-30 gr) were injected pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (37 mg/kg; ip) every other day (3 times a week). Groups receiving ethanol (0.5 and 1 g/kg; 7 and 21 continuous days; everyday; ip), PTZ was injected 30 minutes after ethanol. In Valproic acid+ethanol, Valproic acid (100 mg/kg) was injected 5 minutes before ethanol (1 g/kg). Immediately after PTZ injection, seizure stages were recorded for 20 min. Seizure stage-4 duration (S4D), seizure stage-4 latency (S4L) and seizure stage 1 latency (S1L) were recorded from each mouse after PTZ injection, and data were compared with control groups. The basis of all decisions was a significant level of P<0.05. Data analysis was done in Statistica 5.5. Pretreatment of animals with ethanol (1 g/kg for 7 days) decreased cumulative (c) S4D (%31.8 PTZ+Saline); and with ethanol (1 g/kg for 21 days) decreased cS4D (%48.3 PTZ+Saline) (P<0.001), but increased cS4L (%112.6 PTZ+Saline) and cSL (%116.8 PTZ+Saline) significantly (P<0.001). Pretreatment of animals with VPA (100 mg/kg) significantly decreased cumulative (c) S4D (%39 PTZ+Saline) (P<0.001), and significantly increased cS4L (%216.8 PTZ+Saline) and cS1L (%149 PTZ+Saline) (P<0.001). Intraperitoneal injection of VPA+ethanol significantly decreased cS4D (%56.1 relative to PTZ+VPA and %46.1 relative to PTZ+Eth 1 (7)) (P<0.001); it also increased cS4L (%233.9 relative to PTZ+VPA and %450 relative to PTZ+Eth1 (7)) (P<0.001), but had no effect on cS1L as compared to VPA and ethanol (1 g/kg; 7 days). The results indicated that ethanol (1 g/kg) functions not only as an anticonvulsant but its simultaneous injection (7 continuous days) also enhances the anticonvulsant effects of valproic acid.

Background and Aloe vera has long been used as a medication of many diseases but the research approving its analgesic effects are not many. Since the effect of its ointment on episiotomy pain has been investigated, we intended to determine the effect of aloe vera ointment on the pain intensity of episiotomy among primiparous women. Methods and Materials: This blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 74 primiparous women, having the inclusion criteria, admitted to Lolagar hospital in Tehran, Iran; the participants were continuously assigned into two groups by random allocation: experimental (using the aloe vera ointment) and control (routine medication). The experimental group (37 women) consumed Aloe vera ointment 3cc / 60 mg every 8 hours; and the control group (37 women) consumed the hospital routine care (Povidone Iodine) for five days. Data collection instruments were a demographic questionnaire and VAS scale, for recording the pain intensity before application, 4 and 8 hours and 5 days after application in both groups. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS 16 using independent t-test and chi-square. Mean pain score of the experimental and control groups before application of aloe vera ointment were 6.24±1.57 and 6.02±1.77 respectively, which reduced to 1.86±1.45 and 3.97±2.19 respectively five days after intervention; the difference between the two groups was significant (p<0.01); however, the pain score four hours after application was not significant. Aloe vera ointment can be used in episiotomy wound care to reduce the pain intensity and the need for pain killers.

Background and Mucositis is one of the most debilitating side effects of chemotherapy, affecting around 52 to 81 percent of children undergoing chemotherapy. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Evidence-based care guidelines, with and without cryotherapy, on oral Mucositis in children with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, 66 children of 3 to 15 years old undergoing chemotherapy were allocated randomly into three groups; evidence based practice with cryotherapy (EBP+Cryo), evidence based practice without cryotherapy (EBP), and the control group. For two experimental groups, the necessary care-giving, based on evidence based clinical guideline, were conducted. Cryotherapy was performed in one of the (EBP+Cryo) group. Mucositis was scored by Eilers and WHO scales. Data analysis was done in SPSS 11.5 using Kruskall Wallis, Spearman Correlation coefficient and Mann Whitney U test. The frequency of Mucositis was 8.3% in the (EBP+Cryo) group, 40% in the (EBP) group and 90% in the control group (p<0.0001). Mean intensity of Mucositis was normal in the first two groups, and 14 in the control group (p<0.0001). Evidence-based guidelines application has a significant positive effect on Mucositis, reducing the frequency and intensity of oral Mucositis.

Background and Leptin is one of the most important proteins involved in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis but the effect of acute exercise on leptin has been less investigated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of a one-session exercise on tissue concentration and gene expression of leptin in rats. Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were housed in a standard environment, and were randomly divided into two groups (Control and Experimental). The exercise was running on a treadmill for 120 min (18 m/min). Immediately, 2 and 24 hours after exercise the rats anesthetized, blood, fat tissue and soleus were taken. Leptin concentration in the muscular, fat and blood were measured. Also, leptin gene expression was investigated with RT-PCR in tissues. Data were analyzed in SPSS 16 using repeated measures ANOVA (P<0.05). The results showed that leptin gene expression significantly increased in muscles 2 hours [(51%) from 169/15± 10/36 to 349/13± 112/71] and 24 hours [(48%) from 185/14± 8/21 to 359/01± 14/77], and in adipose tissue 24 hours [(49%) from 181/69± 21/42 to 361/66] (P<0.05). However, leptin concentration did not change neither in adipose tissue nor in muscle nor plasma (P>0.05). Also, there was no significant differences in plasma leptin, glucose and insulin between the two groups across the three times of mesurement (P>0.05). Acute exercise can increase leptin gene expression in muscle and fat tissues. However, exercise with longer duration and higher volume may appear to be more effective.

Background and Many factors affect the learning of motor skills, one of which is the arrangement pattern of exercises, which can affect the stability and development of a generalized practice schedules and parameterizing the movements. The current research was performed to monitor the effect of different practice schedules on learning and transfer of generalized motor program in a serial task. Methods and Materials: This experimental study involved the population of male right-handed university students at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. Therefore, 80 participants (age range of 19-23 years old) were randomly allocated into four groups: blocked, random, blocked-random and random-blocked. The test included performance of serial tasks with different generalized motor schedules (spatial dimension variance) and variable timing parameter. The participants took part after pre-test phase and accomplishing 108 trial exercises according to practice group in retention and transfer tests. When different tests were performed, amount of relative timing errors (measure of consistency and proficiency of generalized motor program) were calculated. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey test) were used in SPSS 16 (p<0.05). A significant difference (F=3.71, P≤0.00) was observed among different patterns of exercise at the acquisition level, and Tukey test showed that the group with blocked exercise (mean error 20.14±7) had a relatively better performance at this level as compared with other groups (random 31.84±9.4; blocked random 30.25±8.29; random blocked 27.33±7.10). However, at the levels of learning and transfer, despite the relative superiority of combined practices over the relative timing errors, the difference between groups was not significant (P>0.05). The results showed that the blocked exercises caused a better performance at the acquisition level. However, different patterns caused a similar effect on the performance of participants at the levels of learning and transfer in a serial task.

Background and

Eating disorders and abnormal attitudes towards eating in adolescents, especially girls, are among fundamental problems of societies. In order to make useful interventions for detecting eating disorders and attitude change at early stages, an appropriate and capable model is required. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of Freire’s educational model on attitude change and eating disorders in students. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 60 female first-grade overweight high school students in 2010. They were non-randomly sampled from two high school in Mashad, Iran and were assigned into experimental and control groups. A standard questionnaire (EAT-26) was used for collecting data on eating disorders and nutritional attitude; the participants completed the questionnaire before and one month after the educational intervention. For data analysis, central tendency and dispersion indexes and independent t-test and paired t-test were used in SPSS 11.5.

The mean abnormal attitude score of the experimental group reduced from 8.53 before intervention to 4.16 after intervention (p<0.001). There was no change in the abnormal attitude of the control group (P=0.613). Also, the experimental group BMI reduced from 27.49 before instruction to 26.09 after intervention (p<0.001). Also, the eating disorder reduced from 6.4% before intervention to 3.2% after intervention (p<0.001). However, There was no significant differences between groups after the intervention as for their eating disorders (P=0.810).

The educational intervention by Freire’s educational model in school settings made favorable changes in student's attitudes and eating disorders.

Background and Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease in children. Achieving self-management of the child and her family is one of the important goals nursing these patients. The present research was conducted to examine the effect of problem solving education on the self-management and HbA1C in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, adolescents 10-19 years old with type 1 diabetes for at least on year, were allocated randomly into two control and problem-solving education groups. The intervention group received 6 sessions of problem-solving process education; the family function of caregivers, self-management and HbA1C of adolescents with type 1 Diabetes before and 3 months after the intervention were evaluated. Data analysis was done using independent and paired t-test, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests. Problem-solving education increased self-management in adolescents by 76.57% in terms of public health, 49.11% regimen therapy, 112.20% social presence and 75% in terms of overall self-management (p<0.001). Problem solving education also decreased HbA1C by 0.62 on average. There was a significant negative correlation between frequency of insulin injections per day and HbA1c levels (p<0.0001). Problem-solving education is remarkably effective in promoting the self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Background and Identifying the risk factors of Hepatitis C, B, and HIV is necessary to prevent their increasing prevalence. Therefore, we sought to identify the frequency of their risk factors among the homeless of Tehran, Iran during 2005 to 2007. Methods and Materials: This descriptive analytical study was conducted during 2005 to 2007 on the homeless population of Tehran, Iran. Two groups of patients were enrolled in this study: 103 HIV-positive and 75 hepatitis patients were examined (total 178), and relevant risk factors were investigated. The relevant details of the participants were obtained and recorded by a questionnaire, HIV and Hepatitis diagnosis using Eliza technique. Data were analyzed using Chi square and factor analysis in SPSS 13. 60.8% of the HIV positive cases and 43.88% of the hepatitis cases had no relations with their friends; the difference was statistically significant (p=0.027). Also, 94.2% of the AIDS cases and 85.1% of the hepatitis cases were deprived of their family support, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.o44). the prevalence of addiction to crack and heroin was 28% and 44.7% in hepatitis and AIDS sufferers respectively, where the difference was statistically significant (p=0.023). The results of factor analysis revealed five major factors: familial factors (relation with family, relation with friends, lifestyle), type of addiction (opium, crack, heroin), social factors (sex, incarceration history, family support), personal factors (age, marital status, living parents), cultural factors (education, psychological problems). The five factors related to HIV comprised 68.42% of the total variance, and those of hepatitis 56.69% of the total variance. The risk factors among the two groups are having no relations with friends, lack of family support and addiction to crack or heroin.

A three-day-old Iranian female neonate being the product of an uncomplicated pregnancy was admitted to the ophthalmology office with severe abnormality of the left and right eyes. Family history, drug history and maternal diseases during pregnancy were negative and there was no history of consanguinity. Breastfeeding was normal and there was no problem of feeding and breathing. There were complete absence of both eyebrows and complete absence of lids in the left eye as well as an incomplete lid defect in the right eye. Slit lamp examination of the right eye showed remnants of incomplete upper lid margin with some eyelashes attached to the upper half of cornea. Part of anterior chamber and iris were visible from lower half of the right cornea. Pupil was not observable. Right lower lid had two layers with its inner layer attached to the lower part of cornea. Except for the pulling of the left nostril and nose toward the left cheek, other parts including the lips, mouth, tongue, palate and pharynx seemed normal. Also, she had partial syndactyly of the right hand and left foot. By parents’ statement, genitourinary tract and bowel tract had no abnormality. The diagnosis was cryptophthalmos-syndactyly syndrome. The purpose of this presentation is to report a new and severe case of bilateral cryptophthalmos-syndactyly.

Retinopathy caused by radiation therapy has been frequently reported following treatment of lesions around the eye and orbit as well as inside the brain. In this paper, we report a female 51-year-old case of radiation retinopathy following Esthesioneuroblastoma. She was experiencing loss of vision, considering retinopathy due to radiation after angiography. Realtive improvement in vision was observed after laser photocoagulation. The purpose of this report is to turn attention into retinopathy following radiation therapy around the eye in order to timely diagnose and if possible to prevent or treat this complication which threatens the vision.