مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 73، خرداد و تیر 1393)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise in water on cortisol levels and TGF-β in men with multiple sclerosis (MS). This study was a quasi-experimental and applied method with pre and posttest. The study population was 30 male patients with MS referred to a neurologist in Mashhad, Iran; who were randomly divided into two groups (experimental and control). Exercise program for the experimental group consisted of 24 40-minute sessions of aerobic exercise in water for eight weeks, with a frequency of three times per week. So that, based on the principle of overload, after every eight sessions, 10 minutes was added to exercise program. Before and after the exercise program, blood samples were taken from the patients for measurement of cortisol and TGF-β levels. Data were analyzed by independent sample t-test (between-group differences) and paired t-test (within-group differences), and P≤0.05 was statistically considered significant. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups in cortisol levels; so that the exercise program significantly decreased cortisol levels (P=0.001). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in TGF-β levels. The results showed that MS patients can benefit from a longer period of aerobic exercise in water, to improve their own immune system via reduction in TGF-β level.

Introduction and Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is one of the leading causes of preterm delivery and Potential adverse in prenatal. Given the importance of certain factors and lack of it's predisposing to this complication, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between PROM and the mother's blood lead level in first half of pregnancy. This longitudinal study has done on 110 pregnant women at 14-20 weeks gestational age at clinics in teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University in the years 1389-1390.Obtainig blood samples to measure lead in enrollment and demographic and pregnancy questionnaire was completed. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 software and Corelation Spearman, χ2, Man-Whitney U, Linear regression tests and P<0.05 was taken as the significant level. The averagematernal age 26/7 ± 4/3 years, the average maternal blood lead level of 4/7 ± 4/9 μg/dl and premature rupture of membranes 6/8% was reported. According to chi-square test results between blood lead and PROM, there was no significant relationship (P =0/8). In this study, results showed there was no significant relationship between blood lead levels and premature rupture of membranes.

Individuals with social phobia don’t have a flexible approach to deal with stress and they are weak to practice social skills. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Heimberg- Becker group cognitive- behavioral therapy in Improving Female Adolescents Social Anxiety and Cognitive Flexibility. In this experimental design, 24 patients with social phobia were selected from 2013-2014 highschool female students of Esfarayen, Iran. They randomly assigned to experimental (Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy Heimberg- Becker) and control groups. All subjects of both groups responded to Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ), and Clinical Global Index (CGI) at pre and post treatment. Data were analyzed by t-test and multiple analyses of variance (MANOVA) using SPSS-19 statistical package and P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Also, improvement percents were computed. Results showed that CBGT compared to control group lead to more significant improvement in cognitive flexibility and social anxiety (P<0.001). Experimental group subjects showed significantly more pre- to post-treatment percentage improvements in all variables (P<0.001). They were more satisfied with treatment method and reported more global improvement (P<0.001) than control group subjects. The Heimberg- Becker Group Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy (CBGT) is effective in improving female adolescents social anxiety and cognitive flexibility.

Changing in anthropometrics index can cause a reduction in the balance of body and may be considered as a contributing factor in falling down. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and static and dynamic postural balance among healthy subjects. Fifty healthy male and female University students were selected through simple non-probability sampling. Static and dynamic stability index were measured by means of Biodex Balance System and also a tape measure and non-digital scale were used to examine Anthropometrics index. Obtained data were analyzed through Independent t-test and Pearson Correlation test(p<0.05). Results did not show a significant correlation between static stability index and BMI among male and female groups (p>0.05) (for example: the overall static stability index r= 0.21, p=0.30 in male group) while, there was observed a significant correlation between dynamic stability index and BMI, Weight and Height variables among male and female groups (p<0.05) (for example: the overall dynamic stability index r= 0.54, p= 0.005 in male group). Besides, there was an adverse significant correlation between the range of stability index and BMI (for example: the overall limit of dynamic stability r=-0.45, p=0.02 in male group). present results indicated that there are a direct relationship between dynamic stability and anthropometrics indexes and also, an indirect relationship between the range of stability and anthropometrics indexes.

Cyanide ion is one of the most dangerous compounds for the man. Electrocoagulation process with high efficiency to removing pollutants, than researchers considered a effective process. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of electrocoagulation process by aluminum electrodes in cyanide removal from synthetic wastewater using magnesium oxide as a coagulantaid. Mehods: In this study, a reactor with four aluminum electrodes with dimensions 200 × 20 × 2 mm use of 1 Liter of useful volume of electricity generating device for the removal of cyanide was used. Effect of parameters such as pH(3-9), voltage (10-30 V), the initial concentration of cyanide(50-500 ppm) and different concentrations of magnesium oxide particles (0.1 to 1 mg l) as coagulant aid in the process were investigated. The results show that the efficiency of EC process at pH 5, voltage of 30 V and an initial concentration of cyanide, 50 mg/lit in 45 minutes, was 80 percent. process will Efficiency by adding coagulant aid. In optimal amounts of coagulant aid (0.1 mg/lit) in electrocoagulation process on the removal of the cyanide 90% was achieved. Electrocoagulation process is suitable process for the removal of cyanide. Also, Magnesium Oxide as a coagulant aid in this process was good and increase process efficiency.

Nicotine is one of the ingredients in cigarettes. Nicotine is toxic to the brain, cardiovascular system and respiratory tract and the body tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nicotine on the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glucose, and insulin lipid profile in diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 50 Wistar adult male rats weighing 220-250 g were used and divided into five groups of 10, including control (no treatment), diabetic control, and experimental (diabetic mice) groups 1, 2 and 3 that treated with 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg nicotine, respectively. In this study, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). At the end of the treatment period, blood samples were taken from mice and serum enzymes AST, ALP, ALT; and LDL, HDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and glucose levels were measured. Data analyses were performed in SPSS software 18, using ANOVA and Tukey test. The results showed a significant increase in the concentration of enzymes ALT, AST and ALP; and glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL levels; but a significant decrease in HDL level in the experimental group compared with the control group. Nicotine increases the complications of diabetes, such as increase in glucose, lipids and liver enzymes ALP, AST and ALT.

4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) are two potassium channel blockers which have shown that have beneficial effects in treating some neurological disorders such as ataxia, Alzheimer and multiple sclerosis. In this study the effect of acute administration of 4-AP and TEA in the treatment of behavioral symptoms of Parkinsonism induced by the toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was studied in male rats. 6-OHDA was injected into left medial forebrain bundle (MFB) by stereotaxic surgery using Hamilton syringe. Then, in the third week after surgery, the rats before and after drug application were tested for rotational behavior induced by apomorphine. In the fourth week, Rotarod test was performed in the presence of the blockers for six consecutive days. 4-AP at doses 200 and 500 µg/kg had no significant effect, but at dose 1000 µg/kg led to a significant improvement of behavioral symptoms of Parkinsonism in the rotation test. On the other hand, the drug decreased motor performance and motor learning in the Rotarod test. TEA at dose 1 mg/kg was ineffective, but at dose 2 mg/kg caused a significant decrease, and at dose 5 mg/kg caused a significant increase in the number of rotations of the Parkinsonian rats. TEA had no effect on the motor learning in the Rotarod test. The results of this study indicate that 4-AP and TEA, in a dose-dependent manner, weaken some symptoms of Parkinsonism, but worsen some other symptoms.

The risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the elderly, obese and sedentary population is high. Exercise can improve metabolic disorders associated with these diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks resistance exercises on C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and lipid biomarkers in sedentary middle-aged men. This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2012 in the city of Sari. In this study, 24 subjects were randomly divided into two groups; experimental and control group (each group 12). The resistance exercise program was performed for eight weeks, 3 times a week, 90 minutes per session, with intensity of 60-70 one repetition maximum. Blood samples were collected before and after the exercise intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15 and P<0.05 was statistically considered significant. The results showed that in the resistance exercise group, CRP, IL-6 and percent body fat decreased by 19.14%, 11.00% and 9.55%, respectively (P<0.05). Although, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were unchanged in two groups (P>0.05). Eight weeks resistance exercises, through decreasing CRP and IL-6 levels, two known new risk factors, can reduce atherosclerosis and be effective in cardiovascular health.

Underground water resources constitute an important part of urban water resources. One of the serious challenges in ensuring and promoting community health is gradual increase in nitrate levels of drinking water of communities across the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the seasonal variation of nitrate and ammonia levels in drinking water wells of Babol city using GIS software, in 2010-11. This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on drinking water wells of Babol city in 2010-11. Sampling was done according to a standard method from 20 drinking water wells, in different seasons; and in final, 80 water samples were analyzed. Nitrate and ammonia concentration of samples was measured using Spectrophotometer DR2000 (Hach company) in 500 and 425 nm, respectively. For qualitative analysis and seasonal fluctuation of nitrate and ammonia concentration of different areas, Geographic information systems, ArcGIS, was used. The results showed that the highest amount of nitrate was in summer (23.68 mg/l), and the lowest was in winter (14 mg/l). While the highest and the lowest amount of ammonia was in spring (0.43 mg/l) and summer (0.06 mg/l), respectively. Also, the results showed that only in well number 5 located in Kate Sofla village, nitrate concentration had increasing trend, and in the remaining wells, nitrate and ammonia concentration, had an increasing and a decreasing trend, respectively. The results indicate that nitrate and ammonia levels in all samples were lower than the WHO recommendations. To avoid increasing in the ammonia and nitrate concentrations in the underground waters, ongoing training to farmers on the proper use of chemical fertilizers, as well as the construction and operation of wastewater collection systems are recommended.

There are many factors that effect on the lungs capacity and treatment process in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smoking, as a risk factor, is important in this process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Salmeterol on some parameters of pulmonary ventilation in smokers and non-smokers patients with COPD. This desiccative analytical study was done on 117 patients with respiratory symptoms of COPD who had referred to an internist during 2010-2013 in Sabzevar city, Iran. Data collection methods include observation, clinical symptoms, and respiratory test (spirometry) that was performed by a physician. Before and after Salmeterol inhalation, pulmonary function tests were performed, and pulmonary parameters FEVI, FVC, FEV1% and PEF were measured and recorded. Data were analyzed using paired t test, and independent t test. Of 117 patients 75(64%) were male and 42(36%) were female. The mean age of smokers and non-smokers was 42.36±18.20 and 50.14±18.56, respectively; which was statistically significan (P<0.03). FEV1% was significantly different in COPD patients before and after Salmeterol inhalation (97.44±10.84 and 94.75±10.81, respectively) (P<0.04). In smokers, before Salmeterol inhalation, the mean forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEVI), was lower than non-smokers, but after Salmeterol inhalation, was higher than non- smokers, but not significant. Also, after Salmeterol inhalation, FEVI% was higher in non-smokers compared with smokers. In smokers, COPD onset is 8 years earlier than non-smokers, and Salmeterol inhalation decreases FEVI% in COPD patients.

Cesarean delivery is usually limited to cases where it is not possible through normal path, or is associated with serious risks for the fetus and mother, therefore it is expected, Caesarean section should be used in limited and specific cases and the rate of it does not exceed certain limits. Unfortunately,nowadays reported cesarean section rate is more than acceptable in the country. Lack of awareness of the complications of cesarean and negative attitude toward normal vaginal delivery was of the causes of the increased tendency of pregnant women to have cesarean. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting on selection of the methods of delivery and attitude of pregnant women admitted to the civil hospitals Social Security Organization in 2013. This research was descriptive–analytical and cross–sectional. In this study of 2521 pregnant women in 67 civil hospitals Social Security Organization across the country had referred in the summer of 2013, using simple random sampling were examined. For data collection, a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, the questions about reasons for selection of cesarean, and attitude measurement toward vaginal delivery and cesareanwas prepared by voting of midwives and obstetricians and then,after final approval by test-ratest method,completed through interviews withpergenant mothers. For the data analysis were used of SPSS 22 software and chi-square and T-tests. The mean age mothers were 27.64±0.21 and also 57% of them had a higher education diploma. The cesarean rate was 50.7% in women in the study. 57% of women tend to be more moderate cesarean (p<0.001). Their main reasons for choosing cesarean were analgesia operating procedures, the lack of harm to the fetus, preventing tearing and deformed genitalia, do not require frequent examinations and suggestion of doctor or midwife. Significant statistically association was between current birth mothers with maternal age, spouse's age, age at marriage, level of Education, job, income, previous delivery,parity, stillbirth, infertility and miscarriage and a family history of cesarean section (p<0.001). There was significant relationship between level of knowledge and attitude toward cesarean delivery (p<0.001). But there was no found significant association between the attitude of the normal vaginal delivery with mother's level of knowledge (p=0.31). According to the survey results and the relationship between attitudes to caesarean and selection, it is essential to deal with the excessive increase in cesarean and achieve an acceptable limit this type of delivery (cesarean section), Necessary actions should be performed to raise the awareness of women about the benefits of normal vaginal delivery and disadvantages of cesarean section.

One of the ways to treat prostate cancer is brachytherapy using low-energy sources, such as iodine-125 (125I). The purpose of this study was to assess dose enhancement factor in tumors in the presence of various nanoparticles in prostate tumor, and the effect of these nanoparticles on isodose curves in prostate cancer brachytherapy using Monte Carlo simulation. 125I brachytherapy source model SL-125/SH-125 was simulated using Monte Carlo MCNPX code. TG-43 parameters were calculated and verified. Dose enhancement factors were evaluated in presence of Fe2O3, Ag, Gd, Pt and Au nanoparticles in central cross section of the tumor in concentrations of 7, 18 and 30 mg/ml. Dose rate constant obtained 0.954 cGyh-1U-1. Maximum dose enhancement factors for Fe2O3, Ag, Gd, Pt and Au were 1.79, 1.32, 1.14, 1.15 and 1.27, respectively. Also, the 100% isodose line shifted toward the central point of the spherical tumor and the 100% isodose line shifted outward. Dose enhancement factors had no rule in increasing or decreasing by atomic number of nanoparticles. Regarding to the simulation results, it can be concluded that nanoparticles presence in tumor leads to dose increase inside the tumor and dose decrease outside the tumor. Therefore, we can reduce treatment time and activity. So, the clinical use of these nanoparticles is recommended to enhance prostate brachytherapy dose.

In recent years, although the use of high intensity interval training (HIIT) has been replaced continuous and long term training in patients and athletes, but the practical and field exercise is less used. The aim of this study was to compare the short-term HIIT with RAST, and plyometric exercises on some indices of cardiovascular, anaerobic capacity, and sprint and jumping performance in active female students. For this purpose, 30 female students of physical education voluntarily participated in this study. They were randomly divided into 3 groups: HIIT with RAST, HIIT with plyometric, and control groups. Practicing groups, in addition to their routine physical activity, participated in a training program for 2 weeks, 5 days per week. After 48 hours of last training session, post tests were executed in all 3 groups. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and LSD test. Our findings showed a significant increase in VO2max, and a significant decrease in sprinting time in HIIT with RAST group compared with HIIT with plyometric group (p˂0.05). In addition, a significant increase in VO2max, peak, average and minimum power on RAST test, as well as a significant decrease in sprinting time was seen in HIIT with RAST group compared with control group. Also, a significant increase in VO2max, height of squat jump and countermovement jump was observed in HIIT with plyometric group compared with control group (p˂0.05). According to the results obtained, it seems that HIIT with RAST is more efficient than HIIT with plyometric exercises, but both types of training improve VO2max and sprint performance. So, the combination of these two training program may led to a better results.

Culture factors play an important role in the confirmation of obsession symptoms. Knowledge of information about the frequency and diversity of those symptoms is helpful for provision of a more accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy goals. The aim of this study, Determine the demographic characteristics and symptoms of obsessive–compulsive patients. In a cross-sectional design (one year, from 10/1391 to 9/1392), 62 patients diagnosed with OCD from psychological clinic of Qazvin, were selected by the method of available sampling. Data were collected using clinical interview, demographic and MOCI questionnaire. Data have been analyzed by version 21 SPSS software, descriptive and inferential statistical methods (chi-square) The level 5 and 1 percent of Significant. The most frequent onest of OCD, occurs in sections 21 to 30 years of age (%59.67). For women diagnosed with OCD, age at onset of this disorder is higher than for men.The fact that women suffer from this disorder more frequently shows that women need a more serious follow-up for their treatment than men (women= %88.71 and men=%11.29). Married people suffer from this disorder more frequently and are more motivated for treatment (%79.03). The type and quality of relationships with parents is also influential in the people suffering from OCD, it shows that they had strict parents with unilateral perspective (%83.87). Also the results show that the most common symptoms of OCD in patients respectively, Included obsessive (98/38), suspicion (93/54), revision (91/93), repetition (87/09), washing (79/03). Patients with OCD have different symptomatic and demographic characteristics. Reason for that can be their cultural diversity, and this finding could be an important concept for consideration for diagnosis and treatment.

Minocycline has anticonvulsant effects. Since some antiepileptic drugs increase the neurotransmitter GABA in the brain, the aim of this study is the effect of minocycline on gene expression of GABAA receptor in hippocampus and piriform brain areas on amygdale kindling acquisition in rat. In this experimental study, three group (24 Wistar rats), after stereotaxic surgery and 1 week recovery period, received kindling stimulations(twice daily at 6 hours interval). Group 1(n=8) did not receive daily kindling stimulations. Group 2 (n=8) received intraperitoneal saline (1ml/kg) and Group 3 (n=8) received intraperitoeneal minocycline (25 mg/kg) 60 min before kindling stimulation and respectively. Two hours after the last stimulation, animals’ brains were removed and the changes of gene expression by γ2 subunit of GABAAreceptor in the hippocampus and piriform cortex were measured and compared with the control group. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (P<0/05). In Group 3 intraperitoneal administration of minocycline for 10 days reduced cumulative ADD significantly reduced in comparison with the control group (Group 2) (P<0.001); also, it increased significantly the delay time of stage 4 (p<0.01) and stage 5 (p<0.001) of the seizures. In addition, the injection of minocycline before kindling stimulations removed the electrical stimulation induced an increase in mRNA of γ2 subunit of GABAA receptor in hippocampus and piriform cortex of amygdale kindling. The results of this study showed that minocycline administration before electrical stimulation acts as an anticonvulsant, and this effect occurs via reducing GABAA receptors.

Molecular dynamics method to simulate the thermodynamic behavior of materials in the solid phase، liquid and gas using the force، velocity and position of particles. Among these factors، the most important factor is power. Classical molecular dynamics simulations، Classical potential energy is obtained. potential classic، is a function of the location and position of electrons in atoms or nuclei of atoms is dependent. purpose of this study compare the energy calculated for a number of biologically important proteins. Molecular dynamics simulation provide an appropriate way to microscopic atomic and molecular modeling. The calculations were performed on a personal computer with the program hyperchem. No changes were made and geometry of all atoms، Dihedral angles and bonds were self-change. The final energy of protein structures using Monte-Carlo simulations، molecular dynamics and Langevin dynamics was performed. Optimize the geometry and the interaction energies calculated with different methods، for several proteins، including nerve growth factor receptor and enzyme protein was comparable effective learning. Molecular dynamics simulations of quantum and classical potential energy of the electron Schrödinger equation is calculated. Simulation methods using a set of non-equilibrium transport properties and consider the effects of quantum mechanics are developed. Energy potential and the degree during the heat simulations almost constant that indicates the stability of the temperature structure of these proteins are listed.