مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال بیستم شماره 3 (پیاپی 69، پاییز 1392)

In this study، we evaluated personality traits and disorders among patients with CPS using Millon Test.

This survey was a descriptive analytic study. We evaluated all of the patients with CPS in outpatients clinic of Avesina and Ghaem Hospital، Mashhad University of medical Sciences. Finally، 74 patients with CPS and 100 normal volunteers were recruited and Millon test was performed by a psychiatrist who was blind to the diagnosis.

In this study، 74. 2% of the patients and 31. 5% of control group had at least one pathological personality trait (P<0. 05). Personality disorders were significantly higher in CPS comparing control group (27. 2% Vs 8. 4% respectively). The most common personality disorders were schizoid and borderline. The prevalence of borderline and antisocial personality disorders were significantly higher in patients (P<0. 05). All of the pathological personality traits were more common in CPS، and the difference was significantly higher for borderline، dependent and passive aggressive traits comparing control group. Personality disorders were more common in women.

Results This study clearly showed the higher prevalence of some of the pathologic personality traits and disorders among patients with CPS. This finding might be related to abnormal pathological activity in temporal lobe، however CPS as a chronic disorder،r might also had sever impact on the personality changes.

Introduction & The amniotic membrane (AM) has distinctive characteristics and potentials that make it a proper biomaterial for tissue engineering. There are varieties of methods for preserving the AM. In this study، the AM was preserved using different methods. The effect of preservation on tissue composition and physical and mechanical properties was compared between preserved and fresh samples of the AM. The human AM was preserved after being detached from the placenta. It was preserved using either cryopreservation methods (in temperature of -80 ºC، for 6 months) or lyophilization. The preserved AM was histologically assessed using light and electronic microscopy. Mechanical tolerance of the preserved AM was also measured using uniaxial tension test، suture retention test and thickness calculation. This study showed that the value of Fmax and elongation at break in the cryopreserved and lyophilaized AM was smaller than the same value in the fresh AM samples. All of the samples had same tolerance in suture retention test، although lyophilaized samples of the AM were thinner than other types of the samples. Tissue composition (histological properties) regarding epithelial cells and tissue layers of the AM were not the same in different samples. Cryopreservation and lyophilization as two preservation methods of the AM، can affect the tissue composition and physical and mechanical features of the AM. Thus the preservation method for the AM can be chosen regarding the final usage of the AM as a biomaterial.

Hearing loss and tinnitus are two auditory effects of hearing system damage due to occupational noise exposure. These factors can have non-auditory effects by themselves and impact on brain cognitive performance. In our study، the effect of occupational noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus on cognition and auditory-verbal memory was investigated. Our study was done on 42 male workers aged 40 to 56 years in three groups of workers with 1) hearing loss، 2) hearing loss and tinnitus and 3) normal hearing. Workers in two first groups had a long history of working in environments with excessive noise، and third group was matched control workers with normal hearing. Hearing impaired persons had symmetrical moderate falling sensory-neural hearing loss in the both ears. For all subjects، Mini-Mental State Examination and Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Tests were performed in identical conditions. Normal hearing group had higher scores in all stages of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning test than two other groups and their means differences in three A1، Sum and Recognition stages were significant (p≤0. 034). Similar finding was observed in the Mini-Mental Examination test too (p≤0. 025). Our study revealed effect of noise induced hearing loss and tinnitus due to prolonged exposure to noise over the limit on general cognition and auditory-verbal memory. Given the preventable nature of auditory and non-auditory effects of occupational noise، administration and control of hearing conservation programs and training of workers can be the suitable and proposed solution.

Understand and identifying of the experiences of meth addicted persons while withdrawal، could provide a worthwhile apprehension of how being experienced of the method of treatment and its effect on patients. The purpose of this research was to explore the experiences of meth addicted persons during treatment by the “rebirth” method. This study was accomplished by qualitative approach and content analysis method. Verdigs rehabilitation center، one of the subsets of Charitable Societies of rebirth locating in Karajs Vardavard، was the place this study accomplished. Data collection has done through deep semi-structured interview and field’s observation. Sampling methods were a mixture of purposive and snowballing that continued until data saturation reached to 15 in number. Results of the study، through the treatment and recovery tunnel imply that the experiences of participants، is dividable to three main steps including: the first week presence in rehabilitation center، participating in programs and recovery. It seems that the treatment programs of the center، considering extracted categories of this study، was relied on participants needs and participants described the treatment positive and successful.

Aim and Since there is no questionnaire in Iran to measure child and adolescent anger، we need to translate and validate STAXI-2 C/A from English to Persian. For this reason، the aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the measure of State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory -2 Child and Adolescent (STAXI-2 C/A) amongst a sample of Iranian students aged 12-17 years. Methods and materials: in this descriptive study، the questionnaire has been carried out on 556 high- School and junior- high –school students. Validation of the (STAXI-2 C/A) was carried out on aspects of convergent and divergent validity. The results of the analysis supported the convergent and divergent validity of (STAXI-2 C/A). Reliability of the (STAXI-2 C/A) was examined in two ways: Cronbach alpha coefficient and test-retest reliability (with 14 days between two assessments). The results internal consistency and test-retest coefficients of the (STAXI-2 C/A) were satisfactory to excellent. In general، these findings support the validity and reliability of (STAXI-2 C/A). Amongst sample of Iranian students.

Background and Addiction is a dependence on the drug that makes him the physical and psychological dependence on drugs and will affect all his personal and social behavior and has been attacked as an important social pathology of human society. Therefore، the aim of this study was Effect of a given exercise program on quality of life and self steam of addicts. Methods and materials: The study was quasi-experimental. Between drug addiction in the center of the 60 Congress، 60 of whom were purposefully selected and divided into two groups. The first group، There were 30 people after detoxification and drug treatments did not participate in exercise programs and advice received، the second Group، There were 30 people on drug treatment and counseling after detoxification were involved in sports programs. In two pre-test and post test subjects responded to questionnaires about quality of life and self steam. Data analysis was performed using the dependent and independent T test whit Using software SPSS16 at significant level (p<0. 05). The groups were not significantly different from each other in pre-test، quality of life (p=0/87، t= 2/011) and self steam (p=0/49، t=0/65) but in the post-test groups with exercise training significantly with quality of life (p=0/002، t=-3/27) and self steam (p=0/007، t= -2/81) were better than the control group. It was observed that two groups of pre-test to post-test significantly (p<0/001) in terms of quality of life and self steam had improved. The results showed that the drug addicts who have used a combination of methods، such as regular exercise of moderate intensity، Had a greater improvement in quality of life and self steam.

The purpose of this study was studying the comparative effects of a gluteus medius strength training program and balance training program on postural control in adult and elder women. this study is semi-experimental with pre-test – post-test design. Forty five elderly women (55-65 aged) participated in this study and divided randomly in three groups: gluteus medius (GM)، balanced and control. The Experimental groups performed their training program for 6 weeks and three times per week. Prior and after to starting training program، the balance measured by Berg Balance Test (BBT). Dependent t-test and ANOVA used to analyze the data (P<0/05). The results show that GM training (p=0/003) and balance training (p=0/012) improve balance significantly in elderly women. There are significant differences between GM group and control group (p=0/005) and between balance group and control group (p=0/001) but no significant different between GM and balance group (p=0/6). In conclusion، strengthening GM may improve postural control in elderly women.

Smoking can decrease adiponectin serum and increase insulin resistance index. The purpose of present study was to examine the effect of one session of exhaustive aerobic exercise on levels of adiponectin serum and insulin resistance index in smoker men. A semi-experimental design was used. The target population consisted of smoker students of the Hakim Sabzevari University، from whom twelve smoker male students volunteered and were randomly divided into three situations; control، exhaustive aerobic exercise at 70-75% intensity of maximal heart rate، and exhaustive aerobic exercise at 90-95% intensity of maximal heart rate، in a crossover design. Two situations of aerobic exhaustive exercise programs involved running on treadmill with intensities of 70-75% and 90-95% of maximum heart rate of the subjects. During this period، the control group did not perform any physical activity. To calculate changes in plasma volume and measurement of adiponectin، glucose، insulin and lipid profile indices blood samples were collected before and immediately after performing of aerobic exercises. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). After the correction of results with respect to plasma volume changes، no significant differences in serum of adiponectin levels (P=0. 825) and insulin resistance index (P=0. 756) were determined between the control and experimental situations. Furthermore، no significant difference was observed among the three situations in the glucose (P=0. 633)، insulin (P=0. 768)، low density lipoprotein (P=0. 075)، high density lipoprotein (P=0. 131)، total cholesterol (P=0. 559)، and serum triglyceride (P=0. 641). One session of exhaustive aerobic exercise with two different intensities has no effect on levels of serum adiponectin and insulin resistance index in smoker men. However، to achieve more conclusive results، further investigation is warranted.

In The last two decades، nursing homes for elderly have expanded tremendously. Client satisfaction is one of the most important indicators of service quality delivered by institutes and organizations. This study was carried out to measure client satisfaction in the private nursing homes of Golestan، Mazandaran، Semnan and Northern Khorasan Provinces in 2012. In this cross-sectional study، 89 participants from all 14 nursing homes located in the pre-mentioned provinces who met the inclusion criteria including age 60 years or older، ability to communicate، Abbreviated Mental Test scores of 6 or higher، and at least 6 months stay duration were recruited by the method of census and interviewed. Data was gathered using the questionnaire of Assessing Elderly Residents'' Satisfaction of the Delivered Services in Nursing Homes. In order to analyze data، statistical parametric t-test، ANOVA، Mann-Whitney، Kruskal-Wallis test، Spearman correlation coefficient and SPSS software (version 17)، were used. Mean scores showed that satisfaction with the physical care (3. 55) and physical environment (3. 77) were higher than of satisfaction with psychological care (3. 00) and social care (3. 26). The mean score of overall satisfaction with the services was 3. 40 and indicative of satisfaction in the levels of moderate to good. There was a significant relation between mean scores of satisfaction and the way which clients had been admitted to nursing homes (p<0. 002). Lower levels of satisfaction with psychological and social care in the nursing homes points to the need of paying more attention toward these two care dimensions. Considering the significant relationship between self commitment and the level of satisfaction، psychological preparedness of older clients before committing them to nursing homes may play a role in their satisfaction with the services delivered in nursing home.

The insulin-like growth factor naturally exists in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and plays a significant role in cellular multiplication and differentiation during growth and maturation of the brain. These factors are expressed with their bond proteins and their receptors in the damaged areas of the brain. This indicates the role of IGFs systems in the brain damage. Molecular simulation is a direct computational method for studying the structural changes of a wide spectrum of physical and biological issues. Computationally، experimental force fields have various forms in simulation of folding insulin-like growth factor. In this study، the transfer temperature for IGF1 was modulated. The system was balanced and was studied and analyzed through dynamic molecular method within 500 Pico seconds. Studying the changes occurred in the potential energy of the three force fields showed that Amber force field is better than MM+ and OPLS force field and also MD simulation، at least in this model، is more effective than MC and LD methods. Low temperatures make the structure more stable while high temperatures are on the contrary.

It is well recognized that gender and race differences play a role in pain sensitivity، pain perception، response to analgesic drug and prevalence of certain chronic pain disorders. In this study investigated gender and strain-related differences in the effect of food deprivation on formalin induced nociceptive behaviors in rats. This study was done in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences 8 groups of rats (220-300gr). Groups 1 and 2: Effect formalin-induced nociceptive behaviours in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups 3 and 4: Effect formalin-induced nociceptive behaviours in male and female Wistar rats. Groups 5 and 6: Effect of food deprivation on formalin-induced nociceptive behaviours in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups 7 and 8: Effect of food deprivation on formalin-induced nociceptive behaviours in male and female Wistar rats. Food was withdrawn 48 h (short-term food deprivation) prior to performing the formalin test، but water continued to be available ad libitum. The formalin (50 μL، 2%) was injected into hind plantar paw. Immediately after the formalin injection، pain behaviors recorded for 90 minutes. There is significant difference between male and female control Sprague-Dawley rats during phase 2B. Although interphase in male rats is more than female ones، but the phase 2B in female rats is more than male ones and phase 2 finished with delay in Sprague-Dawley race. There are no significant differences between male and female control Wistar rats during formalin test. Following 48-h food deprivation، male and female rats exhibited enhanced nociceptive behaviors in response to formalin injection during phase 1، the interphase، phase 2. In contrast، 48 h food deprivation had significant effect on formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviors in phase 2B for male Wistar and in interphase and phase 2B for female rats. The present study demonstrates the existence of gender and strain-related differences in rats in the development and maintenance of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Also، these differences observed following food deprivation.

Background and Morphine addiction and morphine withdrawal syndrome are of main problems in human societies. In the present study، effect of nicotine on the strength of physical and psychological dependency، produced by single and repeated doses of morphine، was investigated. Male wistar rats were dependent to morphine with single and repeated dose protocols. In the single dose protocol، rats received only one dose of morphine and 24h later were given Naloxone. In the repeated dose protocol، rats received incremental doses of morphine for 7 days and 24h after the last dose (8th day) were given Naloxone. In the single dose protocol، rats were given one dose of nicotine 30 min before Naloxone. However in the repeated doses they received nicotine 15 min before morphine for 4 days from 4th day to 7th day. 5 min after Naloxone each rat′s behavior was captured for 30 min. then physical and psychological signs of withdrawal syndrome were recorded. Results showed that injection of repeated and even single dose of morphine can produce dependency. Nicotine consumption attenuated strength of withdrawal syndrome signs، specially increasing weight excrement and total withdrawal score in single dose protocol and weight excrement increasing، weight decreasing، place aversion، and total withdrawal score in repeated dose treatment. Based on our data، even a single dose of morphine can produce dependency in rats. Conversely، Nicotine consumption attenuates strength of withdrawal syndrome signs.

Nicotine is the alkaloid used by millions of people around the world through smoking and at the same time these people also exposed to some kind stressors that effect on body including endocrine system. The aim of this study was to investigate the interference of nicotine and immobility stress on plasma levels of hormones of ACTH and corticosterone in mature male rats. In this empirical research study, we used 70 mature male Wistar rats were enrolled as the control, sham and experiment groups randomly. 3 experimental groups of different types received doses of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg BW nicotine, and 2 experimental group, one received for 2 hours immobility stress and other for 2 hours immobility stress and other plus nicotine with doses of 0.3 mg/kg BW and the sham group received 1cc of saline intraperitoneally for 5 days. 24 hours after the last injection, mice were bled from the heart and were measured hormones ACTH and corticosterone levels. The data were evaluated using ANOVA and Tuky test. The results showed that the nicotine at different doses and immobility stress and immobility stress with nicotine increases plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone hormones. Discussion and According to the result of this study it can be concluded that the effect of immobilization stress and nicotine enhances the stimulatory effects of nicotine and stress on corticosterone and ACTH

Regarding estrogen role in free radical scavenging، secretion cessation of estrogen in menopause is considered as the source of ROS increase. due to deficiency of estrogen، antioxidant defence system seems to be affected in this phase. The aim of this study was Assay of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in menopausal women. This case-control study was performed on 75 postmenopausal women as a case group and 74 volunteer premenopausal women as a control was performed. Serum enzyme activity of catalase، superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity was measured in the fasting state. The amount of total antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal (11. 4±4. 4 mM Trolox) compared to the control group (10. 3±1. 2 mM Trolox) were significantly decreased (p<0. 05). The activity of superoxide dismutase in postmenopausal (1. 92±0. 14 Unit/mg-protein) compared to the control group (2. 07±0. 09 Unit/mg-protein) were significantly decreased (p<0. 05). The obtained data showed that total antioxidant capacity and activity of superoxide dismutase enzymes decrease in the postmenopausal women. Increasing of Oxidative stress cause probably result in reduction of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase enzymes activity.

Aerobic exercise stimulates the release of β- endorphin and other endogenous opioid peptides that are induced influences of morphine and other receptors agonist’s opioid peptides. Therefore، it may be reduced withdrawal sign and benefit in withdrawal period. The purpose of this study was investigated acute effects of swimming exercise on common behavior following withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent rats. in this experimental study Male Wistar rats (250±20 g، N=24) in two group (control addiction، exercise trained addiction) were addicted by morphine sulfate 0. 4 mg/ml (for 21 days) and animals were submitted to swimming training for 8 weeks; they initially swim 60 min for 3 weeks، then 90 min 2 weeks، finally 120 min for 3 weeks. At the end of each stage of exercise protocol we inject naloxan hydrochloride (3mg/kg. ip). Behavioral symptoms (such as jumping، tearing، teeth chattering، diarrhea، and body tremors) were measured based on 45-minute in addicted animal. Analysis of variance with repeated measures (with the software SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Our data showed that swimming exercise after 5 and 8 weeks acutely decreased withdrawal sign (p<0. 05). Withdrawal sign did not significantly change after 3 weeks of swimming exercise in addicted rats. Our data showed that swimming exercise after 8 weeks decreased Behavioral signs. Therefore، it can be used for the treatment and/or management of withdrawal conditions.

Depression is a main complication in the developed and in developing countries. Studies showed that depression not only is a emotional disease but also affect the body. Immune system disordering is an important complication following depression. Studies showed that depression can induce immunological chronic inflammation، hence، lead to accelerate depression. Several molecules including JAK/STAT pathways and Toll like receptors، AIMII and NLRs play important roles in inducing chronic inflammation. It seems that the mentioned molecules can induce inflammation via cytokine production in depressed patients. Therefore، evaluation of cytokine patterns and cytokines producing pathways in depressed patients can help scientists to find the pathogenesis of depression. Thus، the aim of this review article was to collect recent information regarding cytokine patterns as well as the related molecules in inflammation in depression.

In more than 75% of delivery nursing staff members encourage prolonged Valsalva-type pushing during the second stage of labor. The objective of the present study is to the assessment of effect Spontaneous Pushing in second stage of labor on maternal and fetus outcomes. Methods & Materials: In this quasi-experimental study was completed on 160 pregnant women in second stage of labor and average 18-35 years old. The participants were allocated in two groups spontaneous pushing (n=80) and Valsalva pushing technique (n=80). In group spontaneous pushing، used the spontaneous pushing method (open glottis pushing while breathing out) and in other group، used the Valsalva pushing technique (closed glottis pushing while holding their breath) during the second stage of labor. Duration stage of delivery، perineal tears، 1- and 5- minute APGAR score were evaluated in both group. Data were analyzed by SPSS. Rate intact perineum in spontaneous pushing group was higher than Valsalva pushing technique group (p<0. 001). Moreover، first-degree and second-degree tears were not significant difference between two group. Rate the need for episiotomy was less in spontaneous pushing group (%33. 8 versus %66. 2) (p<0. 001) that the group were significantly different. The baby fared better with spontaneous pushing، with higher 1 minute APGAR score. It seems that spontaneous pushing method during the second stage of labor is associated with less perineal trauma and improved newborn outcome.