مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال بیست و یکم شماره 5 (پیاپی 76، آذر و دی 1393)

Background and Minocycline has got the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Considering the interaction between cell death and seizure, and on the other hand, Kindling which increases expression NMDA receptors in brain, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of minocycline on gene expression of NMDA receptor in hippocampus and piriform brain areas on amygdale kindling acquisition in rats. In this experimental study, three animal groups of 24 Wistar rats received kindling stimulations (twice daily within 6 hours intervals) after being stereotaxic operated and taking one week recovery period. In first Group (n=8) animals did not received daily kindling stimulations. Animals of the second and the third Groups (n=8) respectively had been injected by saline (1ml/kg) and minocycline (25 mg/kg), 60 minutes before receiving kindling stimulations. Two hours after last stimulation animal’s brains were removed and the changes of NR2A gene subunit of NMDA receptor in the hippocampus and piriform cortex were measured and compared relative to the control group. Datawere analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests at significant level of P<0/05. Intraperitoneal administration of minocycline before kindling stimulations prevented an increase in the mRNA of NR2A subunit of NMDA receptor in hippocampus and piriform cortex of amygdala kindling. The results of this study have shown that minocycline administration before electrical stimulation has anticonvulsant effects which are applied through a decrease in expression of NMDA receptors.

Background and According to investigations, not considering the side effects of anxiety on a fetus, baby and pregnancy outcomes, as a result of lack of proper training and adequate information in terms of pregnancy common cares, pregnant women hypothesize anxiety as a common sense that will be improved spontaneously. So present study was aimed at evaluating effectiveness of education on anxiety among primiparous women based on Health Belief Model (HBM). An experimental (interventional) study matched with two randomized group. using pre-test and post-test on the 88 eligible primiparous women(n = 44 per group) was performed. Data were gathered by using a researcher made questionnaire that its validity and reliability were confirmed. Education was conducted in three sessions (1hour for each one) tailored with HBM constructs, using lectures, group discussions, inquiries, PowerPoints and booklets. Evaluation was included implementing post-test, 4 and 8 weeks after last education session. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS (ver.20) software, using fallowing statistical test including Chi-square, Independent T-test and repeated measure one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), significant level was taken less than 0.05. The achieved results indicate that the averages of age, education, job status and income were not significantly different for both groups (p>0.05).In our study, the mean scores of knowledge, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits and barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy and individuals performance, 4 weeks after intervention (p<0.001) and 8 weeks after intervention (p<0.001) had significantly more magnitudes in case group compared to control group. After intervention, repeated measure Anova also showed a significant increase in case group regarding knowledge (from 32.1 to 89.1), perceived sensitivity (from 34.8 to 91.5), perceived severity (from 31.82 to 88.48), perceived benefits (from 39.28 to 92.41), perceived barriers (from 26.93 to 88.61), cues to action (from 24.65 to 92.03), self-efficacy (from 29.71 to 88.75) and person performance (from 28.83 to 94.63) in significant level of p<0.001. While, there was not observed significant change in control group (p<0.05). According to achieved results which indicate meaningful effects of education on increasing the knowledge of pregnancy and common cares, changing people beliefs and performances in terms of pregnancy anxiety based on HBM and also considering the fact that increasing mother and babies health level leads to higher health level for families and societies, it is expected that health planners and authorities must show more respect to this issues,

Background and Stress Inoculation Training has positive effect onreducing tension in patients with cancer, but this intervention hasn’t done in patients with prostate cancer yet, so the purpose of present study is to investigate the effect of stress inoculation training on depression and anxiety in patient with prostate Cancer. The statistical society of this study included men with prostate cancer who had refered to the Cancer Therapy Centers of Kermanshah in Feb 2014. 30 participants were randomly selected and divided in two groups (15 per group) of control and experiment. The applied instrument in this research was SCL-90-R scale. In order to perform data analysis, MANCOVA was used and results were extracted from SPSS software version 20. Results indicated that stress inoculation training have had a significant effect on reducing anxiety and depression in patients with prostate cancer of experiment group compared with control group (F=11/72 and P=0/002 for depression and F=21/87 and P<0/001 for anxiety). Also the mean of pretest and posttest of depression in control group were respectively 27/73 and 27/40 and for experimental group mentioned parameters magnitudes obtained respectively 28/53 and 24/40.Also the mean of pretest and posttest of anxiety in control group were respectively 18/60 and 18 and for experimental group mentioned parameters obtained respectively is 18/80 and 16/13). Stress inoculation training causes a reduction in anxiety and depression in patients with prostate cancer.

Background and Every year chronic diseases such as cancers and diabetes cause psychological problems for patients and in most cases lead to their Having healthy mental condition is one of the most effective factors of improving condition of these patients. So, this study was aimed at comparison of social support and defense mechanisms of diabetics and non-diabetics. A causal-comparative and descriptive method was applied in this study. 80 diabetic among those patients who had referred to Sina Diabetes center of Tabriz were chosen by an available sampling method and were compared with 80 non-diabetics who were matched with the cases considering demographic variables. data were gathered by Doc Social Support Questionnaire, defense mechanism's Styles Questionnaire and demographic characteristics. and also were analyzed by applying descriptive statistics and MANOVA method and using SPSS.19 software. Results showed that there were differences between diabetics and non-diabetics in social support and defense mechanisms (P>0.01). According to achieved results planning for treating interventions and more accurate and perfect care in order to manage diabetes and its complications, in a better way, to promote diabetic patients quality of life is proposed.

Controlling hypertension by self-care behaviors cause to reduce mortality and disability from heart disease. Self-efficacy is a strong determinant for changing or creating self-care behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine self- efficacy of self-care behaviors of elderly patients with hypertension in the Qom city in 2013. This descriptive - analytical study was performed on 130 cases of hypertensive patients in Qom city that were selected in Snowball sampling. The data collection was a Blood pressure device questionnaire including demographic information, Self-efficacy and Performance. Data were analyzed by SPSS-18. average self-efficacy score was 40%. Self-efficacy was significantly higher in men than women (P=0/03) and between self-efficacy and marital status, job and education level had no significant relation. Self-efficacy Elderly with Self-care performance (P=0/003), average systolic pressure (P=0/0001) and diastolic (P= 0/004) had a significant relationship. Elderly patients with hypertension were poor level of perceived self-efficacy related to self-care behaviors and considering that there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and behavior, therefore, to change or adoption behavior attention to self-efficacy is remarkable.

Background and Ducrosiaanethifolia is an aromatic medicinal plant native to Iran, and has been used in traditional medicine for controlling infection, reducing anxiety and pain. Since analgesic effect of this plant has not been studied experimentally, the aim of the present research is investigating the analgesic effect of Dc. essential oil. In this experimental study, 48 adult Wistar male rats were examined. Rats were divided randomly into 6 groups (n= 8) including: control group, morphine group and Dc. essential oil group (0.06, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 ml/kg, IP). Antinociceptive effects of drugs were assessed using hot plate apparatus. The results were analyzed using SPSS using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey. Differences were considered significant at p< 0.05. The Dc. essential oil (0.5 ml/kg) significantly decreased sensitivity to painin comparison with control group. Latency to onset of pain significantly increasedby the Dc. essential oil (0.125 ml/kg) 60 and 120 minutes after injection compared with control group. Also, the Dc. essential oil (0.25ml/kg) reduced pain 120 minutes after injection in comparison with control group. Based on the findings of present study, the Dc. essential oil has analgesic properties and this plant can lead to decreased sensitivity to pain at some doses in the hot plate model of pain.

Background and Diabetes is a common disease in Iran and around the world which is associated with veriety of costly complications Depression is one of the most important problems diabetics deals with. Nurses can have a significant role in stress management training in order to improve the life quality of these patients. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of training patients with Type II diabetes in stress management, on depression. In this Clinical trial research 96 patients with type II diabetes were selected from patients who had refered to the Diabetes Center of Kerman in 2013, and were asked to complete the DASS21 questionnaires, considering common consent. Patients, who had depression, were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control groups and stress management training was done. Data were collected using questionnaires (Beck = DASS), respectively. Test data covariance, repeated measures ANOVA and SPSS software version 18 were used for analysis at Significant level of p< 0.05. Mean and standard deviation of depression before intervention in control group and test group, were respectively33.37± (13.94) and 32.77± (13.58), and after the intervention, obtained magnitudes for mentioned parameters were respectively 31.34± (13.91) and 20.77± (10.42). Comparing to pre-intervention period, standard deviation of depression has decreased and 51.2% of the experimental group's patients were found less depressed after being trained with the stress management tour. significant different between severity of depression before and after implementation of stress management training were resulted.(p-value= 0/0001). Stress management training has played an effective role in reducing depression.

The development supplementary insurance and the increasing of insurance coverage results to increase the level of health of society and helps to provide more services. The aim of this study was estimate price elasticity demand for supplementary insurance and effective factors on its use or non-use, among board’s members and staffs of health faculty of Tehran University of medical sciences in 2011. This was a descriptive analytic cross-sectional study. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. For data analysis from SPSS 20 version was used. Also, descriptive and inferential statistics such as average test and logistic regression were used. Price elasticity of demand for supplementary insurance was 0.53. Also, the results showed the cost of health care, education level and health status is a significant correlation with demand for supplementary health insurance. Increasing quality of services and expanding package of suggested services such as dental services can be results to increase of demand for health insurances even if the premium is risen.

Background and Every type of exercises could lead to different immune responses in human body. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of endurance exercises (EE), resistance exercises (RE) and concurrent exercises (CE) on serum interleukin-17 (IL-17) concentrations and number of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils in active men. Twenty healthy young and active men (Age: 21.69±2.66; BMI: 21.92±1.89; Fat%: 14.49±3.05) voluntarily participated in this study and randomly were assigned into three groups: EE (n=7), RE (n=6) and CE (n=7). Subjects performed special exercise protocol for each group consisted of 45 minute. IL-17 serum concentrations were measured by ELISA method and so numbers of some classes of leukocytes were computed (Pre, immediate and 1 hour post-exercises). Data were analyzed using Repeated-Measures analysis of variance, One-Way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc and Paird T-test at the significance level of α=0.05. Changes in the serum levels of interleukin-17 was significantly different between groups immediately after exercise and 1 h post-exercise. Also, lymphocytes and neutrophils numbers 1 h post-exercise and monocytes and neutrophils numbers, 1 h post-exercise compared to basal levels were significantly different between three exercise groups, respectively (p<0.05). Type of exercise has an effective role in IL-17, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes responses. Based on changes pattern of serum IL-17 in groups, it seems that CE can modify the effects of RE and EE.

Usually, to produce radical sulfate, persulfate anions can be activated by heat, UV light and transition metals such as iron ions. The purpose of this study was investigation of performance of persulfate activated with iron produced by electrical method using iron anode electrode in degradation of Acid Blue 113 from aqueous solutions. In this study, a lab-scale electrochemical batch reactor equipped with four iron electrodes and a DC power supply was used for removing of Acid Blue 113. The effect of operating parameters such as initial pH, voltage, persulfate and initial Acid Blue 113 concentration were evaluated. Also, the amount of pH changes during the process, the synergistic effect of processes in the system and Acid Blue 113 UV-Vis spectrum analysis in optimal conditions was investigated. The results showed, initial pH of solution, initial concentration persulfate and applied voltage has a significant effect on dye removal. Dye removal efficiency was higher in acidic condition and decreased with increasing pH, So that, after 2 min of reaction at pH 3, voltage 10 V and 150 mg/L of persulfate, 98% of the dye was removed, at pH 5, 7, 9 and 11, after 2 min of reaction and in the same condition the dye removal efficiency was, 66, 0, 0 and 13.5%, respectively. With increasing voltage from 1 to 10 V, increased the dye removal efficiency. S2O82- at the end of 20 min of reaction, removed 17% of dye, at the same condition, electrochemical process with iron electrode had only 31% efficiency, but, the combination of these two processes could remove 99.8% of dye. The use of S2O82- anions in an electrochemical reactor with iron electrodes can be increase the efficiency of process. Therefore, using this process can be promising process to industrial wastewater treatment.

The aim of this study is to assess of dose enhancement effect in tumour in presence of 10B, 157Gd, 10B nanoparticles and 157Gd nanoparticles in radiotherapy through neutron capture by Monte Carlo method. A 252Cf brachytherapy source AT model was simulated by Monte Carlo method code MCNPX and its TG-43 parameters were calculated and compared with previous corresponding data. This 252Cf brachytherapy source was used as a neutron source in neutron capture therapy. Dose enhancement factor was compared in tumour in presence of 10B, 157Gd, 10B nanoparticles and 157Gd nanoparticles for the concentrations of 100, 200 and 500 ppm of each capture agents in neutron capture. For this aim, around the 252Cf source, a spherical soft tissue phantom and a tumour containing each capture agents were considered. Calculated air kerma strength and dose rate constant for 252Cf source equals to 0.306 cGycm2/hµg and 5.782 cGy/Uh respectively. Among examined agents, maximum DEF belonged to 10B and 10B nanoparticles in concentration of 500 ppm. These values were reported as 1.06 and 1.08 respectively. IN this study, air kerma strength and dose rate constant indicate difference of %7.27 and %1.10 with other corresponding values. In dose enhancement point of view, capture agents containing 10B are more useful in neutron capture therapy. In the same concentrations, dose enhancement factor for capture agents in nanoparticles form is higher than the presence of capture agents in atomic form. So, it is preferable to use of nanoparticle capture agent rather than atomic form. However, it should be noted that before clinical usage of this agents, other medical, chemical and physical criteria should be considered, for their comparison, in selection of capture agents in neutron capture therapy.

Stress specially the chronic psychological one is an important issue of our modern society. In this regard, this study has been investigated the effects of chronic psychological stress on metabolic, hormonal and behavioral parameters. The present study is an experimental intervention.The animals were divided into control and stressed groups and then subdivided into 15 and 30 days (n=7). Stress was induced by the communication box.This device consisted of 9 chambers. The animals received electrical shock in five chambers and the animals in four chambers exposed to various emotional. Chronic stress for 15 and 30 days (h / day1) was applied. Blood sampling was done by using retro orbital puncture method. The plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, and corticosterone were measured. In addition, feed and water intake, latency to eat and drink, adrenal and body weights were determined. For statistical analysis a mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures within the stressed and control groups and independent measures between the two groups was performed by SPSS Version 16.0 program package. The level of significance was considered less than 0.05. Chronic psychological stress did not significantly change plasma corticosterone (P=0.41), insulin (P=0.45), glucose (P=0.47), triglyceride (P=0.07) and cholesterol (P=0.26) levels. 30 days chronic stress significantly increased feed intake compared to control ones (P=0.01). Whereas water intake (P=0.07), latency to eat (P=0.70) and drink (P=0.08) did not change significantly in the stressed group. 30 days exposure to the stress in both control and stressed groups increased body (P=0.002 and P=0.004 respectively) and adrenal (P=0.01 and P=0.04 respectively) weights markedly compared to day 15. short and mid-term psychological stress did not change hormonal and metabolic parameters significantly, whereas feed intake was significantly increased. However, no significant difference was observed in body weight of stressed animals compared to controls.

Background and Personal exposure to volatile organic compounds can cause variety of adverse health effects, containing a large range from non-cancer effects up to cancer. The purpose of this study was quantitative risk assessment of occupational exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds in the oil-dependent chemical industry. In this cross sectional study NIOSH 1501& 2549 methods were applied for sampling and analyzing the amount of hydrocarbons in the oil-dependents of chemical and after detecting hydrocarbons, the quantitative risk assessment was calculated by United States Environmental Protection Agency method. Also the Hazard Quotient parameter for non-cancer VOCs and Life time Cancer Risk for cancer VOCs were calculated. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS16 software. The Life time Cancer Risk (LCR) of benzene for 13complexes were Definite and for 8 complexes, in all complexes that have been studied, the LCR of benzene were more than threshold limit recommended by WHO. The Lifetime Cancer risk of trichloroethylene in one complex and ethyl benzene in two complexes were Definite. The Hazard Quotient of xylene, chlorobenzene, methyl ethyl ketone and N-hexane in several complexes were more than values recommended by WHO. There are significant relationships between carcinogenic hydrocarbons risk and parameters like age and work history, with the correlation coefficient of 0.336 and 0.409 respectively (P< 0.001). This method ofrisk assessment is comprehensive and achieved results can be used for correcting and controlling prioritization of resources in case of reducing the level of risk.

Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airways, this inflammatory response in the nasal mucosa includes an immediate IgE-mediated response. IL-18, a member of the IL-1 family, is known for influencing the balance of IgE level. In present study this problem is investigated that whether immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels in serum are associated with -607A/C SNPs of IL18 promoter. Genotyping for -607A/C SNPs of IL18 promoter was performed using 133 patients with AR and 62 healthy control volunteers from Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province then serum levels of total IgE were determined by ELISA method. Statistical analysis were carried out using T test and ANOVA test by SPSS version 19. level of total IgE in Serum were significantly greater in allergic rhinitis patients than controls (P=0.017). In addition, the total serum IgE level of the individuals with heterozygous genotype of IL18 (-607AC) were significantly higher regarding other investigated polymorphisms (P=0.045). According to the results of this study, it seems that the IL18 gene polymorphism -607A/C is associated with IgE levels and susceptibility of allergic rhinitis.

Personality compatibility of individuals with profession that provides services to others is one of important issues that have received less attention while there is a great impact on the quality of services provided and to professional success. This study aimed to assessment of personality compatibility of nurses with nursing profession in Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences in 2013. 62 nurses were worked in Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences in 2013 were selected by simple random sampling participated in this cross-sectional study. This survey Instrument was standardized questionnaire of Holland personality-job compatibility that by means of it compatibility of nurses’ personality with the nursing profession is determined at three levels: non-compatible, relatively compatible and absolutely compatible. Data was analyzed by SPSS. 46% of nurses participating in this study had non-compatible personality and 33/4% of them had relatively compatible personality and only 20/6% had absolutely compatible personality whit nursing profession. Compatibility of personality whit nursing profession according to demographic characteristics had no meaningful differences. this study showed large percentage of nurses working in Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences had non-compatible personality whit nursing profession, and this results shows attention to this important issue by health managers and correction of selection of more compatible nursing student are necessary.

Background and Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine metabolic disorders, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. According to the useful properties of sesame and extensive use of its products (like sesame butter) in Khuzestan province, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sesame butter vs. sesame oil on serum glucose levels and lipid profiles on diabetic rats. Forty male rats of Wistar Strain were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 rats per group) and were being treated for 6 weeks as follows: Group 1: non diabetic control rats; Group 2: diabetic control rats; Group 3: diabetic rats that were being treated with 1.25 g/kg sesame butter; and Group 4: diabetic rats that were being treated with 0.5 g/kg sesame oil. At the end of the experimental period, serum levels of glucose and lipid profiles were measured. The statistical analysis was carried out, using SPSS 18 software. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Independent sample test were used to compare means between the treated and controlled groups. P< 0.05 was considered as significant. Utilization of sesame butter and sesame oil in diabetic rats's regime caused a significant decrease in glucose concentrations and also led to increase in high density lipoprotein-c levels compared to the diabetic control rats (P<0.05). Triglyceride levels were also decreased after 6 weeks in the sesame oil treated diabetic group (P=0.000). The results of presented study indicate the improving effects of sesame butter and sesame oil on controlling glucose levels and lipid profiles in the animal models of diabetes.

Background and This study has been done with the aim of assessing the life quality (at subjective and objective levels), and social health and their relationship with each other in students of Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar, Iran. The statistical population of the study included 4704 people which study in 15 majors from associate degrees to doctoral education. With the use of Morgan table, the sample size was calculated to be 380. By using a disproportionate stratified random sampling, statistical samples were selected from the statistical population, and the data were collected by two questionnaires of quality of life which are summary of two standard questionnaires for quality of life, the World Health Organization and Keynesian social health questionnaire; findings were analyzed with in SPSS with descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman, Mann Whitney U, and Kruskal Wallis. Although quality of life, in comparison to social health, has a better utility, students’ quality of life is not in a good condition. Their social health is assessed by dimensions of prosperity, participation and compliance (a little higher than average); reception and integration (lower than average and weak). Overall, there is no relationship between social health and quality of life in one hand, as well as grade, major, income, gender and academic achievement of students on the other hand. One of the major causes of social health and quality of life is trust. Therefore, in order to increase social health among students, it is necessary to increase their trust of other members of society and social institutions by providing clear information through responsible institutions, preference of criteria to relations and the attention of authorities to their wishes and needs.

Different processing methods are being used to improve the quality of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Using hydroxyethyl starch, simple centrifugation and Sepax automation, this study was aimed to compare these three conventional methods. 90 cord blood samples were taken and processed by hydroxyethyl starch, simple centrifugation and Sepax automation methods. Then they were subjected to total nucleated cell (TNC) counting and CD34 positive counting as well as colony assay. Finally, all data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and ps less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The TNC recoveries in hydroxyethyl starch, simple centrifugation and Sepax automation methods were 76%, 71% and 80%, respectively (p> 0.05). The CD34+ cell recoveries in the Sepax automation and in the other two methods were 91% and 85%, respectively (p> 0.05). Also, the colony assay recoveries were not significantly different among the three methods (p> 0.05). No significant difference was seen in TNC number, CD34 positive counting and colony formation among the three different methods.

Background and Microsporidia infections occurvirtually in all in vertebrate and vertebrate hosts,in cluding humans. The this study is aimed atcomparison of distribution of microsporidiosis in various samples of Iranian immunocompromised patients and healthy individuals by molecular methods. Inthiscase - control study, 258stool, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and urine sampleswere obtained fromimmunocompromisedpatients (bone marrowtransplant, kidney transplant and respiratory complications) referred to Masih Daneshvari and Shariati Hospitalduring 2010-2011. After recording clinical data, DNA extraction was performed on all samples. To identifyhuman related microsporidiosis (Encephalitozoon spp. And Enterocytozoon spp.), polymerase chain reactionwas performedusingspecific primers andmultiplex-PCR on allsamples. Overall, the prevalence of microsporidiosis in immunocompromised patients were 4.3 and 3.9 percent in cases and control group, respectively.Incidence of microsporidiosis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (5 isolates from 70 samples) was 7.1%, in patients with respiratory complications (4 isolates from 150 samples) 2.7 percent and patients undergoing renal transplantation (2 isolates from 38 samples) 5.3 percent. In the case group, most cases of infection occurred among men at the age of40-60 years. In bronchoalveolar lavage samples 3 isolates of Encephalitozoon (2%) and one isolate of Entrocytozoon (0.7%), were identified, respectively. In cancer patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation 4 isolates of Encephalitozoon (5.7%), 1 isolate of Enterocytozoon (1.4%) and in patients with renal transplants 2 isolates of Enterocytozoon (5.3%)were detected. 4 isolates of Enterocytozoon (2.2%) and 3 isolates of Encephalitozoon (1.7%) were identified in the control group that most infections occurred among menat the age of30-45years. The most cases of human microsporidiosis are associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection or other states of immunosuppression, particularly in organ transplant recipients; The obtained results confirm this claim.

The hospitals and medical centers’ staff are always exposed to stressful working conditions that threat their physical, psychological and social health but also reduced organizational efficiency and lead to exorbitant costs for individuals, organizations and the entire society. The spiritual intelligence play an important role in enhancing capacity and various pressures, so the purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between the spiritual intelligence and burnout in staff of Imam Reza hospital of Mashhad. Methods and materials: This cross-sectional study conducted in 2013 on 246 employees of Imam Reza hospital in Mashhad who were enrolled in a simple random sampling design. Were applied to gather the related data, The King Standardized spiritual intelligence questionnaire as well as Maslash Standardized occupational burnout questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed through Spss16, t - test, Anova and Pearson correlation coefficient. The error rate of %5 was considered acceptable. Spiritual intelligence in staff was at moderate to high and job burnout was moderate. There was found a significant negative Correlation between the spiritual intelligence and occupational burnout in the staff of Imam Reza hospital (r = -0.239 & p-value = 0.001) Systems’ managers can identify and improve the components of spiritual intelligence of their staff through various approaches such as improving the training systems as well as providing the contexts in which the spiritual intelligence of their staff can be developed.

Background and Evaluation of puberty stages is important to assess adolescent health. This study has been done with the aim of determination of the average age of onset of puberty and its relationship with Body Mass Index (BMI) in male students of Sabzevar city in the North East of Iran in 1390. Methods and Materials: This cross - sectional study was conducted on 252 male students of secondary schools and high schools of Sabzevar, Iran, with the age of 11-18 years who were selected by probability and multistage sampling. Data were collected through a Tanner standardized questionnaire; afterwards, measuring of height and weight and BMI calculation were performed. Data were analyzed in SPSS 15 using chi-square test, t-test, ANOVA and Bonfronie post hoc test, analysis of covariance, Spearman correlation coefficient and Kappa agreement coefficient; significance level was considered as 0.05. To conduct this study, we selected a group of researchers who were trained for the initiation of project for assessing puberty in male schools in order to increase the accuracy of determining the Tanner stages. Students were examined for their height and weight, size of penis and testicles, and the manner of pubic and axillary hair growth as well as also voice changes. Mean final growth stage of testicles and scrotum (G5 stage), pubic hair (P5 stage), were measured to be 16.40 ± 1.65 and 16.79 ± 1.19 years respectively, and their mean BMI at P2 and G2 were 20.96±4.1 and 19.49±3.66 kg /m2 respectively. Regarding to the declining age of puberty and its relationship with BMI, health systems should focus on training programs and encouraging teenagers to begin changing their lifestyle. Age of puberty onset in male students is similar to many other countries but determining the precise status of puberty in Iranian children requires further studies in different provinces, rural and urban areas as well as longitudinal studies.

Background and Athletes try toimprove their performance by using different techniques. Using supplements is one of these methods. Creatine supplement is one of the most popular body building supplements and its usage has been increased dramatically in recent years. Unfortunately our knowledge of the effects of this supplement on body isnt enough. Therefore, this study was aimed at evaluating the effects of short-term use of Creatine supplement on urinary excretion of Creatine and Creatinine and anaerobic performance among bodybuilding athletes. Sixteen male bodybuilders (23.8±3.4years old) were assigned in a double-blind clinical trial and were randomly divided into two groups, a Creatine treatment group or aplacebo group. Creatine and Creatinine concentrations inurine were determined for both groups before and after intervention and anaerobic performance was evaluated by the Wingateanaerobic test method. The results revealed an increase in of urinary Creatine and Creatinine concentration sin the Creatine recipient group. Also three measured indices of the Wingate test, including peak power, average power and fatigue index increased in the Creatine recipient group. According to the increase in anaerobic performance indices among subjects, Creatine supplement can improve body builders performances. According to obtained increase in urinary Creatine and Creatinine concentrations, evaluation of probable side effects of long termuse of this supplement, especially on renal function is necessary.

This laboratory experiment was aimed of to investigate the antibacterial effect of Polypropylenimine-G2 (PPI-G2) and Polyamidoamine-G4 (PAMAM-G4) dendrimers on Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. Different concentrations of PPI-G2 and PAMAM-G4 dendrimers were inoculated onto Blank disks and were placed in Mueller-Hinton agar media. Zone of inhibition was investigated by bacterial inoculation according to the McFarland standard 0.5. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PPI-G2 and PAMAM-G4 dendrimers were determined by Micro-dilution method in nutrient broth culture. Zone of inhibition in concentration 500 μg/ml of PPI-G2 dendrimers for Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 25, 15 and 20mm, respectively. Zone of inhibition in concentration 500 μg/ml of PAMAM-G4 dendrimers for Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 20, 18 and 0mm, respectively. The MIC of PPI-G2 dendrimer for Klebsiella oxytoca and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 5 μg/ml. Also, the MIC of PPI-G2 dendrimer for Proteus mirabilis was 50 μg/ml. The MBC of PPI-G2 dendrimer for Klebsiella oxytoca was 50 μg/ml and it was 500 μg/ml for Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC of PAMAM-G4 dendrimer attributed to Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis were reported 500 and 1250 μg/ml, respectively. The MBC of PAMAM-G4 dendrimer belonged to Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis were 1250 and 2500 μg/ml, respectively. According to the results, PPI-G2 dendrimers can eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis effectively but PAMAM-G4 only has antibacterial effect against Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis. Also the antibacterial activity of PPI-G2 dendrimer is obviously better than those of PAMAM-G4. However, using dendrimers can be considered as a new approach for drinking water disinfection but it requires further wide range studies.

In recent years, crisis of water shortage has become a serious problem in many countries. In this regard, the use of treated wastewater in natural or artificial method in agriculture and the like, has been proposed as an important and practical solution. The natural purification method by the use of artificial canebrakes, compared with other methods of treatment is an appropriate method because of its low cost, and also, because of easy navigation, the requirements of low technology and low energy consumption. Several herbs have been used to increase the efficiency canebrakes which including special plants to purify such wastewater is Vetiveria that has unique genetic, morphological and physiological characteristics. Due to the limited knowledge of the plant's industrial wastewater treatment, in this study, a comparison of filterablity of hospital wastewater was done between Vetivaria and bulrush in tropical areas. This experimental study was done in 2013 in the hot season, summer. In this study, was made two pilot glass with dimensions of 50*60*100 Cm. A mixture of soil, sand, gravel, clay soil was selected. The irrigation method in this study was subsurface and continuous. First, hospital wastewater via a 220 liter tank as the primary sedimentation retention time and with time of 2 hours entered into bed with a hydraulic retention time of 4 days to discharge 85/0 liters per hour. To evaluate the efficiency of each plant in the treatment of hospital wastewater, chemical parameters including (PH, TP, TN, TSS, BOD5, COD)were measured according to standard methods of measuring.. Analysis of the data was done by the use of t-test and Mann-Whitney and SPSS software. Based on the finding of this study, percentage of removal parameter(Bod5,Tss,Tn,Tp) by plant Vetiveria was (88.54,95.71,93.93,99.80) and for bulrush was (82.54,91.13,86.64,99.28). Due to the unique characteristics of Vetiveria, such as high resistance against unfavorable environmental conditions and its higher efficiency than bulrush, this plant is recommended for the treatment of hospital wastewater.

Background and Traditional baker’s occupation is a complex of long repetitive tasks and movements with high intensity which exposes the baker into musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was a detailed analysis of risk factors leading to the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders in Sabzevar bakers. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 70 traditional bakers in Sabzevar, Iran who were selected by simple random sampling. First, the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was determined using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire; then, Rapid Upper Lumbar assessment (RULA) was used for assessing postures to obtain final scores. Data were analyzed using R software (version R2.15.2). Based on the findings, the average age and work experience of bakers were 19.4 and 36.4 years respectively. The most symptomatic risk factors were related to shoulder (%56.8) and knees (50%). In assessing Rapid Upper Lumbar assessment (RULA), 33.34% of personnel (correction level 4) obtained 7, and 55% obtained 5 and 6 (with Corrective level 3). Non-parametric showed significant correlation between the musculoskeletal disorders and age (p = 0.02) and work experience (p = 0.03) (confidence level 95%). In other words, bakers with older age and more work experience suffered from more disorders. Based on the results, a significant percentage of traditional bakers work in an ergonomically unsafe environment (%88.3), and the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders is high in this population; this requires urgent ergonomic and managerial action.

Background and Nowadays repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is being used as a treatment for some neurological disorders, but its effect on neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity has not been completely determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic rTMS on the ability of synaptic plasticity. rTMS was applied to the hippocampal region for 14 days. One week following termination of rTMS, the amount of synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) in animals was investigated and compared with control group. High-frequency stimulation (HFS) was applied to the perforant path for LTP induction, andfield potentials were recorded from granular layer of the dentate gyrus. Baseline field potential was recorded 10 minutes before HFS. An increase of at least 20% in population spike amplitude was measured as an index of synaptic potentiation.To compare the effects of rTMS on measured parameters, we used t-test and two way ANOVA followed by Benferroni test (Prism 8 software). Obtained data showed that, following 14 days of rTMS application causeda reduction in population spike amplitude compared to the control group (P<0.05).In addition, the ability of neurons generating LTP was reduced compared to the control group (P<0.001). Paired pulse index measurement also showed thatthe paired-pulse facilitationdid not change following LTP induction in animals whom had received rTMS. However, there was a decrease in paired pulse facilitation in control group. Chronic rTMS application reducesthe amount of synaptic potentiation. Considering the important role of LTP in the occurrence of cognitive processes, patterns of rTMS that have less effects on the ability of synaptic plasticity should be found.