مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال بیست و یکم شماره 4 (پیاپی 75، مهر و آبان 1393)

having appropriate nutrition can affect the quality and quantity of adolescent students’ growth; therefore this study was conducted to assess the nutritional status and its relationship to the educational achievement among adolescent students. This cross sectional study was carried out on 800 adolescent students who were in a range age of 14-18 years in Sabzevar، Iran. Multi-stage random sampling was used. in order to this، after receiving permission from Sabzevar Education Office، subjects were randomly selected from the first to fourth grade girlish and boyish high schools of city and then، demographic checklist، academic information and food frequency questionnaire were completed by students. Also، their weight and height were measured using standard methods. The quantity of food mentioned in food frequency questionnaire was converted to gram through the domestic index guideline. Next، every food was coded biased on Nutritionist IV instructions and analysis was performed via descriptive statistics، frequency and the correlation coefficient and one sample t-test by means of SPSS 16 software in a significant level of P<0. 05. The mean BMI of female and male students were 20. 3±2. 7 and 19. 5±3. 2 kg/m2، respectively. Dietary assessment showed amount of Energy، vitamins A، C، D، folic acid، calcium، iron and zinc intake were less than DRI (P <0. 05). Also، among all of the nutrients there was only observed a significant correlation between iron intake and total average score and specific average scores in female students (P <0. 05). The findings of this study indicated a lower intake of some nutrients among sabzevarian high school students than the DRI.

Plants are an important source of antioxidants that can help to cell’s normal metabolism via preventing accumulation of free radicals and so, prevent developing diseases associated with oxidative stress. Thus, the present study was performed to determine the antioxidant properties of Artemissia Annua extracts (AA). Methods and materials: at first, Artemisia Annua with a local name as Gandvash identified and then some parts of its leaves and flowers into powder. Extracting was done using water, ethanol and methanol solvent. FRAP assay was performed to determine the antioxidant properties. For this purpose, extract solutions with 20% concentration were added to FRAP solution and after incubation, the optical absorption values was measured. The ferrous sulfate and vitamin C were used as standard solutions. the Mean total antioxidant capacity (TAC) for methanolic leaves extract was 72.18 ± 4.18 micro mol ferrous sulfate and 90.31 ± 5.27 mg of vitamin C per gram of dry weight, which is considerably higher than other extracts (p<0.001). TAC of Ethanolic extract of leaves and Methanolic extract of flowers ranked lower in terms of significance. There was no significant difference between aqueous extracts of leaves and flowers in TAC (p>0.05) while, the ethanol extract of the leaves and flowers were different significantly (p <0.01). Various extracts of A.A showed different TAC values which may result from some differences in efficiency level of solvents used in extracting of plant’s antioxidant substances. It seems that the methanol is better solvent in comparison to the ethanol and water for extracting of antioxidant materials.besides, The TAC findings of methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers suggest this is likely that the A.A antioxidant compounds distributed more in the leaves.

Although vegetables have important role to our diets but in case of infection with microbes they can act as a source of infection for variety of intestinal diseases namely cholera. Present study aimed to figure out the status of vegetable disinfection behavior and its modifiable determinants during cholera outbreak in Qom province in 2011. In a descriptive-analytic study on 554 women (who were household-keeper), vegetable disinfection behavior and its determinants were investigated. In this study, the multistage sampling method was used. A researcher-tailored questionnaire was used to gather data. The valid and reliable questionnaire was comprised of 85 questions and was completed by subjects. Then, the collected data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 19) and using Pearson correlation coefficient (CI=95%). The mean and standard error (SE) of age of subjects were about 31.24+-8.45 Women’s knowledge score on use of vegetable disinfectants had a mean and SE of 71.5+-11.65. Altogether, only 15.99% of women (87 persons) reported a complete disinfection of vegetables. The strongest relationship was found between Vegetable disinfection behavior and the perceived barriers that based on Pearson correlation coefficient was a significant but reverse relationship. (r=-0.567, p=0.019). Our findings showed that house-keeping women had a poor behavior regarding vegetable disinfection. Consequently, poorly-disinfected vegetables are still a prominent health problem respecting spread of intestinal diseases especially cholera.

Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate (OP) that inhibit cholinesterase activity and induce oxidative stress in the target tissues such as the the reproductive system. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of diazinon on cholinesterase activity in blood serum and erythrocytes of male rats and to assess the protective role of vitamin E. In this experimental study, thirty adult male wistar rats (200 - 250 gr) were divided into 5 groups (n = 6): control group (did not receive any material), sham group (received only pure olive oil), experimental group 1 (DZN, 60 mg/kg), experimental group 2 (received DZN+Vit E daily, with the same dose) and experimental group 3(Vit E 200 mg/kg). DZN and solvent was injected intraperitoneally (IP) and vitamin E was administrated by gavage. After 6 weeks, 3 ml blood from the heart tissue was taken and titrimetric and Ellman’s method respectively was used for serum and erythrocyte cholinesterases activity evaluation. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. P<0.05 value was taken as statistically significant. The results showed that diazinon, reduced activity of acetylcholinesterase (P= 0.000) and pseudocholinesterase (P=0.01) in experimental group 1 compared to the control group. Inhibition in erythrocyte and serum cholinesterase activity was not recovered in experimental group 2 (use of diazinon plus vitamin E diazinon). According to inhibit the activity of two important enzymes of erythrocyte and serum cholinesterase in rats treated with diazinon, there are possibility of cytotoxicity at farmers and people who are in contact with these compounds. On the other hand,cholinesterase activity did not recovered by vitamin E probably due to the competitive nature of enzyme inhibition by diazinon. Therefore, care should be taken to prevent from entering toxin to the body.

The prevalence of obesity is increasing as threatening in all age group in the world so it has became the serious problem in the public health, Nowadays, the use of medicinal plants has have been considered more than other methods of weight control, the green tea is considered one of these plants that So far the researches have been done on its effects on weight But the results of these studies have been inconsistent due to various doses and different methods so, this study was conducted to determine the effect of various doses of green tea extract on weight loss and body mass index in adults obese women. This double-blind clinical trial has randomly been conducted on 60 obese women that were overweight, with a BMI> 27 kg/m2, WC> 87 (waist). The samples were divided randomly into three groups of 20; in this regard, have received two intervention groups (experimental) recipient of green tea extract with different concentrations (50 and 100 percent) and control group (control) recipient of placebo containing cellulose. Each participant received daily three times (one hour before each meal) of green tea extract or placebo for 12 weeks. All samples were measured in the baseline and weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in terms of anthropometric measures (weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). the data were collected and have been analyzed in the different groups By using of software SPSS 19 - Sas9.2 and statistical test of one-way Anova and was used repeated Measurement test for Comparisons of these groups. In the baseline The mean and standard deviation of weight and BMI were in the experimental group which received 100% of extract, respectively 74.19 ± 4.3 and 28.95 ± 0.8 and in the experimental groups which received extract 50% 1/5 ± 34/74 and 06/1 ± 69/28., which was reduced respectively, to 67.90 ± 4.1 and 26.49 ± 0.7 as well as 70.98 ± 5.6 and 27.38 ± 1.19 in the end of the study Which is indicative of a significant difference in the mean weight and BMI on these consecutive weeks (P < 0.01،P <0.05). However, there was no significant difference on the mean of WHR among the three groups. According to the findings, long-term consumption of green tea as a complementary treatment of low risk for weight control and general health promotion is effective.

loneliness is one of the most widespread complaints of elders that has serious consequences on their mental health, so present study is done in Sabzevar to examaine the effects of group reminiscence on loneliness in elders. the present experimental study is examined 73 of male elders who visited sabzevar rehabilitation clinic of elders and retirement centers. These people was selected according to input criterions and devided to interval group (36 persons) and control group (37 persons) by random. To control the effect of pretest on post test results, every group was devided into two groups, one with pretest and the other without it. First of all, loneliness was held for interval groups (8 sessions, 1 session perweek for an hour), at the end loneliness was measured in all groups and data analyzed by spss 20. Loneliness was measured by standard lonliness questionnaire. Here the statistical testes was included analyzed of variance; ANOVA, analyzed of covariance; ANCOVA, Independent Samples Test, Paired Samples Test. the mean of loneliness after intervention in groups with pretest was: interval group: 10/15 ± 1/63, control group: 13/84± 3/30 Independent Samples Test shows meaningful difference. The mean of loneliness after intervention in groups without pretest was: interval group: 12±3/09, control group: 13/56 ± 3/92 Independent Samples Test shows meaningful difference. according to the present study 8 session of group reminiscence had posetive effects on reducing loneliness in.

In order to establish appropriateness between labor and Human, aerobic capacity can be used. The methods which were used in physical labor are mental and physiological assessments. Subjective symptoms of fatigue during physical work are assessed with the Borg scale (RPE) and physiological with heart rate as well. This study aimed to compare the estimation of aerobic capacity (vo2max) with mental conception and physiology among male nurses in one of Tehran's hospitals. The present study was a cross – sectional analysis. In this study a number of male nurses have participated randomly and by the means of ergo meter were assessed according to Strand protocol. Aerobic capacity was determined by the formula ACSM. Meanwhile at the end of each minute, the intensity of perceived effort (RPE), as well as heart rate are calculated and recorded. Statistical analysis showed that between aerobic capacity and RPE are significant relationship (P<0.005), (r=-0.84). And according to the results relationship of heart rate with aerobic capacity has more correlation (P<0.005), (r=-0.9).Therefore the regression analysis of quadratic equation showed that there is a significant relationship between aerobic capacity and heart rate. The results showed that the subjective assessments of individuals with aerobic capacity are high and there has been more relation between physiological assessment and aerobic capacity. In other words, a more reliable measure of heart rate in the aerobic capacity is estimated, so we can use heart rate as a physiological factor used to estimate aerobic capacity of individuals. The monitoring is done to individuals assigned to work with physical capacity to be deployed

Activity-based costing is one of the main methods for operational budgeting which provides the ability to manage and control costs for managers. This study was conducted to estimate the cost price of Shafa hospital laboratory services in Kerman using activity-based costing technique and compared with services tariff. This study is a cross-sectional and applied study was conducted in the clinical Laboratory of Shafa Hospital at Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2011. The cost price of FBS, CPK and Cr tests calculated which had the highest frequency in the year as well as HBS, HIV and three times blood culture which had the higher tariffs than other tests. Initially, data were manually collected through interview with hospital officials and review of relevant documents. Then, in order to achieve the targets of the study, the cost price results were analyzed using Excel software. The results showed that the total annual costs of the departments were the sum of 5,002,917,493 Rails that 94.9 percent and 5.1 percent of it were related to the direct and indirect costs respectively. Laboratory personnel cost by 74.2 percent and consumables cost by 21.1 percent had the largest share of the costing. The cost price of Cr and CPK tests calculated the sum of 10.019 and 21.517 Rails respectively that according to the public tariffs, had a suitable profit. This study showed that there is a difference between the actual cost of the laboratory services and public tariffs that has led a loss to the laboratory. Therefore, by improving the performance management in the field of human resource and standardizing, can reduce the cost price of services and optimize resources consumption.

Infectious diseases are one of the most important agents of mortality in the world. Due to resistant of some human infectious bacteria to antibiotics, use of plant pharmaceutical herbs to control of these agents is increasing. The aim of this research was to investigate the antibacterial effect of aqueous extract of Yarrow and Salvia against ten bacterial strains of human pathogenic bacteria. Aqueous extract from Achillea millefolium and Teucrium polium species were prepared using maceration method and then were concentrated and dried using rotary apparatus.. Ten standard bacterial strains were cultured on Nutrient Broth. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of plant extract of both extract on bacteria were determined using micro dilution method at four different concentrations (0/62-1/25-2/5-5-10mg/ml). The results showed that aqueous extract from Achillea millefolium and Teucrium polium species have an inhibition effect on all tested bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and S. saprophyticus showed the highest and lowest sensitivity to water extract of yarrow respectively. Pseudomonas aeroginosa sereus strain showed high degree of sensitivity whereas S. aureuss and Bacillus aeroginosa strains were less sensitive to extract of salvia. According to obtained results in this work and other researches in this domain, the Aqueous extracts of Yarraw and Salvia could be introduced as a biocontrol agent against pathogenic micro-organisms. Nevertheless to use each extract of plant for clinical application, chemical analysis of extracts and clinical researches are necessary.

Starting to work from early age can have negative impact on the growth and nutritional status، especially if the children are employed in dangerous jobs. This study aimed to assess nutritional status and growth in working children who were working in Kermanshah. This survey was a case-control study that wasdoneon90 working childrenand90not- working children in Kermanshah. Information related to anthropometric indices with measurements of height and weight، demographic data using demographic questionnaire and food intake using food frequency questionnaire were collected. To compare growth of children with standards we use body mass index percentiles for sex and age provided by Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16. Mean of age working children was 16. 4±1. 8 years and 15. 7% of them were illiterate. Consumption of all food groups except the miscellaneous group in working children was significantly lower than not- working children (p<0. 001). The prevalence of stunting in working children was 10% more than the not- working children. The prevalence of malnutrition based on body mass index in working children (36. 1%)، was approximately 50% more than the not- working children (16. 5%)، (P <0. 01). The finding so this study showed that indicators of nutritional status in working children have not favourable condition. This could bea risk factor for health of this group of children and a warning for affecting of them by kind of disease.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience resulted from tissue damage. Due to the side effects of analgesic medicines; the study was conducted to investigate the influence of music on severity of pain. this experimental study was carried out on 24 adult male rats divided into a control group and two case groups. In the control group, formalin 2.5% injected into the right sole paw and experimental groups were affected to the Adagio calm and Allergo music from 20 minutes prior of formalin injection to the end of the experiment and based on formula of pain scores. Severity of pain was measured every 5 minutes over one hour. Data were analyzed by means of spss.18 and statistical ANOVA and Tukey tests were used. findings indicated that Adagio calm music can significantly reduce the acute (P≥ 0.05)and chronic pain(P≥ 0.001), and also allergo music led to a decrease in chronic pain (P≥ 0.001). this is highly likely that music relieve pain through neural pathways, dopaminergic and opioidergic systems of the brain.

Neisseria meningitidisis is a cause of some serious disease like Meningitis which can rapidly lead to death. The Majority of person suffering from Meningitis have not had any contact with patients and it seems that asymptomatic carriers are the main source of diseases. This descriptive study aimed to investigate the prevalence of nasopharyngeal Neisseria meningitidis carriers and antibiotic resistance in preschools and primary schools children in Kermanshah. in this cross-sectional study, 554 kindergartens and schools children with a range of 2-12 years were recruited from different regions of Kermanshah, during November to March 2012. Samples were collected using a sterile swab from the back part of the pharynx (the area of the palatine tonsils) with prevention of contacting with teeth and transported to the laboratory in transport environment. After this, they were cultured on a selective culture medium which followed by performing confirmatory and antibiotic resistance tests to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility. the prevalence of Neisseria meningitides was investigated 10.6% among 554 healthy children with a mean age of 7.4 years, The resistance percentage of isolated samples to Azithromycin, Amoxicillin, Rifampin, Amoxicillin clavulanic acid, Cotrimoxazole and Ceftriaxone was 54.2 %, 100 %, 6.8 %, 96.6 %, 54.2%, 13.6%, respectively. the increasing use of antibiotics has led to a high level of antibiotic resistance, particularly Azithromycin, Amoxicillin, Rifampin, Amoxicillin clavulanic acid and Cotrimoxazole, which indicates the necessity of educating physicians and general population regarding indiscriminate usage of antibiotics.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that leads to some of complications such as nerve damage that decrease proprioception sense and balance and cause cardiovascular disease. Physical activity is very important in daily schedule and improves sensitivity to insulin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of of 8 weeks of selective physical activity on static balance and aerobic capacity in female patients with type 2 diabetes. This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 17 women with type 2 diabetes. The subjects selected according to investigation items and accessible sampling method. They were assigned in two experimental (age=51.4±7.3, n=8) and control (age=55.7±4.9, n=9) groups. Experimental group underwent three sessions of one hour selected exercise per week for 8 weeks. Control group did not participate in any regular exercise sessions. Static balance assess with stroke stand test and aerobic capacity measured with 6 min walk test for all subjects. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software and ANCOVA (p≤0.05) was administered. There was no significant difference between mean of balance time between pre-test and post-test in experimental group than control group (P≤ 0.05) but mean of distance was increased significantly in experimental group than control group (P≤ 0.05). A period of physical activity could increase aerobic capacity in type 2 diabetic patients and don’t have significant influence on static balance.

Virus htlv-1 is in the retrovirus family; the virus causing human diseases such as adult T-Cell Leukemia (ATL), HAM / TSP and etc… One of the major proteins in the virus is protease that is essential for virus maturation. Inhibitors that ever made for the protease didn’t show any properly activity. We have created a new series of inhibitors and with using of computational tools to calculate the way of interactions to the protease protein. The compounds based on the similarity of the original peptide and based on peptidomemiticswere created. Compounds were created by software Hyperchem and optimization act on designed ligand and ligand with the protein crystal structure were performed after separating them. ADME and toxicity characteristics of the compounds were obtained by using Web applications in http://lazar-services.in-silico.ch and http://www.molinspiration.com and docking were performed on them. The results of studies on ADME designed compounds already showed a good result. Toxicity studies also indicate relatively good results; also the docking results were showed good specificity. Our studies showed that designed inhibitors can be effective drug-like compounds to inhibiting the protein and therefore use to contrast with this virus.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is closely associated with impaired insulin signaling in brain, suggesting it to be a brain-specific form of diabetes and so termed as “type 3 diabetes”. Therefore investigating the role of pharmacological agents that can improve neuronal insulin resistance merit attention in treatment off AD. Metformin is one of the most widely used against peripheral insulin resistance. In present study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of metformin on spatial learning and memory of streptozotocin (STZ) Rat Model of AD. 56 Female wistar rate (200-250gr) were divided into 6 groups (n=6): control, sham operated, STZ, STZ +Saline (0.2ml), STZ +Metformin (50,100,200mg/kg, i.p. for 10 day). For induction of AD, STZ (3 mg/kg,) were administered bilaterally into latral ventricles. All rates were tested spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze. our results show that pre-training injection of Metformin improves spatial learning and memory in STZ Rat Model of AD in a dose dependent manner, so that rats of Metformin groups found platform in less time and with less distance traveled, in comparison with STZ group. Metformin also increased the percentage of time elapsed and the distance swum in the target quadrant in STZ Rat Model of AD, in probe test. An i.c.v. injection of STZ resulted in a significant decline in spatial learning and memory and pretreatment with Metformin can enhance spatial learning and memory. The results show that metformin as an insulin sensitizer against peripheral insulin resistance is useful for AD treatment.

Research shows that people with diabetes duration less sleep than normal amounts of sleep in healthy people, which may lead to reduced quality of life. Due to the chronic nature of the disease, the need for appropriate follow-up of these patients is necessary. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of applying continuous care model on quality of sleep in people with diabetes as well. In this study, 80 diabetic patients who are candidates for sampling the diabetes clinic covered Sabzevar selected randomly in two groups of test and control. Data were collected using questionnaires, personal information, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale before and after the intervention. Educational intervention, applying continuous care model in the test group was 12 weeks. Data analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square test, t-test, regression and analysis of covariance) was performed by using SPSS version 18. The results showed that the two groups before the intervention in terms of demographic variables and mean scores of sleep quality, sleep quality scores were similar between the two groups was not statistically significant, However, after intervention by independent t-test, significant differences between the mean scores of sleep quality were (P = 0.001). Between sleep quality scores in the experimental group before and after the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference, but the difference was not significant in the control group. The implementation of the continuous care model is effective in increasing the quality of sleep. It is suggested by the model to test for diabetes care in other clinics.

Chromium is one of the toxic heavy metals that exist in trivalent and hexavalent forms in aqueous systems. Hexavalent chromium is highly toxic, carcinogenic and corrosive in nature. Adsorption is an effective method in chromium removal. The aim of this study is investigation of the hexavalent chromium removal using sugarcane bagasse from synthetic solutions and determining of the sorption kinetics. The impact of pH, temperature, contact time, Adsorbent concentration and paricle size on chromium removal was carried out. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms with sorption kinetics were investigated. Experiments were carried out with Tagochi method using Qualitik4. The maximum chromium removal was achieved in pH=2, temperature of 50C, 500 m adsorbent size, adsorbent concentration of 20g/l equal to 90.1%. Altogether adsorption capacity was increased with increasing temperature and adsorbent concentration and decreased with increasing pH. Adsorbent particle size does not an important effect on removal efficiency. Sugarcane bagasse adsorption kinetics in chromium removal followed by second- order reaction and were in good agreement with Langmuir isotherm. the results showed appropriate adsorption capacity for sugarcane baggase in hexavalent chromium removal as a significant pollutant.

Human body temperature can be a natural index in diagnosing some diseases. Thermal imaging (Thermography), which works on the basis of infrared radiations, is a fast, non-invasive, non-contact and flexible method for monitoring human body temperature. Additionally, thermal imaging can map the body surface temperature in a non-contact manner. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted with the aim of increasing the use of thermal cameras and obtaining a close relationship between skin temperature and thermal physiology. Thermal imaging has been successful in diagnosing breast cancer, diseases related to blood pathology (e.g., arteriosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, deep vein thrombosis, effects of vasoconstrictors such as nicotine) - diseases related to joint and bone pathology, and especially in tumoral pathology and pediatrics diseases. This paper investigates the function of thermal cameras, and capabilities and advantages of thermal imaging method in the diagnosis of various diseases.

High nitrate concentration in water resources can create some diseases such as methemoglobinemia in children and environmental problems like eutrophication. Nowadays, different biological methods have developed for nitrate removal from water resources. This study aimed to examine ammonium nitrogen removal via modified integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) using multiwall carbon nanotubes. The experiments were performed to evaluate efficiency of modified IFAS using carbon nanotube in laboratory scale with continues form. The effect of multiwall carbon nanotubes on sufficiency of process with retention time and ammonium concentration was studied. The results showed that applied multiwall carbon nanotubes in modified IFAS can lead to an acceleration in primary sludge production and ammonium removal from low and middle concentrations wastewater. According to the obtained results, utilizing the multiwall carbon nanotubes as medium in an IFAS can improve the efficiency of the system for ammonium removal.

Menstrual is an inevitable reality and a part of life for millions of young women around the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise on serum level beta - endorphin and pain perception of dysmenorrhea in sedentary adolescent girls. This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 22 subjects with moderate to severe dysmenorrheal and were in age range of 14 to 17 years. They were randomly assigned to a control group (n=10) and experimental (n=12) one. Aerobic exercise program included an aerobic activity with 60-75% of maximum heart rate for 24 sessions (three sessions per week, each session lasting 45-60 min). Before and after the exercise serum level of beta-endorphin was measured. In order to investigate differences within and between groups, Dependent Student t-test and independent student t-test were used. Our findings showed that exercise intervention significantly increased serum levels of beta - endorphin and decreased pain perception index. The results indicated that aerobic exercise can cause a euphoric state resulting from a rise in blood concentration of beta -endorphin and improve the perception of the pain of dysmenorrhea.