مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال بیست و دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 78، فروردی ن و اردی بهشت 1394)

Removal of turbidity is essential due to its hygienic, environmental and aesthetics effects. Therefore, this study aimed to determine electrocoagulation efficiency in high seasonal turbidity. This experimental study was conducted in bench scale. The electrochemical reactor was consist of cylindrical glass column having an internal diameter of 5 cm and a height of 51 cm and operated in the batch mode. Two sheets of aluminum spaced 2 cm apart were installed in the cell’s electrodes. The studied parameters was current density, reaction time and initial turbidity. Turbidity removal increased by reaction time, initial turbidity and current density. Regarding amount of produced sludge and economic aspects, reaction time of 2 min and current density of 3 mA/cm2 were selected as optimum conditions. Results of present work indicated that the electrocoagulation process is capable to reduce high concentration of turbidity to permissible standard levels efficiently.

Fibrinogen (Fib) as a separate factor and influencing the risk of Cardiovascular is associated with the development of coronary heart disease. On the other hand, intense exercise increases the rate of early heart attacks. Due to the increased risk of abnormal clotting of blood vessels by intense exercise and the role of fibrinogen in cardiovascular diseases, strategies such as cocoa consumption has become more widespread. in a one-group double-blind experimental study, 11 elite male karateka (mean age: 21±2 years; height: 176.96± 3.41 cm) were participated randomly in two consecutive weeks (first week: placebo: six subjects and cocoa: five subjects, second week: placebo: five subjects and cocoa: six subjects) of exhaustive exercise (Bruce). Each athlete, after the first stage of blood sampling, the bottles contained placebo and cocoa into the mg.kg-1 5 will consume and two hours later did the Bruce test. Therefore, each athlete did the test tow order (1- after placebo consumption, 2- after cocoa consumption). Immediately before the test, immediately after and one hour after the test, a blood sample in the second, third and fourth were taken. Differences were examined using a two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures as appropriate. Significant differences in fibrinogen levels during different stages of the cocoa consumption were not observed. These results indicate no effect of cocoa consumption on indicators of fibrinogen (P<0.01). Therefore, the cocoa on blood fibrinogen of elite male athletes immediately and one hour after an exhausting session of aerobic exercise have no effect. Cocoa, alone or combined with aerobic exercise exhausting had no effect on blood fibrinogen index of men elite karateka.

Background and Breast cancer is the commonest cancer and first leading cause of death among women. Since having knowledge about breast cancer incidence trends over time is essential for health planning, this study was aimed at investigating variation in the incidence of breast cancer. This study is a reanalysis of existing data published by cancer registry system of Iran during 2003 to 2009. The reported incidence of WHO standards are based on the direct method. According to registry statistics between 2003 and 2009 breast cancer incidence among women has increased as 3946 and 8424 cases were recorded in years 2003 and 8424 respectively.. Over mentioned years the number of breast cancer cases recorded in the country was 45122, in which 43922 cases have occurred among women. The Highest ASR was reported about 33/21 in year 2008 and the lowest was reported about 15/96 in year 2003 (cases per hundred thousand people), The highest and lowest recorded incidence rates appertain to Tehran and Kohkiloye and Boyer Ahmad. Cancer registry statistics during 2003 to 2009 indicate that cancer incidence peak age is around 50-55 years or more. Breast cancer incidence rate has been increasing in recent years, as the most common malignancy among women in Iran. The incidence of the disease is rising considerably in the country, especially in the central and Northern provinces; therefore, planning for early detection of cancer in high-risk areas would be useful.

Oxidative stresses have some role in neuronal pathogenesis in Substantia nigra and induction of Parkinson's disease. It has been reported that Achillea millefolium has antioxidant and nuoropropective effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of Aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium in a Parkinson’s diseases model induced by ICV injection of 6-hydroxydopamin in male rats. In this experimental study, 60 male rats were allocated into 6 groups including Control, Parkinson’s and Parkinson’s groups which treated by different doses of extract. Parkinson’s was induced by i.c.v injection of 6-OHDA. Aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium (1.4 and 2.8 mg/kg) was gavaged by two ways including repeated gavage (14 days before and for 14 days after 6-OHDA injection) and acute gavage (once in day 13 after 6-OHDA injection). Parkinson’s was evaluated using Rotarod and Wire grasping tests on day 14 after 6-OHDA injection. The result of this study demonstrated that repeated gavage of Achillea millefolium extract improved motility and muscle tone following administration of 6-OHDA in rats (p<0.05). The results of this study demonstrated that chronic administration of Achillea millefolium extract may improve motility and muscle tone in Parkinson’s model in male rats.

Due to the side effects of synthetic antioxidants, bioactive agents derived from natural sources are of great importance. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize an antioxidant peptide derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of β-casein in camel milk, using pepsin and pancreatin. Enzymatic hydrolysis of camel milk had accomplished using pepsin and pancreatin. The hydrolysate was fractioned using RP-HPLC and the peptide of interest was identified with MALD-TOF/TOF technique. Antioxidant activity of isolated peptide was measured by the use of radical scavenging DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl and superoxide and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. The results of sequencing showed that a purified peptide, called RQ-8, has the sequence of RGLHPVPQ with molecular weight of 903.41 Da. This peptide inhibited oxidation of linoleic acid and also had scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50=0.046 mg/ml), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) (IC50 = 0.085 mg/ml), superoxide (O2·-) (IC50 = 0.156 mg/ml) and hydroxyl (OH ·-) (IC50 = 0.021 mg/ml) radicals. In addition, cellular activity assays showed that the RQ-8 peptide had no toxicity on A549 lung cancer cell line. Results indicated that the peptide RQ-8 isolated from camel milk β-casein protein has a strong antioxidant activity.

Leachate, including various pollutants such as heavy metals, is generated during collection, trasportation and disposal of solid waste as well as composting process. Lack of control, disregarding the leachate treatment and heavy metals removal cause environmental pollution. This study was aimed to investigate the efficiency of heavy metals removal from Isfahan composting leachate, using the following coagulants ferric chloride, poly ferric sulfate and poly aluminium chloride. In this experimental study, leachate samples were collected from the Isfahan composting leachate´s collection ponds. At first, leachate characteristics including TSS, BOD, COD and pH as well as the following heavy metals: Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni were measured according to the standard methods. Jar-test experiments were carried out to examine the effects of changing coagulant's dosage (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 g/L) and pH values (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 and 12) on the removal of heavy metals. As a result, the effective dosage, optimum pH and the most convenient coagulant were identified. Investigating the average concentration of mentioned heavy metals, Zn had the highest concentration in leachate (6.2 mg/L) followed by Ni, Cu, Cr and Cd with the concentrations of 2.15, 0.62, 0.48 and 0.21 mg/L, respectively. The optimum pH for precipitation of the metals using poly aluminium chloride, Ferric chloride and poly ferric sulfate was 7, 10 and 11, respectively. Optimum concentration of the three mentioned coagulants was 1.5, 1.5 and 2 g/L, respectively. Poly ferric sulfate with 70% to 87% of heavy metals and 50% of COD removal has the highest efficiency, followed by poly aluminium chloride with 65% to 85% and Ferric chloride with 75% to 80% of heavy metals removal. Among the three mentioned coagulants, poly ferric sulfate is the most effective followed by poly aluminium chloride and ferric chloride, respectively. Since poly ferric sulfate and poly aluminium chloride are more expensive compared to other coagulants, economic estimations need to be done according to their efficiency to choose the best coagulant.

Background and Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease that transmits by Echinococcusgranulosus eggs excreted from the feces of infected dogs to humans and animals. This parasite is one of the tapeworms of the family Taeniidae which causes widespread health problems among humans and also economic loss in animal. Therefore, designing a new generation vaccine is important to prevent the disease. In this study, the linear T-cell epitopes were selected. The coding sequence of epitopes was synthesized and cloned to pEGFP-N1vector. The recombinant vector was transfected into CHO cells by genpulser. Expression of fusion Protein was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. The accuracy of cloning was confirmed by both colony PCR on the clone and the subsequent sequencing. Fluorescence microscopy showed fusion protein was expressed in CHO. The results showed that, linear T-cell epitope of EG95 antigen was cloned correctly in pEGFP vector and its expression confirmed that this recombinant vector can be used to construct a DNA vaccine model against the Echinococcusgranulosus.

At present time, dental solid waste management continues to be a major challenge, particularly in most healthcare facilities of the developing world such as Iran. In this country, few studies have been conducted on dental solid waste management and its composition. In this study, hazardous status of dental solid waste, which has a significant role in cross-infection chain, was studied. This work is a descriptive and cross sectional study which was performed during 2013-2014. For this research, 159 publicand private dental centers in Sistan and Baluchestan province were selected and both the composition and generation rate of dental solid waste were measured. Dental solid wastes were categorized to four main categories including domestic type, potentially infectious, chemical and pharmaceutical and toxic wastes and, finally, they were analysed. The results showed that the percent of potentially infectious, domestic type, chemical and pharmaceutical and toxic wastes were 80.3, 11.7, 6.3 and 1.7%, respectively. Also, the results indicated that the dental solid waste generation rate for total waste, potentially infectious, chemical and pharmaceutical waste, domestic type and toxic waste was 169.9, 153.3, 11.2,8.6 and 3.3 g per patient per day (g/p.d), respectively. Additionally, the generation rate of dental solid waste for total waste, domestic type, potentially infectious, chemical and pharmaceutical and toxic waste was 194.5, 22.6, 156.1, 12.3 and 3.4 kg/day, respectively. For the best management of dental solid waste, it is suggested that source reduction, separation, reuse and recycling programs be implemented and each section of dental waste be collected and disposed separately, in agreement with related standards.

Suicide is a huge problem in today's society. Due to the prevalence of this phenomenon especially amongyouth, this study was aimed atinvestigatingthe possible factors affecting on suicide attempts in patients of health centers of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. The present study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. All patients who have madesuicide attemptsand referred to Vasei Hospital of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences in 2013 were subjected as study population, and finally 242 cases among all registered cases in the Medical Records Unit of the hospital were entered to this study using the simple random sampling. SPSS 16 was used as well as the descriptive statistics and Chi-square test to analyze the data with %5 significance level. The suicide attempt cases in this study have the mean age of 25.77±9, with %45.6 of singles and %86.78 of urban. The most prevalent method in suicide attemptswas found to betheuse ofmedicine (%56.68) and the most important reason leading tosuicide attemptswas found to be the family problems (%38.02). Furthermore, the relationship between result, method, reason and the number of suicide attempts,varieswith demographic variables,obtained about%5 of significance level. The results showed that lots of factors such as gender, age, marriage status, history of Psychosis, history of physical illness and history of suicide attemptsplay important roles in suicide attempt as a leading cuase of dead.

Suturing, is the most common way to close wounds and non-absorable sutures must be removed. Suture removal is a painful process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application of ice bag on pain intensity from pulling sutures of the leg vein removal among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This single-blinded clinical trial, three groups before and after intervention, was conducted on 90 post cardiac surgery patients who had at least 20 cm incision in surgical site (leg vein removal) and hospitalysed in Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad, Iran. In group 1, Ice bags were applied on surgical site for 10 minutes and in group 2 for 20 minutes before sutures removal. Participants in the control group did not receive any intervention. Pain intensity was measured by visual analog scale before and immediately after sutures removed. Data analysis was done by ANOVA, Paired T test, Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. There was no significant difference in pain intensity scores between three groups before sutures removal. Immediately after sutures removal, pain intensity score in group1 (2/53±0/93) and group2 (1/60±0/85) were significantly less than the control group (4/13±1/40). Applying ice bag can be considerd as an effective, cheap and low risk intervention for decreasing pain associated with sutures removal.

Ischemic heart disease is the most important cause of mortality in many places around the world. Premature heart attacks at early ages are increasing, so identifying and controlling risk factors can be an effective step in public health promotion. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting on this disease. This is a case-control study conducted on 100 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the CCU and 100 patients hospitalized in other sectors (as a control) in Shahid Sadooghi hospital, Yazd,Iran. The control group was matched for age, sex and risk factors such as smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, depression, stress, eating fast food, fruit and vegetable consumption, positive family history and salty food. Then items were examined. Statistical significant level was considered as 95%. The results showed that the crude odds ratio for some factors like smoking (OR=2.22 P=.007), greater stress (OR=3.35 P=.000), depression (OR=3.07 P=.001), high triglycerides (OR=1.86 P=.03), high cholesterol (OR= 3.3 P=.000), high LDL (OR=4.88 P=.000) and high HDL (OR=.041 P=.000) is statistically significant, but the adjusted odds ratio determined that only three factors such as depression (OR = 3.09 P.033), high LDL (OR=6.33 P=.004) and high HDL (OR=.021 P=.000) have major impact on acute myocardial infarction. The results of this study indicated that some modifiable factors such as depression, high LDL and high HDL play a role in causing or preventing acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, controlling these factors can be crucial in controlling the disease.

With respect to the aging process, one of the challenges facing the health sector in the coming years is cause of accidents in the elderly which has an effective portion in disability and death. In Iran, accidents and their causes in the elderly, to take the necessary measures has not been well studied. This study was conducted in 2014, with the aim of determination of the factors associated with injuries caused by accidents in the elderly referred to hospital of Tuyserkan city. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 222 elderly referred to hospital of Tuyserkan city that have accidents in 2014. First, by referring to the fight against diseases of public health center, primary data were taken about status of victims, and then with referring to the hospital, checklist of injuries from medical records was completed. Checklist Including personal information, type, severity, time and consequences of the damage. The data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS16. The extent of injuries in men was more than in women (respectively 62/2% and 37/8%). Most elderly people injured are in age group of 60 to 64 years (58/1%). Also, most injuries was related to traffic accidents and falls (respectively 38/7% and 35/6%). Severity of the injuries were moderate (58%). Elderly people, due to physiological conditions are in danger of accidents and their irreversible effects. Therefore, effective and regular training about injury prevention and secure of living environment and society for the elderly, and regarding to reduction of injuries in this age group is necessary.

prescribing drugs to patients is one of the parts of clinical care that may be associated with a high level of error can lead to some dangerous consequences for patients. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the incidence of non-reporting of medical errors from the nursing staff’s perspective. this cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted on 400 nurses working in educational hospitals in Zahedan in 1393. Participants were enrolled to the study via Multi-stage sampling. Data analysis was done by means of SPSS version 16 using t-test and ANOVA and post hoc test of descriptive. the mean score for some factors influencing on non-reporting like fear of the consequences of reporting, management and reporting causes was (37/1±8/69), (13/9±3/60) and (9/42±2/50),respectively. In terms of causes of medication errors, the mean score for environmental component was (25/6±4 /44), management was (22/1±3/73) and nursing factor was (27/6± 4/45). Drug Errors is one of the major issues in health care environments. Therefore, using a systematic approach to investigate the factors underlying and address these factors, as well as system design to increase reporting errors by nurses and enrichment programs for in-service training helps to reduce and control these errors.

Background and There are many factors affecting the risk of hearing loss. Smoking is one of these factors. Many studies show a link between smoking and hearing loss. However, the increase in hearing theresholds of smokers and non-smokers is less reported. This study was aimed comparing the hearingthres holds at low frequencies among smokers and non-smokers. In this cross-sectional study of medicine which was performed in 2012, in the health department of mahshahr city 40 male smokers and 40 non-smoking males with age range between 20 and 40 years were selected and studied by the researcher questionnaire based vestigation. The assessment of hearing loss was performed by using acoustic booth and audiometer with earphone amplivox DA260 Telephonic TDH-39P model. Data analysis were performed by using the software SPSS16 and P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The mean age of smokers and nonsmokers, were 4.44 ± 28.75 and 5.72 ± 29.02 years, respectively. The results showed that the threshold levels among smokers compared to non-smokers were significantly higher. (P<0.001). The findings showed that smoking as an effective factor of hearing loss can be discussed. As it was shown that there is a correlation between hearing thresholds at low frequencies among smokers and non-smokers of the subjected population.

Nurses are the professionals who are doing important work in the hospital and always are exposed to occupational injuries. Safety climate that is important factor is measured by using quantity questionnaire and show a snapshot of organization safety Status. To assess safety climate, a valid and reliable tool is needed. The aim of this study was developing and psychometric questionnaire to assess safety climate among the nurses. This psychometric study was conducted among the 480 nurses in five hospitals in Iran. Using nurse's safety literature and other nurse's safety climate questionnaire, a 25 items questionnaire was developed. Face validity, content validity by using quality and quantity methods, construct validity by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses was examined. To evaluate the questionnaire reliability the internal consistency and test-retest reliability method was used. The data was analyses by spssv16 and lisrelv8.5. The content validity index of questionnaire was estimated. Exploratory factor analyses extracted 6 factors with 60.69 percent of total variance. RMSEA, GFI and AGFI indexes were estimated 0.050, 0.92 and 0.89. Cronbach's alpha was calculated 0.79 and Pierson coefficient showed significant correlation between test and retest results (p<0.001). The 22 items questionnaire that measures the 6 safety climate factors has appropriate validity and reliability to assess nurse's safety climate.

The Mental health is one of the important issues in the present world. Emotional intelligence components directly affect the human mental health. Person’s Perception of Self-efficacy effects on his/her mental health. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy as predictors of mental health. The research procedure was a cross-sectional and using correlation. The population was all students in the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery of University of Birjand in 2013-2014. The sample conducted among 150 students (95 female and 55 male) that were selected by convenience sampling. The Data was gathered through Schutte et al Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Thwarts and Jerusalem Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Goldberg’s Mental Health Questionnaire. Then it was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation), inferential statistics (correlation coefficient, multiple regressions) and SPSS version 22. Findings showed that there was a significant correlation between mental health with emotional intelligence (p<0/001) and self-efficacy (p < 0/001).It means that the higher the level of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy, they will have more mental health. Regression indicated that 72 percent of the variance in mental health is explained by emotional intelligence and self-efficacy. The mental health of students can be predicted with regard to their emotional intelligence and self-efficacy.

Lack of awareness and the False beliefs about postpartum care may lead to maternal and child health problems. Thus, changing them through effective training methods should be considered as a priority. This survey was conducted to evaluate the effect of educational package on nulliparous mother’s Knowledge and belief about postpartum lifestyle. This randomized clinical trial was carried out on 220 nulliparous women in the postpartum ward in Tabriz, in 2013. The subjects were allocated into two groups using block randomization method. Intervention group received face to face education, telephone counseling, booklets and educational SMS and control group received postpartum Ward’s routine educations. Questionnaires of Knowledge and belief about postpartum lifestyle were completed by mothers at the first (or second) day after delivery and then 42 days later. Data was analyzed by SPSS-18, Independent t-test, Fisher's exact test, chi-square, chi-square for trends and ANCOVA. P<0.05 was considered significant. There were no significant statistic differences in terms of demographic characteristics and also pre-intervention lifestyle knowledge and belief scores between two groups (P>0.05). With adjusting pre-intervention knowledge and belief score, the mean scores of knowledge [adjusted mean difference 17.2, (CI: 95%: 20.2 to 14.3)] (p<0.001) and beliefs [28.7 (32.2 to 25.2)] (p<0.001) among the intervention group was significantly higher than those in control group. This study demonstrated the positive effectiveness of simultaneous use of simple and practical training techniques without financial burdens to promote nulliparous mother’s knowledge and belief about postpartum lifestyle. Yet, we cannot draw conclusions about which method is most effective, therefore more research is needed in this field.

Researches have showed that exercise trainings increase the brain-derived neurotrophic (BDNF) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the brain. In addition, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) increase protein content of BDNF and GDNF in vitro. However, there is insufficient information about the interactive effects of high intensity exercise training, H2O2, and TNFα on neurotrophins. Hence, in the present study, we investigated the effect of high intensity intermittent training on the content of BDNF, GDNF, H2O2 and TNFα in the brain of albino wistar rats. Sixteen albino wistar rats divided into control and high intensity intermittent training groups. High intensity intermittent training has carried out for 6 weeks with 95 to 100% of maximum oxygen consumption on treadmill. BDNF, GDNF and TNFα contents have measured by sandwich ELISA method and H2O2 concentration by colorimetric method by commercial kits. Data analyzed using Student’s t-test, and p≤0.05 considered as statistically significant. High intensity intermittent training resulted in 75 and 143 percent increased in H2O2 (p<0.0001) and TNFα (p<0.0001) levels, which accordance with 149 and 170 percent increase in BDNF (p<0.0001) and GDNF (p<0.0001) content in the brain, respectively. Overall, performance of training sessions as interval with maximum capacity resulting in increase of BDNF and GDNF content in brain of albino wistar rat and it seems H2O2 and TNFα influence on neurotrophins adaptation induced by high intensity intermittent training.

because of a dramatic rise in mental disorders among all age groups such as elderly, paying attention to the elderly mental health and identifying their mental disorders such as depression and dementia is really essential. Thus, there is a need to valid screening measures for common conditions in aged population. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) in the elderly. in the first, Persian version of BDI-II was prepared using Forward-Backward method. After this, the BDI-II and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were administered to 233 subjects over the age of 60 selected by stratified random sampling in Qom City, Iran. The BDI and GHQ-28 were examined at about a two-month interval. Twenty-four elder were withdrawn during the retest of BDI-II, so that the retest conducts to 209 subjects. Finally, data was analyzed via SPSS-18. 12.9% of study population had major depression; %24/9 and% 45/1 of were rated as middle a mild depression, respectively. The BDI showed significant positive internal consistency (Alpha=0.92) and test–retest reliability (r=0.64), Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC=0.81), convergent validity with GHQ-28(n-209) was significantly positive(r=0.80) Conclusion this study indicated that the Iranian version of the BDI-II is valid, reliable and appropriate instrument for screening depression in elderly.